Masters of Commerce / In South Africa land dispossession and land appropriation were legally instituted with the promulgation of the 1913 and 1936 Land Acts and the 1950 Group Areas Act that saw the forced removal of the majority of Black South Africans from their homes and livelihoods. This policy of racial segregation left in its wake countless examples of families and entire communities being uprooted and forced to eke out an existence on land that often had no or little potential for development. The Tswana people who resided on the farm Schmidtsdrift in the Northern Cape is an example of a community that was forced to relocate to a barren piece of land called Kuruman about 140km from Schmidtsdrift. In 1994 with South Africa’s first democratic elections, a number of policy changes were affected that sought to undo the injustice of the past. The Land reform programme initiated by the government provided the Tswana people an opportunity to reclaim their land under the Land Restitiition Act o2 of 1994. The new policy changes were certainly far reaching in addressing the legacy of landlessness but it became clear four years after the initiation of the programme that serious delays with regard to the finalisation of the claims were being experienced. By 1998 only 9 claims of the 26 000 claims lodged with the Commission on the Restitution of Land Claims were finalised. One of the claims that were still awaiting finalisation at this stage was the Schmidtsdrift claim lodged by the Tswana community in November 1996. It is within this landscape of challenges faced by the land restitution process that this research report examined the obstacles, specifically: from 1996 to 1998, experienced by the Schmidtsdrift Restitution Case with regard to the settlement of their claim.

Ethnic residential segregation is a phenomenon that is increasing in prevalence in Swedish societies. Integration is a major challenge in both large and small municipalities. The purpose of this study was to analyze how some Swedish municipalities work to counteract ethnic residential segregation and promote integration, both spatially and in society. A qualitative document study has been made of the four selected municipalities' planning documents, in order to gain an understanding of how ethnic residential segregation can be counteracted by means of urban planning and integration strategies. The municipalities selected are Örebro, Umeå, Borlänge and Luleå, which have varying degrees of ethnic residential segregation. The analysis shows that the subject is very complicated and that there are many factors to consider. In addition to well-thought-out urban planning, short-term solutions for integration into society are also required, which municipalities should take a position on, in the form of developed integration efforts. This can be decisive for how quickly and well immigrants are integrated into Swedish society. Finally, it is concluded that more research is needed on how municipalities should work to promote integration in communities already suffering from ethnic residential segregation.

Accessibility in the landscape has gained increased attention in recent years, and the practice of Universal Design, rather than providing ‘accessible’ accommodations as separate, distinct elements within the landscape, attempts to address social issues such as segregation by proposing an integrated accessibility and design for a diverse society. However, while proposing integration, it can be criticized as designing to the lowest common denominator and clinging to the idea of a ‘disabled’ population which must be designed down to. It frequently fails to address the complexities arising from conflicts between the needs of individuals with different disabilities and lacks a theoretical framework which would place the philosophy’s ideals within a broader social and cultural context. The poststructural project is posited as such a theoretical framework, and a means for evaluating the principles of Universal Design along with the social and cultural beliefs upon which the accessibility issue rests. Poststructuralism is used to challenge the idea of separate ‘able’ / ‘disabled’ populations on the basis that this dichotomous opposition is based on limiting conceptions of disability and fails to acknowledge the complexities which comprise the diverse fabric of society. The project is explored here as an alternative means for advancing the ideals of Universal Design within the realm of landscape architecture. Using a matrix of poststructural practices, social concepts such as normality and disability are examined and ‘deconstructed.’ Ultimately a reconstruction of the paradigm, a Critically Integrated Design, is proposed based upon the reconceptualization and resituation of accessibility and social conditions. / Master of Landscape Architecture

It has become common practice for cities to use neoliberal planning to improve the region’s economic growth and old industrial cities are using an additional cultural strategy to reinvigorate their city image. This is the case for Malmö which tries to renew itself from an old industrial city to a knowledge-based city by changing the built environment and using place branding. The change is made to attract innovation, companies and the desirable creative class. Malmö’s latest endeavor is to redevelop Rosengård, a part of the city notorious for its large immigrant population, its social inequality and its bad image.This study aims to compare culture worker’s perception of Rosengård to the image set by the urban planners in their planning documents. The culture workers are part of the so- called creative class and are favored by cities that believe this group will help to promote economic growth and contribute to the cities’ renewal.Malmö, like other cities, wants to change its image to be more alluring for desirable possible citizens, but if the city changes its image to something that is unrecognizable to its existing inhabitants Malmö risks not only to displace those inhabitants, but also to start an uprising.

