Tile research focuses on the role played by the school in preraring learners for self-employment. It seeks to establish the extent to which entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and attitudes are being promoted ai school thus equipping learners for ihe world of business once they leave school. The study is undertaken ag~i the background of very high mte of unemployment currently facing South Africa. A nmnber of factors, such as high population growth, globalisation and a variety of other socio-political circlUllStance have resulted in the shrinkage of job opportunities in the formal sector of the economy. The unemployment problem mostly affects the rural schoolleavers, among other groups, in the community. Small bu.'$ine.<Js development is generally seen as the most promising solution to the unemployment problem. Preparing learners for entrepreneurship is therefore the most serious challenge facing schools today. The school is required to deliver the kind of education that will make it possible for learners to start and develop their own businesses once they leave school. Hence the quest for education that is relevant to the needs and aspirations of society. A qualitative study undertaken with rural schoolleavers who own small businesses reveals that the school has not yet taken delibemte steps to tester entrepreneurship among learners thus preparing them for self-employment when they leave school. Again it bas been demonstrated that schools have great potential to inculcate entrepreneurial knowledge, attitudes and skills once they can start working in close co-operation with the community. A shift from traditional approaches to teaching and learning to the progressive (entrepreneurial) approaches can contribute greatly in producing learners who are ready fbr life as independent, creative and influencial business leaders of the future. / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Comparative Education)

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Recent studies have shown the importance of self-employment as an alternative to wage employment and a response to unemployment. In this context, this paper aims to examine empirically the determinants that influence the workersâ choice between selfemployment and wage worker, emphasizing the influence of neighborhood effects on this choice. To accomplish this task itusesa Multilevel Model for Discrete Choice and data set about individualsâ labor market drawn from the Survey on Employment and Unemployment (Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego â PED), which covers the Metropolitan Area of Fortaleza for the years 2009 and 2010. The use of the Multilevel Model for testing the effects of neighborhoods on individuals, and the own database are contributions of this research. Among other results it was found that decision models in the labor markets excluding the possibility of social interaction in neighborhoods, may produce biased results. This effect was highly significant and positive indicating that a worker whose neighborhood has a high share of self-employment is also more likely to choose this type of work than another worker with the same characteristics, but who lives in another neighborhood with prevalence wage employees. / Estudos recentes tÃm evidenciado a importÃncia do status de ocupaÃÃo autÃnoma por este representar uma alternativa ao emprego remunerado e uma possibilidade de resposta ao desemprego. Nesse contexto, esta dissertaÃÃo tem por objetivo analisar empiricamente os determinantes que influenciam a escolha do indivÃduo em ser autÃnomo (vis-Ã-vis, ser assalariado), com Ãnfase para o efeito que o contexto social de vizinhanÃa pode exercer sobre esta escolha. Para isto utilizou-se modelos de MultinÃvel para escolha discreta, sendo as informaÃÃes dos indivÃduos no mercado de trabalho extraÃdas da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego â PED da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza para os anos de 2009 e 2010. O uso do modelo MultinÃvel para testar efeitos de vizinhanÃa e a prÃpria base de dados sÃo contribuiÃÃes desta pesquisa. Entre outros resultados verificou-se que modelos de decisÃo no mercado de trabalho que excluem a possibilidade de interaÃÃo social em vizinhanÃa, podem gerar resultados viesados. Este efeito mostrou-se altamente significativo e positivo indicando que um trabalhador, cuja vizinhanÃa possui uma alta participaÃÃo de trabalho autÃnomo, tem uma probabilidade maior de tambÃm escolher este tipo de trabalho, do que outro trabalhador que tem as mesmas caracterÃsticas, mas que mora em outra vizinhanÃa com prevalÃncia de trabalhadores assalariados.

A aposentadoria é uma instituição social que pode ter efeitos múltiplos e de longo prazo sobre o bem-estar individual. Essa tese investigou duas dimensões dessa questão, relacionadas à saúde e à inserção laboral de indivíduos mais velhos no Brasil. O objetivo desse trabalho é investigar os efeitos da aposentadoria sobre as condições de saúde e sobre a transição para o trabalho por conta própria no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada é econométrica e duas bases de dados foram utilizadas. A investigação da transição para o trabalho por conta própria utilizou a Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME), entre os anos de 2002 a 2007, com trabalhadores na faixa de 50 a 69 anos de idade. A metodologia empregada foi a de pseudo-painel, que permitiu o tratamento de uma possível endogeneidade da decisão de trabalhar, além de possibilitar o uso de técnicas de dados em painel. Os resultados encontrados mostram que a renda de aposentadoria tem impacto sobre essa transição, em especial, para os menores quartis. No entanto, estar aposentado (dummy) não é significativo para explicar a transição ocupacional de interesse. Outros controles mostraram-se importantes, mas com diferentes impactos para homens e mulheres. Já a investigação dos efeitos de aposentadoria em saúde utilizou a Saúde Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), base longitudinal com idosos no município de São Paulo. Foram estimados modelos de efeitos fixos e efeitos fixos com variável instrumental para levar em conta a possível simultaneidade entre a decisão de parar de trabalhar e a condição de saúde da pessoa. Foram encontradas evidências de que a aposentadoria melhora indicadores de mobilidade, especialmente para os homens. / Retirement is a social institution that can have multiple and long-term effects on individual well-being. This thesis investigated two dimensions of this issue, related to health and labor insertion of older individuals in Brazil. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of retirement on health and on the transition to self-employment in Brazil. The methodology used is econometric and two databases were used. The investigation of the transition to self-employment used the Monthly Employment Survey (PME), between the years 2002-2007, with workers aged 50 to 69 years old. The methodology used was the pseudo-panel, allowing the treatment of a possible endogeneity of the decision to work, in addition to allowing the use of panel data techniques. The results show that retirement income has an impact on this transition, particularly for the lower quartiles. However, be retired (dummy) is not significant in explaining the occupational transition of interest. Other controls were important, but with different impacts on men and women. Already investigating the health effects of retirement used the Health Welfare and Ageing (SABE), longitudinal base with elderly in São Paulo. Fixed effects and fixed effects with instrumental models were estimated to take into account the possible simultaneity between the decision to stop working and the person\'s health condition. Evidence was found that retirement improves mobility indicators, especially for men.

