Les cancers broncho-pulmonaires à petites cellules (CBPPC), tumeurs endocrines représentant 20% des cancers pulmonaires, sont fortement associés au tabagisme. Ils sont très agressifs en raison de leur progression rapide et de la présence de métastases souvent présentes au moment du diagnostic. Moins de 10% des patients sont opérables et la plupart des échantillons de tumeurs sont recueillis par endoscopie bronchique ou par médiastinoscopie. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons montré que l’expression du TFPI-2, un gène suppresseur de tumeur, était diminué dans 65% des cas de CBPPC. Afin d’étudier l’impact du TFPI-2 sur la progression tumorale, nous avons préalablement développé un modèle orthotopique murin de CBPPC qui mime le développement de ce type de cancer pulmonaire. Des cellules NCI-H209, n’exprimant pas le TFPI-2, ont été préalablement transfectées pour exprimer la luciférase et la croissance tumorale a été suivie par imagerie de bioluminescence. L’expression du TFPI-2 a ensuite été restaurée dans ces cellules et nous avons montré que la croissance tumorale était alors réduite. Cet effet peut s’expliquer par une diminution de la prolifération des cellules exprimant le TFPI-2, associée à un arrêt du cycle cellulaire en phase G1/S dû à l’expression de p15 et de p27 et à une induction de l’apoptose. Nous avons aussi démontré que lorsque le TFPI-2 est surexprimé, les transcrits et les protéines MMP-1 et -3 sont diminuées, tout comme la phosphorylation des protéines de la voie des MAP Kinases impliquées dans l’induction des transcrits de ces MMP. Cette corrélation entre l’expression du TFPI-2 et la diminution de celle de la MMP-1 a été retrouvée dans 35% des échantillons de CBPPC humains. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’inactivation du TFPI-2 dans les CBPPC peut favoriser le développement de ce cancer. Enfin, nous avons également démontré, pour la première fois que le TFPI-2 peut aussi inhiber la kallicréine 12, une protéase à sérine potentiellement anti-angiogénique. L’ensemble de ces données suggèrent que le TFPI-2 peut être un potentiel biomédicament capable de limiter la progression des carcinomes pulmonaires à petites cellules. / Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is the most common neuroendocrine tumour of the lung (15% of cases) and is strongly associated with smoking. It is characterised by tumours that grow rapidly with early metastases. Less than 10% of patients with SCLC have a resectable tumour, thus surgical specimens are scarce and most tumour samples come from small biopsies obtained during bronchial endoscopy or mediastinoscopy. In this study, low levels of TFPI-2 expression were found in 65% of patients with SCLC. To study the impact of TFPI-2 in tumour progression, we first developed a clinically relevant animal model that resembles various stages of human SCLC. NCI-H209 cells, not expressing TFPI-2, were genetically modified to express firefly luciferase and the growth of the tumour was sensitively followed by bioluminescence imaging. TFPI-2 was then overexpressed in these cells and we showed that TFPI-2 inhibited lung tumour growth. Such inhibition could be explained in vitro by a decrease in tumour cell proliferation, blockade of G1/S phase cell cycle transition due to p15 and p27 expression, and an increase in apoptosis shown in NCI-H209 cells expressing TFPI-2. We also demonstrated that TFPI-2 upregulation in NCI-H209 cells decreased MMP expression, particularly by downregulating MMP-1 and MMP-3. Moreover, TFPI-2 inhibited phosphorylation of the MAPK signalling pathway proteins involved in the induction of MMP transcripts, among which MMP-1 was predominant in SCLC tissues and was inversely expressed with TFPI-2 in 35% of cases. These results suggest that downregulation of TFPI-2 expression could favour the development of SCLC. Finally, we also demonstrated for the first time that TFPI-2 could inhibit the kallikrein 12, an anti-angiogenic serine proteinase. Altogether, these results suggest that TFPI-2 could be a new potent therapeutic agent to control SCLC tumour progression in SCLC.