Orientadores: Emilson Pereira Leite, Alexandre Campane Vidal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Acquaviva_LeticiadeAvila_M.pdf: 3409962 bytes, checksum: cb41ac297ccc22f2e5e7c89007df133f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os substratos que constituem um reservatório são identificados com a utilização de dados sísmicos. O processo consiste na determinação de propriedades petrofísicas dos reservatórios. Entretanto, camadas de estruturas subsísmica são mascaradas devido à limitação do dado sísmico convencional. A falha proporcionada por esses dados produz um modelo comprometido para o reservatório. A falta de resolução vertical do dado sísmico pode ser superada através da integração do mesmo com todas as informações disponíveis do reservatório (Sancevero, 2006). A maneira mais efetiva de reunir esses dados encontra-se na geração de modelos de impedância acústica originados do processo de inversão. Como foco principal, foi produzido um algoritmo de inversão sísmica para impedância acústica, manuseado com o software MATLAB. Nesse algoritmo, o dado sísmico foi modelado como sendo a convolução da resposta refletiva do meio com o pulso sísmico sonoro, conhecido como wavelet. A assinatura do pulso sonoro faz com que o dado sísmico seja de banda limitada no domínio da frequência. O método proposto permite acrescentar nos dados sísmicos valores de baixas frequências providos de dados de perfis de poços. Tal método também permite analisar o impacto da extração da wavelet por meio da amarração sísmica-poço, bem como o valor limite de frequências utilizadas do dado de poço. O algoritmo foi aplicado em dados do Campo de Namorado da bacia de Campos, Brasil. Os resultados mostram dados de impedância acústica com banda de frequências mais larga que o dado sísmico e, portanto, imagens com maior resolução e com conteúdo petrofísico do reservatório / Abstract: The substrates that constitute a reservoir are identified using seismic data. The process consists of determining reservoir petrophysical properties. However, sub-seismic layers structures are masked due to the limitation of conventional seismic data. The failure provided by these data produces an erroneous model of reservoir. The lack of vertical resolution of seismic data can be overcome by integrating it with all available information from the reservoir (Sancevero, 2006). The most effective way to gather such data lies in the generation of acoustic impedance models derived from seismic inversion methods. As a main focus an inversion algorithm for seismic acoustic impedance have been produced, handled with MATLAB software. In this algorithm, the seismic data have been modeled as the convolution of the reflective response of the medium with the wavelet noise known as wavelet. The signature of the sound pulse makes the seismic data be a limited bandwidth in the frequency domain. The proposed method allows add low-frequencies data from well logs into seismic data. This method also analyzes the impact of the wavelet extraction through the well-seismic tie, and the limit of frequencies used from well data. The model was applied on data from the Namorado Field of the Campos Basin, Brazil. The results show the acoustic impedance data with a frequencies band wider than the seismic data and, therefore, images with higher resolution and with petrophysical content reservoir / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

No description available.

Sonic wave methods can be used to provide information on the engineering properties of rocks. The advantages of such techniques include minimal sample preparation, fast site preparation for field tests, reproducible and nondestructive tests, and capability for large scale testing. During this research an extensive review of the most widely accepted engineering rock classification systems was undertaken and their principles, advantages and disadvantages are presented in detail. The mathematical equations describing wave propagation through elastic and viscoelastic media are analyzed in order to determine the dynamic parameters most likely related to static properties. A detailed description of the instrumentation and experimental procedures used for sonic testing is presented. Based on the experimental data, a correlation between the most characteristic static and dynamic properties was established. These relationships can be used to modify existing engineering rock classification systems, by appropriately substituting static properties by the much easier to measure, in the field and in the laboratory, sonic wave parameters. Furthermore, a classification scheme was developed, incorporating information pertaining to the static modulus of elasticity and frequency of joints from sonic wave information. / Master of Science

Three hybrid moment tensor inversion methods were developed for seismic sources originating from a small source region. These techniques attempt to compensate for various types of systematic error (or noise) that influence seismograms recorded in the underground environment in order to achieve an accurate and robust measure of the seismic moment tensor. The term 'hybrid' was used to distinguish between the relative method proposed by Dahm (1995) and the methods developed in this thesis. The hybrid methods were essentially weighting schemes designed to enhance the accuracy of the computed moment tensors by decreasing the influence of any low quality observations, to damp (or amplify) any signals that have been overestimated (or underestimated) due to local site effects, and to correct for raypath focussing or defocussing that results from inhomogeneities in the rockmass. The weighting or correction applied to a particular observation was derived from the residuals determined when observed data were compared with corresponding theoretical data (for a particular geophone site, sensor orientation and wave phase) and were calculated using a cluster