This dissertation analyzes rewards and motivations of self-employment. In light of recent research contributions of Barton Hamilton (2000), which find entrepreneurship not as financially rewarding as wage work, my dissertation attempts to both verify and explain this claim. The first essay proposes a theoretical model of evolution of erroneous earnings expectations on part of a nascent entrepreneur. Inability to observe, survey, and take into account all of the returns to entrepreneurship prior to business entry creates a biased set of beliefs on part of the potential entrants. Using Bayesian learning, a nascent entrepreneur starting out with correct perception of profit distribution arrives at erroneous beliefs by incorporating limited information collected from existing businesses. An observed distribution of surviving businesses would exhibit higher earnings because of previous, unobserved, business failure entrepreneur get an overly positive view of her profit potential. Hence, the chapter offers a unique method of modeling overconfidence. The second essay undertakes dynamic empirical comparison of earnings received by business owners and their wage counterparts. Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) I examine both short and long run returns to entrepreneurship comparing theses rewards to wage earners returns. I pay particular attention to transitions into and out of business ownership. I estimate entire earnings distribution. To characterize dynamic aspect of changes to individuals’ earnings I split the income distribution into five income quintiles and follow survey participants over the period of seven years. I find that period-to-period transitions to be Markovian. I find business tenure to be short, business ownership is costly in the short and rewarding in the long run. The third essay considered different reporting schemes applied to the self-employed. It is another empirical investigation of entrepreneurial earning uses Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). I find entrepreneurs while reporting lower than wage workers earnings enjoy significant consumption premiums. I observe evidence of income underreporting by entrepreneurs. This finding suggests a need for better earning comparison metrics and proposes to use consumption rather than income metrics for future comparisons.

This study explores the role of universities as well as their strategies and extent to which entrepreneurship education is fostered in terms of policy frameworks, the curriculum and stakeholders‟ perceptions of entrepreneurship education. The study was guided by the question: “How do universities in Tanzania foster entrepreneurship education in different fields of study?” Shapero‟s entrepreneurial event model has been adapted to analyze the feasibility and desirability of entrepreneurship education in a university-wide curriculum. This is a case study of two public universities in Tanzania: the University of Dar es Salaam and Mzumbe University. In-depth interviews were conducted with lecturers across disciplines at the selected universities. Some officials from relevant government ministries and agencies were also interviewed. In addition to the interviews, relevant documents from the universities and government were also reviewed. An analysis of the data indicates that entrepreneurship education is not well-integrated within the university-wide curricula because its implementation does not suit the pedagogical needs of some disciplines. Its desirability and feasibility is still debatable because of various factors such as ; the incoherence between national and university policy strategies; complexity of university multidisciplinary structures; variations in stakeholders‟ perceptions; the business-oriented view of entrepreneurship education reflected in the literature and the evolution of the selected universities. However, the role of donor support for the current status of entrepreneurship education is significant by virtue of projects that are attached to some faculties and schools. Through these projects, entrepreneurship-related courses, programmes, centres and staff capacity development have been established. This study recommends that entrepreneurship education should be tailored to enhance the skills necessary for all forms of employment. This should go hand-in-hand with the establishment of boundary crossings between academia and emerging labour market. Donor-oriented projects should be well-negotiated between partners so that entrepreneurship education initiatives are tailored to suit the local context. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Self-employment has been considered an important part of recovering and growing economy as well as an area of interest of current governing bodies on national and supranational level. Therefore, this study aims to provide deeper understanding, what influences self-employment and how does such influence differ between men and women. Purpose of the study is threefold. First, to synthesize a model of influential factors based on current academic debate. Second, to analyze the case of the Czech Republic (exceptional in higher self-employment growth rates for women than men) to understand whether gender difference phenomenon is universal or only limited to time/space/industry. And third, to analyze what are factors driving self-employment. To answer the question ​How does influence of factors on self-employment differ between genders? ​correlation research design is introduced to examine relationships between micro- and macro-environment factors (explanatory variable) and gender specific self-employment rate (response variable). To analyze these relationships, secondary data collected from online open source platforms of national and supranational public institutions are utilized. Firstly, comparability analysis is conducted between male and female (self-)employment development in Czechia. Secondly,...

This study examines how effort-reward reciprocity at work impacts the job satisfaction of the self-employed. The self-employed regularly show higher job satisfaction than the wage-employed. Theories point toward effort-reward reciprocity, the balance between what one gives and what one receives at work, as a predictor of higher job satisfaction. No earlier research has explored the mediating effect of effort-reward reciprocity in order to explain the higher job satisfaction for the self-employed. This model was explored among employed individuals in the Nordic Region (N = 3,916). Job satisfaction was measured via an index of nine items. The effort-reward reciprocity measure followed the theoretical model of effort-reward imbalance. A causal mediation analysis showed that effort-reward reciprocity fully mediated the impact that employment form had on job satisfaction. The results suggest that this effect is not part of some elusive feature of self-employment. Further research should expand on the model by introducing rewards more attuned to self-employment, such as autonomy and flexibility.

This paper studies the relationship between individual characteristics of displaced workers and the probability of re-employment. A competing risks hazard model is used, distinguishing between exits from joblessness to self-employment and to paid-employment. All individuals between 25 and 55 years of age, at the time of displacement, that suffered from at least one year of joblessness after being displaced between 1990 and 1998 due to establishment closures that occurred between 1990 and 2001 are included. This allows for the closure procedure to be between one and three years long. Each individual is followed, from the year of displacement until the year of re-employment or at the latest, ten years after displacement. Semi-parametric estimation techniques for discrete time data are used, and in consistency with previous research the results show that subgroups of the jobless individuals experience different re-employment probabilities. The results suggest that a non-immigrant, high income-earner in the mid-thirties, with short tenure at the closing establishment, and who was not displaced early in the closure process and who has lived in the same city for a long time, faces the greatest probability of becoming re-employed. Furthermore, men and individuals with self-employment experience face lower probabilities of re-employment in paid-employments compared to their counterparts. This relationship is however reversed when studying the probability of leaving joblessness for self-employment. Men, immigrants, high income-earners, displaced from smaller establishments, previously self-employed and those with shorter tenure in previous employment are found to be more likely to enter self-employment than their counterparts. A positive duration dependency is prevalent in re-employment probability, suggesting that search activity is increased over time. The probability of self-employment entry is however decreasing the first years of joblessness following displacement, displaying an initial negative duration dependency.

This paper uses individual data from a collected survey, performed in Sweden by the SOM institute, to study individuals with foreign backgrounds in the labor market. We use The Ordinary Least Squares model, where we control for age, education, and gender to explore the difference in incomes between immigrants, children of immigrants, and natives in wage-employment, unemployment, and self-employment. The contribution of this paper is the second generation immigrants, we will assess their performance on the labor market in order to evaluate if self-employment is a profitable alternative. The second generation immigrants act as a benchmark for a functioning integration policy, it is therefore crucial to examine if we can observe any labor market barriers for the second-generation immigrants. The result display that immigrants do perform worse in both wage-employment and self-employment compared to natives. By being self-employed, immigrants earn 25.9 percent less than if they would have been wage-employed. The situation for the children of immigrants is different. Children of immigrants seem to perform better than immigrants on the labor market, especially in wage-employment. One could therefore conclude that since immigrants struggle with finding wage-employment, self-employment may be an alternative. However, self-employment should not be an option for the children of immigrants. It seems that they succeed in finding wage-employment, and they do better in wage-employment compared to self-employment. So, the promotion of self-employment should be more cautiously made since it may not always have a good economic outcome for the individual.

Eudaimonic well-being, which leads to personal functioning, finds increasing attention in entrepreneurshipresearch. Its positive effects suggest that eudaimonia helps individuals to overcome difficulties andchallenges which the entrepreneurial process brings. Based on the self-determination theory, individualswith higher eudaimonic well-being can also be expected to be more likely to enter self-employment asoccupational choice proactively. Thus, this thesis builds a construct which shows the influence ofeudaimonic well-being on the process of entering and sustaining in self-employment. The methodologicalapproach to measure eudaimonic well-being is built on existing research. Using eudaimonia to predictentrepreneurial entry and persistence is novel and tested on a large panel dataset from Australia.The findings show, contrary to the literature, no difference in eudaimonic well-being of those who changefrom paid employment to self-employment compared to those who stay in paid employment. The resultsalthough fail to reject the hypothesis that eudaimonic well-being influences the likelihood of entrepreneurialpersistence. Higher eudaimonic well-being shows, statistically not significant, positive impact on thechances to sustain in self-employment. This adds evidence to existing literature on entrepreneurialpersistence and eudaimonic well-being. Activities that increase eudaimonia can therefore be seen asbeneficial to create long-term persistent entrepreneurs and businesses.