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Aranhas do gênero Loxosceles, são responsáveis por acidentes em todo o mundo, com grande importância clínica no Sul do Brasil. Os venenos destas aranhas são compostos por diversas toxinas, entre elas proteínas, responsáveis pelo quadro conhecido como loxoscelismo. No intuito de descrever o perfil transcricional da glândula produtora de veneno da aranha Loxosceles intermedia geramos uma biblioteca de cDNA bastante ampla e seus transcritos foram funcionalmente caracterizados. Após o processamento inicial das sequências, 1.843 ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) apresentavam qualidade suficiente para as análises posteriores. Estas sequências foram montadas em 538 clusters, sendo que 281 eram singletons. Após análises de similaridade, mais de 50% das ESTs demonstraram algum grau de semelhança com proteínas conhecidas. As análises de similaridade também demonstraram que os transcritos que codificavam para toxinas, perfaziam 43% de todas as sequências e abrangem uma parte significativa das ESTs. As toxinas mais frequentes foram anotadas como pertencentes à família LiTx de toxinas inseticidas. As fosfolipases-D e as metaloproteases semelhantes à astacinas perfazem, cada uma, cerca de 9% do total de transcritos. Componentes tóxicos tais como inibidores de serino-proteases, hialuronidase e proteínas alergênicas foram também identificadas, porém com menor representação. Quase 10% das ESTs codificam para proteínas envolvidas em processos celulares. O presente trabalho descreve também as etapas para clonagem, expressão heteróloga e purificação de um transcrito semelhante a um inibidor de serino-protease, identificado na biblioteca de cDNA. É sabido que proteínas desta família apresentam um grande potencial de aplicação como drogas antitrombóticas, atuando como agentes terapêuticos que influenciam a atividade de fatores de coagulação. Esses dados fornecem uma visão global do perfil de expressão da glândula de veneno de L. intermedia, revelam diferenças significantes entre venenos de aranhas do gênero Loxosceles e descrevem a produção de uma nova toxina recombinante. / Loxosceles genus spiders are responsible for accidents all over the world and have clinical importance in the South of Brazil. The venom of these spiders is made up of several toxins, including proteins, which are responsible for the clinical pattern called loxoscelism. To describe the transcriptional profile of the L. intermedia venom gland, we generated a wide cDNA library, and its transcripts were functionally and structurally analyzed. After initial analyses, 1,843 ESTs produced readable sequences that were grouped into 538 clusters, 281 of which were singletons. Nine hundred eighty-five reads (53% of total ESTs) matched to known proteins. Similarity searches showed that toxinencoding transcripts totalize 43% of the total library and comprise a great number of ESTs. The most frequent toxins were from the LiTx family, which are known for their insecticidal activity. Both phospholipase-D and astacin-like metalloproteases toxins account for approximately 9% of total transcripts. Toxins components such as serine proteases, hyaluronidases and venom allergens were also found but with minor representation. Almost 10% of the ESTs encode for proteins involved in cellular processes. This work also describes the stages for cloning, heterologous expression and purification of a cDNA similar to a protease inhibitor identified in the cDNA library. It is known that proteins belonging to this family have an application potential as antithrombotic drugs, acting as therapeutic agents that influences the activity of coagulation factors. These data provide an important overview of the L. intermedia venom gland expression scenario, revealed significant differences from profiles of other spiders from the Loxosceles genus and describe the production of a novel recombinant toxin. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

A lagarta da espécie Lonomia obliqua é medicamente importante, cujo veneno, presente nas espículas, causa uma síndrome hemorrágica caracterizada por equimoses, alterações da coagulação, dentre outros sintomas. Isto sugere a presença de peptídeos bioativos com potencial farmacêutico, devido à capacidade de modular o comportamento das células endoteliais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os potenciais efeitos do veneno de Lonomia obliqua na angiogênese. Uma linhagem celular endotelial (HUVEC) foi exposta a diferentes concentrações do extrato de espículas da Lonomia obliqua (Lonomia obliqua Bristle extract - LOBE) 5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL e 50 μg/mL. Empregando citometria de fluxo, observou-se que nenhuma das doses afetou o ciclo celular, viabilidade ou apoptose das células endoteliais após 24h de exposição. Os esferóides das células HUVEC foram plaqueados numa matriz 3D de colágeno e observou-se que LOBE (10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL e 50 μg/mL) induz um aumento na migração celular, consistente com o processo de angiogênese. A análise da dinâmica da VE-caderina indica que a exposição imediata a LOBE (10 μg/mL) induz um desprendimento da junção célula-célula, o que corrobora com a hemorragia observada nas vítimas de envenenamento. Através de espectrometria de massa, observou-se que LOBE possui vários potenciais peptídeos bioativos. Grupos destes peptídeos foram isolados por fracionamento com metanol a partir do veneno bruto. Os peptídeos presentes, em cada uma das 10 frações, foram caracterizados por espectrometria de massa e foram analisados os efeitos de cada fração sobre a angiogênese. Os resultados sugerem que alguns dos efeitos do envenenamento por Lonomia obliqua são devidos à presença de peptídeos bioativos que modulam o comportamento das células endoteliais. / The caterpillar of the species Lonomia obliqua is medically important, whose venom present in the bristles leads to an hemorrhagic syndrome characterized by ecchymosis, coagulation disorders and others symptoms. This suggests the presence of bioactive peptides with pharmaceutical potencial due to the ability to modulate the behavior of endothelial cells. The aim of this study is to analyze the potential effects of Lonomia obliqua venom on angiogenesis. An endothelial cell line (HUVEC) was exposed to different concentrations (5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL) of Lonomia obliqua bristle extract (LOBE). Using flow cytometry, it was observed that none of the doses affected endothelial cell cycle, cell viability or apoptosis after 24h of exposition. Spheroids of HUVEC cells were plated in a 3D-collagen matrix and it was observed that LOBE (10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL) induced an increase on cell migration consistent with the angiogenesis process. Analysis of VE-cadherin dynamics indicates that the immediate exposition to LOBE (10 μg/mL) induced a loosening of cell-cell junction, which corroborates with the hemorrhage observed in the victims. By mass spectroscopy, it was observed that LOBE possesses several potentially bioactive peptides. Groups of these peptides were isolated by a methanol-based fractioning of the crude venom. The peptides present in each of the 10 fractions were characterized by mass spectroscopy and it was analyzed the effects of each fraction on angiogenesis. The results suggest that some of the effects of Lonomia obliqua envenomation are due to the presence of bioactive peptides that modulate the behavior of endothelial cells.

A lagarta da espécie Lonomia obliqua é medicamente importante, cujo veneno, presente nas espículas, causa uma síndrome hemorrágica caracterizada por equimoses, alterações da coagulação, dentre outros sintomas. Isto sugere a presença de peptídeos bioativos com potencial farmacêutico, devido à capacidade de modular o comportamento das células endoteliais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os potenciais efeitos do veneno de Lonomia obliqua na angiogênese. Uma linhagem celular endotelial (HUVEC) foi exposta a diferentes concentrações do extrato de espículas da Lonomia obliqua (Lonomia obliqua Bristle extract - LOBE) 5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL e 50 μg/mL. Empregando citometria de fluxo, observou-se que nenhuma das doses afetou o ciclo celular, viabilidade ou apoptose das células endoteliais após 24h de exposição. Os esferóides das células HUVEC foram plaqueados numa matriz 3D de colágeno e observou-se que LOBE (10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL e 50 μg/mL) induz um aumento na migração celular, consistente com o processo de angiogênese. A análise da dinâmica da VE-caderina indica que a exposição imediata a LOBE (10 μg/mL) induz um desprendimento da junção célula-célula, o que corrobora com a hemorragia observada nas vítimas de envenenamento. Através de espectrometria de massa, observou-se que LOBE possui vários potenciais peptídeos bioativos. Grupos destes peptídeos foram isolados por fracionamento com metanol a partir do veneno bruto. Os peptídeos presentes, em cada uma das 10 frações, foram caracterizados por espectrometria de massa e foram analisados os efeitos de cada fração sobre a angiogênese. Os resultados sugerem que alguns dos efeitos do envenenamento por Lonomia obliqua são devidos à presença de peptídeos bioativos que modulam o comportamento das células endoteliais. / The caterpillar of the species Lonomia obliqua is medically important, whose venom present in the bristles leads to an hemorrhagic syndrome characterized by ecchymosis, coagulation disorders and others symptoms. This suggests the presence of bioactive peptides with pharmaceutical potencial due to the ability to modulate the behavior of endothelial cells. The aim of this study is to analyze the potential effects of Lonomia obliqua venom on angiogenesis. An endothelial cell line (HUVEC) was exposed to different concentrations (5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL) of Lonomia obliqua bristle extract (LOBE). Using flow cytometry, it was observed that none of the doses affected endothelial cell cycle, cell viability or apoptosis after 24h of exposition. Spheroids of HUVEC cells were plated in a 3D-collagen matrix and it was observed that LOBE (10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL) induced an increase on cell migration consistent with the angiogenesis process. Analysis of VE-cadherin dynamics indicates that the immediate exposition to LOBE (10 μg/mL) induced a loosening of cell-cell junction, which corroborates with the hemorrhage observed in the victims. By mass spectroscopy, it was observed that LOBE possesses several potentially bioactive peptides. Groups of these peptides were isolated by a methanol-based fractioning of the crude venom. The peptides present in each of the 10 fractions were characterized by mass spectroscopy and it was analyzed the effects of each fraction on angiogenesis. The results suggest that some of the effects of Lonomia obliqua envenomation are due to the presence of bioactive peptides that modulate the behavior of endothelial cells.

Le système endocannabinoïde est un système neuromodulateur majeur du cerveau. Ainsi, il contrôle la mémoire et l’apprentissage, et ce, principalement par l'intermédiaire des récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1) qui régulent de manière fine les activités neuronales et gliales. Dans l’hippocampe, une communication bidirectionnelle entre neurones et astrocytes modèle la plasticité synaptique et le comportement. Il a été rapporté que les effets disruptifs des cannabinoïdes sur la plasticité synaptique et la mémoire de travail sont dépendants de récepteurs CB1 présents dans les astrocytes. Cependant, le rôle de ce récepteur dans la modulation physiologique des processus mnésiques n’est pas encore connu. De précédentes études ont également montré que les récepteurs CB1 exprimés dans les cellules hébergeant le récepteur dopaminergique D1 sont impliqués dans la modulation hippocampique de la mémoire associée aux évènements aversifs. Toutefois, leur implication dans la modulation de la formation de la mémoire associée à des évènements non aversifs ainsi que dans la plasticité synaptique sous-jacente reste encore inconnue. Dans cette thèse, mon objectif était d’identifier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires par lesquels des populations distinctes de récepteurs CB1 dans des populations gliales et des régions cérébrales bien définies contribuent à la modulation physiologique de la plasticité synaptique, de l’apprentissage et de la mémoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des souris mutantes conditionnelles dans lesquelles le récepteur CB1 a été rendu silencieux sélectivement dans les astrocytes ou dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur D1. En couplant ces modèles génétiques murins avec des approches comportementales, pharmacologiques et électrophysiologiques in vitro et in vivo, nous avons disséqué le rôle de ces populations de récepteurs CB1 dans la formation de la mémoire. Tout d’abord, nous avons montré que les récepteurs CB1 astrogliaux dans l’hippocampe contrôlaient la potentialisation à long terme (PLT) de la transmission synaptique CA3-CA1 et la mémoire de reconnaissance à long terme. En contrôlant, via la gliotransmission, la disponibilité effective de D-sérine aux récepteurs NMDA, les astrocytes sont des éléments importants contrôlant les interactions glie-neurones qui sous-tendent la plasticité synaptique et les fonctions mnésiques. Les données obtenues montrent que les récepteurs CB1 astrogliaux contrôlent la plasticité et la mémoire en régulant la disponibilité synaptique de la D-sérine aux récepteurs NMDA. Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que les récepteurs CB1 dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur D1 contrôlaient la consolidation, mais pas l’acquisition, de nouveau souvenirs et l’augmentation de la PLT induite par l’apprentissage. Ces résultats indiquent que des populations spécifiques de cellules exprimant le récepteur CB1 modulent ces processus de manière différentielle.En conclusion, ces travaux démontrent que le système endocannabinoïde dans les astrocytes est un important modulateur de l’apprentissage et de la mémoire alors que les récepteurs CB1 dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur D1 semblent importants pour des composantes spécifiques de la formation de la mémoire. Prise dans son ensemble, cette thèse apporte des preuves fonctionnelles quant à la régulation complexe de la mémoire de reconnaissance à long-terme par des populations distinctes de récepteurs CB1. / The endocannabinoid system is a major brain modulatory system that controls memory and learning mainly via the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1)-dependent regulation of neuronal and glial activity. In the hippocampus, bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes shapes synaptic plasticity and behavior. CB1 receptors have been shown to be present in the astrocytes and to mediate the disruptive effects of cannabinoids in synaptic plasticity and working memory. Yet, it is not currently known the role of this receptor in the physiological modulation of memory processes. Also, previous studies have shown that CB1 receptors expressed in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing cells are involved in the modulation of hippocampal-dependent aversive memories. However, their involvement in the modulation of non-aversive long-term memory formation and synaptic plasticity is presently unknown. In this thesis, I aimed at identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which specific CB1 receptors in distinct brain neuronal and glial populations contribute to the physiological modulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. For this aim we used conditional genetic mutant mice lacking CB1 receptors specifically in astrocytes or in D1-positive cells. By coupling these genetic mouse models with behavioral, pharmacological, and in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological approaches, we dissected the role of these CB1 receptors in the formation of memory. First, we show that astroglial CB1 receptors in the hippocampus control long-term potentiation (LTP) of CA3-CA1 synaptic transmission and long-term recognition memory. By allowing physiological availability of D-serine at NMDA receptors via gliotransmission, astrocytes are important elements controlling glia-neuron interactions that underlie synaptic plasticity and memory functions. The data show that astroglial CB1 receptors control plasticity and memory by regulating the synaptic availability of D-serine at NMDA receptors. Second, we show that CB1 receptors D1-positive cells control the consolidation, but not acquisition, of new memories and the enhancement of LTP induced by learning, showing that specific subpopulations CB1 receptor-expressing cells differentially modulate these processes.Overall, by showing that the endocannabinoid system in astrocytes is an important modulator of learning and memory and by suggesting that CB1 receptors in D1-positive cells are important for specific components of memory formation, we provide functional evidence for the complex cell type-dependent regulation of long-term recognition memory by the CB1 receptors.

Neste trabalho foram aprofundados nossos estudos para obtenção da (S)-2-terc-butilamida-4-(3-picolil)piperazina, pela abertura da (S)-2-terc-butilcarboxamida-N-p-tosilaziridina seguida de ciclização, em 78% de rendimento, com o triflato de vinildifenilsulfônio. A aziridina foi preparada por um processo de ciclização, em condições de transferência de fase, partindo-se da L-serina, um aminoácido natural de baixo custo. Esta rota sintética rendeu um material que apresenta a mesma estereoquímica S do fragmento piperazínico usado na síntese do Indinavir, podendo vir a constituir uma via alternativa para a obtenção deste fármaco. / In this work we performed a deeper study for obtaining (S)-2-tert-butylamide-4-(3-picolyl)piperazine by opening (S)-2-tert-butylcarboxamide-N-p-tosylaziridine followed by cyclization, in 78% yield, with diphenylvinylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate. The aziridine were prepared by a cyclization process in phase transfer conditions, starting from L-serine, a low cost amino acid. This synthetic route yielded a material which has the same S piperazinic fragment stereochemistry used in the synthesis of Indinavir, and may constitute an alternative route for obtaining this drug.

As serinoproteases de peçonha de serpentes (SVSPs) agem sobre pontos específicos do sistema circulatório, sendo consideradas promissoras para o tratamento de uma diversidade de desordens hemostáticas. No presente estudo, é descrita a expressão de uma serinoprotease de Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Collineina-1) em Pichia pastoris, bem como a purificação dessa toxina a partir da peçonha de C. d. collilineatus e a caracterização estrutural e enzimática da Collineina-1 nas formas nativa e recombinante. O cDNA que codifica a serinoprotease foi amplificado a partir da biblioteca de cDNA da glândula de peçonha de C. d. collilineatus e ligado ao vetor pPICZ A. A linhagem KM71H de P. pastoris foi transformada com o plasmídeo recombinante e as colônias foram selecionadas por resistência à zeocina. A expressão heteróloga foi realizada em meio mínimo suplementado com metanol, resultando em um rendimento de 56 mg de proteína por litro de cultura. A proteína recombinante foi purificada por um protocolo baseado em técnicas cromatográficas de troca iônica e fase reversa. A purificação da serinoprotease a partir da peçonha de C. d. collilineatus foi realizada pela combinação de técnicas de cromatografia de exclusão molecular, troca iônica e fase reversa, e resultou no isolamento de duas isoformas, denominadas Collineina-1 e 2. Quando analisada por espectrometria de massas, a Collineina-1 recombinante apresentou massa molar de 28.868 Da, enquanto as enzimas Collineina-1 e 2 apresentaram massas de 29.475 Da e 29.388 Da, respectivamente. A partir do alinhamento das sequências parciais das serinoproteases, foi possível determinar 100% de identidade dos aminoácidos para a Collineina-1 nativa e recombinante. O alinhamento múltiplo da sequência deduzida de aminoácidos da Collineina-1 indica uma semelhança estrutural dessa proteína com outras serinoproteases de peçonha de serpente. As enzimas nativa e recombinante mostraram efeitos similares sobre fibrinogênio bovino por clivarem preferencialmente a cadeia A do fibrinogênio, liberando o fibrinopeptídeo A. Ambas as enzimas induziram a coagulação do plasma bovino de forma dose-dependente, sendo que a Collineina-1 recombinante apresentou maior potencial coagulante, com uma dose mínima coagulante (DMC) de 0,08 mg/uL contra 0,225 mgu/L para a proteína nativa. As serinoproteases foram capazes de hidrolisar os substratos cromogênicos S-2222, S-2238 e S2302, embora ambas as enzimas tenham demonstrado maior atividade sobre o substrato S-2302. A atividade esterásica sobre o TAME foi avaliada em diferentes condições de temperatura e na presença de íons divalentes. As duas enzimas demonstraram alta termoestabilidade e tiveram a atividade inibida na presença dos íons Zn2+ e Cu2+. A cinética enzimática de ambas as serinoproteases seguiram o modelo de Michaelis-Menten. A Collineina-1 nativa apresentou um valor de Km de 1,43 mM, contra 1,682 mM para a proteína recombinante, indicando que a proteína nativa apresenta maior afinidade pelo substrato TAME. No entanto, as enzimas apresentaram valores similares de Kcat/Km (250,69 mM.min-1 para a Collineina-1 e 248,03 mM.min-1 para a rCollineina-1), sugerindo que as serinoproteases não diferem significativamente na eficiência em hidrolisar o substrato. Estes resultados demonstraram a adequação do sistema de escolha na produção heteróloga da Collineina-1, já que a proteína recombinante foi expressa com integridade funcional sobre os parâmetros avaliados. / Snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs) act on specific points of the circulatory system and are promising for the treatment of a variety of hemostatic disorders. In the present study, we describe the expression of a serine protease from Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Collineina- 1) in Pichia pastoris, the purification of the native toxin from C. d. collilineatus venom and the structural and enzymatic characterization of Collineina-1 in native and recombinant forms. The cDNA encoding the serine protease was amplified from cDNA library of C. d. collilineatus venom gland and cloned into pPICZ A vector. KM71H P. pastoris strain was transformed with the recombinant plasmid and colonies were selected by zeocin resistance. Heterologous expression was carried out in minimal medium supplemented with methanol, resulting in a yield of 56 mg of protein per liter of culture. The recombinant protein was purified by ion exchange and reverse phase chromatography. Purification of the native serine protease was accomplished by combining techniques of molecular exclusion, ion exchange and reversed phase, and resulted in the isolation of two isoforms, named Collineina-1 and 2. When analyzed by mass spectrometry, the recombinant Collineina-1 showed a molar mass of 28,868 Da, while Collineina-1 and 2 presented masses of 29,475 and 29,388 Da, respectively. The alignment of partial sequences of the enzymes resulted in 100% of amino acid identity between native and recombinant Collineina-1. The multiple alignment of deduced amino acid sequence of Collineina-1 indicates structural similarity with other snake venom serine proteases. The native and recombinant forms of the enzyme showed similar effects on bovine fibrinogen by cleaving preferentially A chain, releasing fibrinopeptide A. Both enzymes induced coagulation of bovine plasma in a dose-dependent way, though recombinant Collineina-1 presented a higher coagulant potential, with a minimum coagulant dose (MCD) of 0.08 mg/uL against 0.225 mg/uL for the native form. The serine proteases hydrolyzed S- 2222, S-2238 and S2302 chromogenic substrates, although both enzymes demonstrated increased activity upon S-2302. The esterase activity on TAME was evaluated at different temperatures and in the presence of divalent ions. Both enzymes showed high thermostability and their activity were inhibited in the presence of Zn2+ and Cu2+. The enzyme kinetics of both serine proteases followed Michaelis-Menten model. The native Collineina-1 showed a Km value of 1.43 mM, against 1.682 mM for the recombinant form, indicating that the native protein has a higher affinity for TAME substrate. However, enzymes had similar values for Kcat/Km (250.69 mM.min-1 for Collineina-1 and 248.03 mM.min-1 for rCollineina-1), suggesting that the serine proteases did not differ significantly in the efficiency to hydrolyze the substrate. These results demonstrated the adequacy of the system of choice in producing the snake venom serine protease, since the recombinant protein was expressed with functional integrity on the evaluated parameters.