of events rather than a single event. The first and second weighting schemes were indirectly related to the mean and the median of the residuals where the residuals were defined as the ratio of the theoretical to observed data. In the third scheme, the residuals were defined as the difference between the observed and theoretical data and the weights were based on the distance of a data point (measured in standard deviations) from the mean residual. In each of the weighting schemes, the correction was applied iteratively until the standard error of the least-squares solution (normalised to the scalar seismic moment) was a minimum. The schemes were non-linear because new weights were calculated for each iteration. A number of stability tests using synthetic data were carried out to quantify the source resolving capabilities of the hybrid methods under various extreme conditions. The synthetic events were pure double-couple sources having identical fault-plane orientations, and differing only in rake. This similarity in the mechanisms was chosen because the waveforms of tightly grouped events recorded underground often show high degrees of similarity. For each test, the results computed using the three hybrid methods were compared with one another and with those computed using the single event, absolute method and two relative methods (with and without a reference mechanism). In the noise-free situation, it was found that the relative method without reference mechanism showed the highest resolution of mechanisms, provided that the coverage of the focal sphere was not too sparse (> 3 stations). The hybrid method using a median correction was found to be the most robust of all the methods tested in the most extreme case of poor coverage (2 stations) of the focal sphere. When increasing levels of pseudo-random noise were applied to the data, the absolute moment tensor inversion method, the hybrid method using a median correction, and the hybrid method using a weighted mean correction all showed similar robustness and stability in extreme configurations concerning network coverage of the focal sphere and noise level. When increasing levels of systematic noise were added to the data, the hybrid methods using a median correction and weighted mean correction were found to exhibit similar robustness and stability in extreme configurations concerning network coverage of the focal sphere and systematic noise. In all situations investigated, these two hybrid methods outperformed the relative and absolute methods. The hybrid moment tensor inversion methods using a median and weighted mean correction were applied to a cluster of 14 events, having remarkably similar waveforms, recorded at Oryx Gold Mine. For comparative purposes, the absolute method was also applied. The inputs to the inversion methods consisted of the spectral plateaus of both P- and S-waves at frequencies below the comer frequency of the time-integrated displacement traces. The polarities of dominant motion were used as an additional constraint and were determined from cross-correlation of observed with synthetic P- or S-waves. The solutions computed using the hybrid moment tensor inversion using a median correction displayed a distinct improvement after the iterative residual correction procedure was applied. The radiation patterns and faultplane solutions showed a high degree of similarity, and are probably more accurate reflections of reality than those computed using the absolute moment tensor inversion methods. These observations are very encouraging and point towards the method's potential for use as a standard processing tool for mine seismicity. The implications of this work are a better understanding of the focal mechanisms of seismic events induced by mining activities, ultimately leading to improved safety underground.

This thesis presents a methodology for modelling underwater sound propagation from seismic airgun surveys. Subsequently, the method is applied to the case of predicting noise levels from offshore oil and gas exploration in the Queen Charlotte Basin region of the British Columbia offshore. Underwater noise levels are predicted using an integrated mod¬elling approach that incorporates (i) an airgun array source model. (ii) a broadband 3-D transmission loss model, and (iii) environmental databases of high resolution bathymetry. historical CTD casts and geoacoustic properties of the seabed. As part of this thesis, an airgun array source signature model is developed and then used for predicting the acoustic source level of a seismic airgun array. The airgun model, based on the physics of the oscillation and radiation of airgun bubbles, is validated against real airgun data. Under-water sound propagation is modelled in three dimensions using a parabolic-equation (PE) based, "Nx2-D" transmission loss model. Broadband sound propagation is approximated by modelling acoustic transmission loss at third-octave band centre frequencies; noise levels are computed by subtracting transmission loss from the respective third-octave band airgun array source levels. High resolution bathymetry and geoacoustic data for Queen Charlotte Basin are extracted along centrolineal radial transects for input to the propagation model. Additionally, principal component analysis is applied to a large collection of historical CTD data to extract seasonal sound speed profile variations. Transmission loss is modelled using both winter and summer sound speed profiles to bracket seasonal variations in acoustic propagation conditions. Noise level estimates from the acoustic modelling may be used to determine impact zones around the survey vessel where marine mammals are expected to exhibit disturbance reactions to airgun noise. Results from this study will aid in evaluating the potential environmental impacts of seismic exploration activity on marine ecosystems in British Columbia's offshore region.

No description available.