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Occupational fraud is a growing business risk that is causing greater financial losses in small businesses than large businesses. Business owners lose approximately 5% of their revenues due to occupational fraud. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies used by some business owners of small restaurants to reduce occupational fraud. The fraud triangle theory was the conceptual framework for this study. Three small restaurant owners from Puerto Rico participated in face-to-face, semistructured interviews to reveal their successful strategies to minimize fraud. The data collection process also included business documents and researcher observations that assisted in establishing methodological triangulation. Using Yin's 5-step process, data were coded and analyzed to identify emergent themes. The primary emergent themes obtained from data analysis revealed that owner monitoring, analytical procedures, and segregation of duties are effective strategies to minimize employee fraud. Participants revealed that the implementation of these strategies may reduce organizational losses associated to fraud. The findings of this study may contribute to social change by reducing fraud activities, business failures, unemployment level, and criminality rate while promoting trust between community members and their institutions.

Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt är att presentera forskning som hjälper oss få djuparekunskaper om hur den marknadsorienterade skolan och skolsegregationen påverkar skolansarbete med demokrati - och medborgaruppdraget. Utifrån vår frågeställning har vi gjort engrundlig litteratursökning i databaserna SwePub, ERIC och ERC för att samla ihopforskning. Utöver databaser har vi även använt oss av kedjesökning och tagit hjälp avlitteraturens referenslistor för att komma åt relevant forskning. Resultatet visar att dagens marknadsorienterade skolsystem har en stor inverkan på hurdemokrati-och medborgaruppdraget realiseras i skolor. Utifrån den forskning som vi harpresenterat går det att konstatera att det finns stora brister i skolans arbete med demokratioch medborgaruppdraget. Dagens marknadsorienterade skolsystem har lett till attskolsegregationen har ökat vilket har resulterat i att likvärdighet i skolors arbete med detdemokratiska uppdraget har minskat. Vidare visar forskningen att marknadslogiken somidag genomsyrar hela skolverksamheten har förflyttat fokus till individualisering ochentreprenörskap på bekostnad av skolans uppdrag att fostra elever till att bli aktivademokratiska medborgare. I diskussionen redogörs analyser av resultatet där det blandas diskuteras hurutmaningar, främst skolsegregation, pedagogisk segregation och den ökade betoningen avkunskapsmätningar, försvårar skolans demokratiska uppdrag. Dessutom diskuteras framtidaforskning inom ämnet och även uppsatsens relevans för läraryrket.

Since the Irish island was partitioned in the 20th century general civil unrest has been constantly present. This has led to Northern Ireland being a segregated society and to some degree, this continues even today. During the 60’s up to the 90’s violence was widespread.Paramilitaries committed acts of violence and terror against each other and civilians were often the victims. The conflict is perpetuated by two blocs in Northern Irish society. These blocs have historically been defined by sectarian identities; this remains to this date to some extent. However, these identity boundaries have expanded to things beyond christianity. Today class, income and other various types of communities factor into the creation of individual identity. Because of this change, the use of a common history has slowly become irrelevant to modern day catholics or protestants in Northern Ireland. Instead of the previous injustices committed against the group in question, general socio-economic issues are central. Religion, identity and politics in Northern Ireland go hand in hand. As many other states around the world, the state in Northern Ireland is separated from the church. Despite this, christian communities, both catholic and protestant, are deeply involved in policy creation. Parliamentary politics are tied to sectarian and societal identity also. Surveys have shown that voters usually vote within their communities. It is rare for catholics to vote for loyalist protestant parties and vice versa. Ethnic nationalism in Northern Ireland takes a different shape today. The armed volunteers inparamilitary groups have been substituted by career politicians that use democratic means to further the political struggle. There are two main actors behind the loyalist and republican movements in contemporary Northern Irish society, the DUP and Sinn Féin. These parties try to move away from violent extremism through politicizing the ethnonationalist movements that is republicanism and loyalism. This change is thanks to a difference in many aspects of humansocialization in Northern Ireland. Individuals have a new way of viewing their identities and communities.

Denna studie kommer att belysa på vilket sätt sociala identiteter utvecklas och upprätthålls i utsatta områden. Vad är det som gör att människor uppfattar sin omgivning som meningsfull och identitetsskapande men samtidigt utsatt och marginaliserad? Genom att ge röst åt ungdomar och medborgardrivna individer som upplevt fenomenet, förklarar vår studie segregationens motsägelsefullhet. Hur exkludering parallellt leder till inkludering och hur segregation kan skapa integration. Arbetsgången baserar sig på tematisk analys av intervjuer och resulterar i teman som förklarar två dimensioner av utsatta områden; ett inifrån- och utifrånperspektiv. Resultatet visade att boende på området utvecklar social identitet till följd av delaktighet och samhörighet inom området, medan utomstående fördomar stärker skiljelinjen av områdets gränser. Ett “vi” och “dom” återspeglas av identifikation och tillhörighet.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第21400号 / 生博第401号 / 新制||生||53(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科高次生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松崎 文雄, 教授 石川 冬木, 教授 松本 智裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM