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Denna studie – Integrationens mosaik – är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som undersöker boendesegregationen i Limhamn Sjöstad i Malmö, med fokus på stadens strategier för att skapa blandat boende. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka boendesegregation och hur blandat boende kan påverka samhällsintegrationen. Genom att tillämpa utvalda teorier som - grannskapseffekterna, social distance och white flight – strävar studien efter att belysa orsakerna till boendesegregation. Genom att analysera uttalanden från invånare i Limhamn Sjöstad kan vi se hur olika fenomen och attityder bidrar till och upprätthåller bostadssegregationen. Uttryck för otrygghet, social distans och kulturellt motstånd visar på de komplexa dynamikerna som präglar bostadsmarknaden och samhällsstrukturen. Resultaten visar att blandat boende kan ha många positiva effekter på längre sikt, inklusive minskad segregation, ökad social sammanhållning och skapande av jämlika ekonomiska förutsättningar. Komplikationer som socioekonomiska skillnader och kulturella normer förekommer, vilket kan leda till fortsatt segregation trots närvaron av blandat boende. En viktig slutsats är att Malmö stad behöver implementera åtgärder som främjar inkludering och samexistens över hela staden, inklusive investeringar i bostadsinfrastruktur och tillgång till utbildning och arbetsmöjligheter. Studien pekar på behovet av fortsatt forskning kring hur media påverkar uppfattningar om integrationsstrategier och dess inverkan på det politiska klimatet. / This study - The Mosaic of Integration - is a qualitative analysis examining residential segregation in Limhamn Sjöstad in Malmö, with a focus on the city's strategies for creating mixed housing. The purpose is to investigate residential segregation and how mixed housing can affect societal integration. By applying theories as - neighborhood effects, social distance and white flight - the study aims to illuminate the causes of residential segregation. By analyzing statements from residents in Limhamn Sjöstad, can we observe how different phenomena and attitudes contribute to housing segregation. Expressions of insecurity, social distance, and cultural resistance demonstrate the complex dynamics that characterize the housing market and social structure. The results indicate that mixed housing can have positive long-term effects, including reduced segregation, increased social cohesion, and the creation of equal economic opportunities. Complications such as socioeconomic differences and cultural norms occur, which can lead to continued segregation despite the presence of mixed housing. An important conclusion is that the Malmö needs to implement measures that promote inclusion and coexistence, including investments in housing infrastructure. The study highlights the need for research on how media influences perceptions of integration strategies and its impact on the political climate.

After hot rolling, the presense of segregation in the center of wire-rod can lead to a nonuniform transformation, resulting in bands of martensite in the microstructure. This is considered to be a defect, called center-martensite, because it can cause cracks and breaks during wire drawing. To identify the mechanism for the formation of center-martensite in wire-rod, the structure, macrosegregation and microsegregation in unworked billets were characterized. Based on measurements of secondary dendrite arm spacings, cooling rates during solidification were estimated. It appears that the macrosegregation of carbon and manganese in the billets manifests itself as the microsegregation in wire-rod, which is an agent in forming the center-martensite. Thus, electromagnetic stirring is proposed as a means to reduce the macrosegregation in the billet and, thereby, reduce the occurrence of center-martensite in wire-rod.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and degree of occupational gender segregation across the functional fields in South Africa and to determine if existing “supply-side” explanations serve to explain the phenomenon through an attitudinal survey of the females in the sample. The UNISA first year MBL students were requested to complete the survey during their August Centre Visit at the SBL Sasol auditorium in Midrand. The survey consists of two sections. Section A determined the gender of the sample element and subsequently their functional field of occupation, which enabled the calculation of the Karmel and MacLachlan Index per functional field. The Finance, General Management, Information Technology, Operations and Production and Procurement, Buying and Logistics fields showed high levels of integration, while the Marketing, Sales and Customer Service field showed low levels of segregation in favour of women. Human Resources was strongly female dominant, while Research and Development was strongly male dominant. The “Other” field showed the highest level of segregation in favour of women. Section B contains the attitudinal Likert scale questions to measure the extent to which the various supply-side explanations determine the women’s career decisions. There seem to be certain explanation types, such as Exchange Utility and Reward, which serve as strong selection criteria and other factors that play a lesser role, such as Teaching Styles and Self-Image. Based on the averages the Occupational Sex-Typing, Self-Efficacy and Parental Influence explanations showed no agreement from any of the sample elements. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / MBL

Research has long established that racial/ethnic minority residential segregation is related to a variety of social problems, including poor health and health care outcomes. Yet, little research in this area has attempted to tease out the mechanisms underlying this association. Furthermore, within this work, few studies address this relationship for racial/ethnic minority groups outside of the Black/White differences. In this dissertation, I argue that community organizations and service providers in neighborhoods provide important local sites which can improve residents' access to key health-related resources. I put this forward as a mechanism which can link segregation to health and health care outcomes, in that racial/ethnic minority neighborhoods are less likely to have a variety of such establishments compared to their White counterparts. I test this mechanism through a series of three empirical studies. In the first, using a nation-wide health data set combined with metropolitan area measures, I examine the association between racial residential segregation and poor self-rated health. I include the three largest racial/ethnic minority groups in the U.S. - Blacks, Latinos, and Asians. I find that the segregation of each group is related to a greater likelihood of poor self-rated health. However, for Black respondents, this is partially accounted for by economic variables at the metropolitan level, and for Asian respondents, is fully accounted for by recent immigration. In the second study, I analyze the distribution of health-related facilities by segregation status using a nation-wide Census data source. I find that racial residential segregation for Blacks, and to a lesser extent Latinos and Asians, is related to a decrease in the density of such facilities, including food sources, fitness facilities, pharmacies, a number of health care organizations, civic society, and social services. The inclusion of socio-economic indicators removes this effect for most of the health care organization outcomes, across all three groups. In the third and final study, I examine this full pathway using the case of the Phoenix urbanized area. Using a 2013-2014 survey of families about their children's health care utilization combined with area-level Census measures, I test where families are able to obtain care for their children, if any location, in light of what is physically proximate to them in space, and how this may be patterned or constrained by the segregation status of their local neighborhood. I find that Latino and Native American segregation is related to a decreased number of health care facilities. Further, the lack of such facilities is related to a decreased likelihood of families being able to utilize a physician's office as their regular source of care, versus a clinic or health care center. However, for those who do not have a regular source of care, or who utilize an emergency room, this seems to be patterned more by economic considerations, chiefly whether or not the child has health insurance. Further, the distribution of health care organizations also accounts for a sizable portion of the effect of segregation on health care utilization choices. As a whole, this dissertation demonstrates that segregation, for a number of racial/ethnic minority groups, is related to a lower density of a number of health-related organizations, both in a nationwide analysis, as well as through an extended case study of the Phoenix area. Moreover, using the Phoenix case, I find that the lack of such facilities is consequential, and that at least for certain health care providers, patterns where families are able to go for their children's health care needs. This suggests that the distribution of health-related organizations and service providers across communities may serve as an important explanatory mechanism to understand the association between segregation and a variety of health and health care outcomes.

This thesis utilizes a lens of environmental justice to analyze the history of Portland, Oregon and the formation of the Albina neighborhood in North Portland to understand how this community became a space of environmental inequality. Portland has been a leader in sustainable development, and yet, even with its successes, the city either been unable or unwilling to address the disproportionate impacts of environmental hazardss on low-income and communities of color in Albina. Through an examination of Portland’s history of segregation, stigmatization of Albina and its residents, housing policies, and urban renewal as they relate to Albina, this thesis traces the processes of covert institutional racism that have resulted in Albina being targeted by environmental risks. The environmental inequality faced by the Albina community stems from a history rooted in segregation and the stigmatization of people and place, through blatant racism, conscious policy making, as well as more discrete and unacknowledged forms of racism that serves to perpetuate the social and environmental problems that confront the community. Furthermore, the city’s attempts to address these issues through urban renewal projects have led to the displacement and gentrification of Albina residents. To address these issues of environmental inequality, there must first be an understanding of the processes and institutions that formed and have perpetuated these inequalities.

The degree of DNA supercoiling in the cell is carefully controlled by DNA topoisomerases. These enzymes catalyze the passage of individual DNA strands (Type I DNA topoisomerases), or double helices (Type II DNA topoisomerases) through one another. The purpose of the present study is to conduct a detailed analysis of the topo llα and β mRNAs expressed in several vertebrate cell lines. The final aim of this project is to analyze the relative roles of topo llα in chromatin condensation and chromosome segregation during mitosis, by performing topo llα gene targeting experiments in the DT 40 chicken lymphoblastoid cell line. The knock-out strategy was based on the observation of a high rate of homologous recombination versus random integration in the DT40 cell line. The topo llα gene was shown to be located on the chicken chromosome 2 (APM unpublished), for which the DT40 cell line is trisomic. The targeting vector completely replaced the 32 kb topo IIα genomic locus, generating a topo llα (-/+/+)cell line, which showed an increased resistance to topo II inhibitors. Paradoxically, 150 uM etoposide or 100 uM mitoxanthrone induced apoptosis within 5 hours in the topo llα (-1+1+) cell line, more rapidly as compared to the normal DT 40 cells. A topo IIα (-I-I+) cell line has also been generated. This study revealed the presence of evolutionarily conserved alternatively spliced forms of both topo llα and β isoforms between birds and humans. Hybridization screening of two chicken cDNA libraries, MSB-1 and DU249, revealed the presence of two distinct forms of both topo llα and β cDNAs. One form of topo llα, designated topo llα-1, encodes the chicken topo llα amino acid sequence previously reported (dbjiAB007445) in the database (unpublished). The second form, designated topo llα-2, encodes a protein containing an additional 35 amino acids inserted after Lysine-322 of chicken topo IIα-1 protein sequence. In the case of topo 11(3 mANA, one form, designated topo IIβ-1, encodes the protein already described (dbjiAB007446). The second form, tapa IIβ-2, would encode a protein missing the next 86 amino acids after Valine-25 in tapa II β-1 protein sequence. The tapa 11β variant is positioned similarly to one previously described in human (Hela) cells. The 5 amino acid insertion in the human tapa 11β-2 variant follows v23. In chicken cells, a longer insertion of 86 amino acids sequence follows v25, the homologous position in the tapa 11β protein. In human cells, the situation with tapa llα is more complex, as revealed by RT-PCR experiments (APM, unpublished) which generated several bands. One of these amplified species was found to contain a 36 amino acids insertion, positioned after residue K321 in the human tapa IIα cDNA, similarly to chicken tapa IIα-2 variant. The second human tapa llα spliced form cDNA was shown to contain a 26 amino acids insertion after residue A401 in the canonical human tapa llα protein sequence. The third cDNA variant isolated from human cells was described to encode a 81 amino acids insertion after residue Q355 positioned within the known human tapa IIα protein. It appears possible that the posttranslational modifications of the a-2 and β-2 isoforms may differ substantially from those of the canonical a-1 and β-1 isoforms. Such variant proteins could fulfil specialized functions, which might be tissue or cell-type specific. In summary, two novel forms of tapa llα and β cDNAs have been identified in three chicken cell lines. These spliced versions of both tapa llα and 13 isoforms seem to be evolutionary conserved, with similar forms occurring in their human counterparts. Future functional analysis of vertebrate tapa IIα and β will have to account for the existence of these novel isoforms, which might encode proteins that may exhibit different regulation of their subcellular localization, interaction with other proteins, or catalytic activity.

In Porto Alegre, Brazil, at the entrance of the city, the Workers Party (PT) implemented a re-urbanization project called the Entry of the City. This project included an investment in urban infra-structure and formalization of “informal” spaces where 3200 poor families live, most of them Black and Afro-descendent people. These families were removed from their original places and were settled in housing projects in the same neighborhood. This dissertation is a study of the historical processes of inclusion and exclusion, and removal and resettlement of Black families in Brazilian urban spaces. I use Porto Alegre both to discuss general trends of racial politics in Brazilian urban spaces and to discuss how poor and Black people are continuously involved in historical processes of racialization promoted by the Brazilian society. Based on ethnographic research conducted in the Entry of the City, this dissertation analyzes different levels of racialization of Black people and their spaces, as well as different levels of segregation within segregated areas. This dissertation is divided in four sections in which I demonstrate: a) the history of urbanization of Porto Alegre and the genesis of the formation of this space as a process of removal and dispersion of Black families; b) the contemporary processes of this history that disperse and segregate Black people; c) how everyday life of the Entry of the City reinforces the processes of segregation of Black people despite the generalized poverty that affects the residents of that area; and d) how common senses about Black families and other poor people are expressed in the local newspaper and contribute to racialize Black people as well as poor neighborhoods. This dissertation presents three main arguments: first, I argue that race is an independent category that must be used to analyze urban segregation in Brazil. Second, Porto Alegre displays a disperse segregation instead of configuring ghettos in its space. Third, the exclusion and segregation of Black families within segregated areas is because of and constitutive of the dynamics of the racialization processes of Black families that are present in Brazilian urban spaces. / text

The recent decision handed down by the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) has forced school districts to begin thinking of new ways to integrate their schools without relying on race as the single factor in their assignment plans. While some school districts already have begun to implement race-neutral student assignments, others are just beginning the process and are looking to plans that have been able to maintain diversity despite the new limitations being placed on them. In order to learn more about what factors are most critical in shaping racial and socioeconomic diversity in school districts, I examined the interaction between the design and implementation of 3 different integration plans that rely on voluntary choice and socioeconomic status (SES). I wanted to determine whether these factors had any effect on the way such integration plans are employed and ultimately on school-level diversity outcomes. I was also interested in learning how the local sociopolitical context influenced outcomes. I used qualitative case methodology, which allowed me to focus on the processes and meanings behind the plans. I conducted a historical analysis of desegregation on each of the school districts and used data collected from documents and interviews to analyze how design interacted with context to produce particular outcomes. I situated my analysis in the education policy implementation literature as it tells us that people and places play integral roles in how a policy is designed, adopted, and implemented. The ultimate success of a policy is heavily influenced by the actors involved in the creation of the policy as well as the context in which the policy is implemented. I found that the success of these plans depends heavily on their context. Urban school districts that have high poverty levels and few White students have a difficult time maintaining diversity, whereas school districts that incorporate the city and surrounding suburbs are more likely to maintain diversity because White, middle-class families do not have the same opportunity to flee the district. Furthermore, school districts that use geographic zoning and regulated choice are able to maintain higher levels of diversity. Support from the community and local policymakers also can play a role in the success of integration plans. The findings suggest that geographic and political contexts matter in the shaping and adoption of integration plans based on voluntary choice and SES. I offer suggestions to maintain integration given the local sociopolitical context of the school districts. / text

<p>Vår rapport bygger på några invandrarungdomars syn på kriminalitet och segregation, vi intervjuade tre tjejer och tre killar, i åldern 18-23, om deras erfarenheter. Vår förförståelse var att invandrarungdomar som lever i segregerade områden oftare ses som kriminella än svenska ungdomar. Analysen av ungdomarna har skett utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv (subkultursteori och stämplingsteori) och objektivistiskt perspektiv (teorin om svaga sociala band). Resultatet visade att utanförskap, identitetsbrist, dålig anknytning till föräldrar och andra vuxna är faktorer som kan leda till att invandrarungdomar begår kriminella handlingar. I vår slutdiskussion uppmärksammar vi kopplingen som ungdomarna känner att det finns mellan segregation och kriminalitet. Anknytningen till föräldrar och andra vuxna är något vi ser har en stor påverkan på ungdomarnas levnadssätt.</p>