Orientadores: Denis José Schiozer, Célio Maschio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davolio_Alessandra_D.pdf: 20299340 bytes, checksum: 39bd0e5f79603d95c1cb4c74b2616103 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O foco deste trabalho é usar dados de engenharia de reservatórios gerados através da simulação de fluxos para melhorar a interpretação quantitativa da sísmica 4D. A ideia é usar os conhecimentos de engenharia para minimizar possíveis informações incorretas geradas pela sísmica 4D, antes de usá-la para atualizar modelos de simulação de reservatórios em um procedimento de ajuste de histórico. Neste trabalho a integração entre estes dois conjuntos de dados é feita no domínio da pressão e saturação. Dessa forma, a primeira parte do trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para estimar variações de pressão e saturação a partir da sísmica 4D através de um procedimento de inversão petro-elástica. Este procedimento pode ser visto como uma ferramenta para aplicar a metodologia de integração da segunda parte, que é uma das principais contribuições deste trabalho. A metodologia de integração usa múltiplos modelos de simulação para restringir a estimativa de pressão e saturação a partir da sísmica 4D. Como resultado, observaram-se mapas menos ruidosos que permitem, portanto, uma melhor interpretação das variações ocorridas no reservatório. Seguindo a sequencia tradicional de trabalho, o mapa de saturação estimado foi então usado como dado de entrada em um processo de ajuste de histórico apresentado na terceira parte da tese. Foi mostrado que o procedimento de ajuste gera melhores resultados quando o dado de entrada, neste caso mapa de saturação, respeita o balanço de massa, o que não acontecia para os dados considerados. Assim, uma metodologia para calibrar o volume de água injetada associado ao mapa de saturação gerado pela sísmica 4D é apresentada na última parte do trabalho, que é outra contribuição importante a se destacar. Para melhor controlar os resultados de todas as metodologias aqui apresentadas foram usados dados sintéticos em todo o trabalho. Embora resultados satisfatórios tenham sido observados para este conjunto de dados, é importante destacar que as principais contribuições deste trabalho não são apenas os resultados observados, mas as metodologias propostas, que apresentam uma perspectiva inovadora para integração entre dados de sísmica 4D e engenharia de reservatórios / Abstract: The focus of this work is to use reservoir engineering data from numerical flow simulation to improve the quantitative interpretation of 4D seismic signals. The idea is to use engineering knowledge to minimize possible incorrect information provided by 4D seismic before using it to update reservoir simulation models in a history matching procedure. In this work the integration between the two dataset is done in the pressure and saturation domain. So, the first part of the work presents a methodology to estimate pressure and saturation changes from 4D seismic through a petro-elastic inversion procedure. This procedure can be seen as a tool to apply the integration methodology of the second part which is one of the main contributions of this work. The integration methodology uses multiple simulation models to constrain the estimation of pressure and saturation from 4D seismic. As a result, less noisy maps were obtained, allowing a better interpretation of the reservoir changes. Following the traditional sequence, the estimated saturation map is then used as input to the history matching process presented in the third part of the work. It was shown that the history matching procedure provides better results if the input data, in this case the saturation map, respects the expected mass balance, which was not the case for the dataset considered. Thus, a methodology to calibrate the volume of injected water associated to the saturation map provided by 4D seismic is presented in the last part of the work, which is another important contribution to be highlighted. To better control the results of all the methodologies here presented, a synthetic dataset was used in the entire work. Although satisfactory results were observed for this dataset, it is important to highlight that the main contributions of this work are not only the results, but the methodologies proposed, that present an innovative perspective for 4D seismic and reservoir engineering data integration / Doutorado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Doutora em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Orientador: Emilson Pereira Leite / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cataldo_RafaelAmaral_M.pdf: 3826932 bytes, checksum: 2389a2a5e78d7644118f034812b852e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa mostra a aplicação do método de inversão simultânea em dados sísmicos pré-empilhamento em um campo de petróleo localizado na Bacia de Campos, Brasil. Este método tem sido utilizado com sucesso em diversos reservatórios areníticos em várias regiões do mundo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de avaliar e estudar a aplicação deste método em rochas carbonáticas albianas da Formação Quissamã. Com base em descobertas em campos próximos, esta Formação tem o potencial de possuir acumulações de hidrocarbonetos que podem ser revelados com o auxílio de modelos de inversão. Curvas de velocidades de ondas P (Vp), S (Vs) e densidade (?) ao longo de sete poços serviram como parâmetros de entrada para a construção de modelos iniciais tridimensionais. Os poços que não continham curvas de Vs e densidade foram calculados através de equações estabelecidas junto a literatura disponível. Assim, foram realizadas análises dos resultados da inversão ao longo dos poços. Com o intuito de criar os modelos iniciais de inversão, foram usados dados de impedâncias das ondas P (Zp), S (Zs) e ? ao longo dos poços. Os modelos tridimensionais finais foram calculados a partir dos desvios das relações lineares entre os logaritmos de Zs e Zp, assim como entre ? e Zp, os quais foram combinados com os modelos iniciais. Foram testados e analisados diversos parâmetros e filtros para a criação dos modelos iniciais e finais. As interpretações dos resultados da inversão foram conduzidas com base nos padrões encontrados em perfis de resistividade, raios gama, densidade, porosidade neutrão e sônico. Estas análises forneceram os critérios para selecionar os melhores modelos finais que são discutidos em detalhe. Os modelos finais mostram anomalias de baixa impedância consistentes com os estudos realizados junto aos perfis dos poços. Além disso, de acordo com as interpretações, um poço em particular possui alto potencial para conter hidrocarbonetos. O padrão de distribuição de impedâncias neste poço foi utilizado como referência para a identificação de outras regiões com alto potencial, dentro de todo o volume sísmico pré-empilhado disponível / Abstract: We have applied a method of simultaneous inversion of prestack seismic data of a hydrocarbon field located in the Campos Basin, Brazil. This method has been successfully applied to several sandstone reservoirs around the world. The purpose of this research was to test and study the application of this method to Albian carbonate rocks of the Quissamã Formation. Based on what is found in near fields, this Formation potentially contains hydrocarbon accumulations that could be revealed with the help of the inverted models. P-wave velocity (Vp), S-wave velocity (Vs) and density curves along seven wells were used as inputs to construct 3D initial models of acoustic impedance (Zp), shear impedance (Zs) and density (?). Wells without Vs and ? curves had those values calculated from well-established equations available in the literature. Analysis of the inversion results along wells were carried out. Final 3D models were calculated from deviations in linear relationships between the logarithms of Zs and Zp, as well as between density and Zp, which were merged with the initial models. We have tested and analyzed several parameters and filters to create initial and final models. Interpretations of the inversion results were conducted based on patterns found in logs such as resistivity, gamma ray, density, neutron porosity and sonic along the wells. These analyses provided criteria to select the best final models that are discussed in detail. The inverted models show low impedance anomalies that are consistent with previous studies performed with the well logs available. Furthermore, one well in particular was interpreted as having high potential to contain hydrocarbons. This well shows an impedance pattern that allowed us to highlight other areas with the same pattern throughout the entire prestack seismic volume / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), September 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / The cosmogenic radionuclide ¹⁰Be is a unique tracer of shallow sediment subduction in volcanic arcs. The range in ¹⁰Be enrichment in the Central American Volcanic Arc between Guatemala and Costa Rica is not controlled by variations in ¹⁰Be concentrations in subducting sediment seaward of the Middle America Trench. Sedimentary ¹⁰Be is correlated negatively with ¹⁴³ND/¹⁴⁴Nd, illustrating that ¹⁰Be concentrations varied both between and within cores due to mixing between terrigenous clay and volcanic ash endmember components. This mixing behavior was determined to be a function of grain size controls on ¹⁰Be concentrations. A negative correlation of bulk sedimentary ¹⁰Be concentrations with median grain size and a positive correlation with the proportion of the sediment grains that were <32 [mu]m in diameter demonstrated that high concentrations of ¹⁰Be in fine-grained, terrigenous sediments were diluted by larger grained volcanogenic material. The sharp decrease in ¹⁰Be enrichment in the Central American Volcanic Arc between southeastern Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica correlates with changes in fault structure in the subducting Cocos plate. Offshore of Nicaragua, extensional faults associated with plate bending have throw equal to or greater than the overlying subducting sediment thickness. These faults enable efficient subduction of the entire sediment package by preventing relocation of the d6collement within the downgoing sediments. / (cont.) Offshore of Costa Rica, the reduction of fault relief results in basement faults that do not penetrate the overlying sediment. A conceptual model is proposed in which the absence of significant basement roughness allows the d6collement to descend into the subducting sediment column, leading to subsequent underplating and therefore removal of the bulk of the sediment layer that contains ¹⁰Be. Basement fault relief was linearly related to plate curvature and trench depth. The systematic shoaling of the plate from southeastern Nicaragua to northwestern Costa Rica is not explained by changes in plate age for this region. Instead, it is hypothesized that the flexural shape of the plate offshore of southeastern Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica represents a lateral response to a buoyant load caused by the thick crust and elevated thermal regime in the Cocos plate offshore of southeastern Costa Rica. / by Robyn K. Kelly. / Ph.D.