Orientador: Gabriel Forato Anhê / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T19:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_ThiagoMatosFerreirade_D.pdf: 1239554 bytes, checksum: 87d5fc958173ca83a217021c9d866455 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A obesidade é caracterizada pela deposição ectópica de gordura no fígado. Este acúmulo de gordura hepática (NAFLD) pode gerar consequências graves, como a hepatite não alcoólica (NASH), fator de ricos para carcino hepatocelular (HCC). A morte de hepatócitos, evento chave na evolução da NAFLD para NASH, é causada pelo excesso de nutrientes e é dependente do estresse de retículo endoplasmático (RE). O estresse no RE resulta no acúmulo de proteínas não processadas desencadeia a "unfolded protein response" (UPR), podendo gerar apoptose. A mTOR é formada basicamente por dois complexos: mTOR1 e mTOR2; ambos são sensíveis a nutrientes, a insulina e a rapamicina. O complexo mTOR2/Rictor catalisa a fosforilação da AKT, aumentando a sinalização da insulina. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre ativação da mTOR, do estresse de RE e da apoptose em hepatócito expostos a ácidos graxos livres. Observamos que a apoptose causada pelo palmitato ativa o estresse de RE de maneira tempo dependente. Não observamos alterações na fosforilação de proteínas alvo específicas para o complexo mTOR1. No entanto, a fosforilação geral da mTOR foi estimulada pelo palmitato. Altas doses de rapamicina inibiram a apoptose e do estresse de RE causado pelo palmitato, sugerindo a participação do complexo mTOR2. Estes resultados ainda foram confirmados pelo silenciamento gênico da Rictor. A fosforilação em serina 473 da AKT apresenta um caráter transitório, elevando-se em tempos que precedem morte e o estresse de RE, e diminuindo em tempos prolongados concomitantemente à apoptose. A inibição da AKT pelo "AKT inhibitor" gerou diminuição da apoptose, do estresse de RE e da incorporação lipídica na linhagem de hepatoma. Estes dados sugerem que a AKT, como alvo preferencial da mTOR2 é necessária para geração de morte e da UPR. A glicose (33.3mM) gera morte as células HepG2 e esta é inibida com baixas doses de rapamicina, mostrando possível atividade via mTOR1 nesta resposta. De outro modo, a frutose (4.5mM) que também desencadeia apoptose das células de hepatoma, tem seu efeito inibido por doses maiores de rapamicina, indicando atividade mTOR2 neste processo. No entanto, a possibilidade de diferentes monossacarídeos recrutarem complexos diferentes de mTOR para desencadear apoptose ainda precisa ser melhor explorada / Abstract: Obesity is characterized by fat ectopic deposition in liver. This hepatic fat accumulation our non-alcoholic fat liver disease (NAFLD) can have serious consequences such as non-alcoholic hepatitis (NASH), that is a factor to liver cancer. The cell death of hepatocytes is an important event in the development to NAFLD to NASH, all that are caused by excess nutrients and dependent of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ER stress is caused by accumulation of unfolded proteins triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which mau cause apoptosis. mTOR is basically formed by two complexes: mTOR1 and mTOR2, both are sensitive to nutrients, insulin and rapamycin. The mTOR2/Rictor complex catalyse AKT phosphorylation increasing the insulin pathway. All together, the aim of this study was evaluate the relationship between mTOR, ER stress and apoptosis in liver cells exposed to free fatty acids. We observed that apoptosis caused by palmitate activates ER stress in a manner dependent on time. We din¿t observed changes in phosphorylation of specific target proteins to mTOR1 complex. However, a general phosphorylation of mTOR was stimulated by palmitate. High doses of rapamycin inhibited apoptosis and ER stress caused by palmitate, suggesting the participation of the mTOR2 complex. These results were further confirmed by gene silencing of Rictor. The AKT phospholylation in serine 473 has a transitional character, rising in times that preceding cell death and ER stress, and decreasing concomitantly apoptosis in prolonged times. Inhibition of AKT by AKT inhibitor caused a decrease in apoptosis, ER stress and lipid incorporation in hepatoma cell line. These data suggest that AKT, preferential targets of mTOR2 is required for generation death and UPR. Glucose (33.3mM) generates HepG2 cell death and this is inhibited by low doses on rapamycin, showing possible mTOR1 activity. Otherwise, fructose (4.5mM) also triggers apoptosis of hepatoma cells; its effect is inhibited by higher doses of rapamycin, indicating mTOR2 activity in this process. However, the possibility of different monosaccharide recruit different complexes of mTOR to trigger apoptosis should be further explored / Doutorado / Farmacologia / Doutor em Farmacologia

Orientador: Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:05:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_GustavoPereirade_M.pdf: 7665145 bytes, checksum: 3fef8dc5d333834f8117015fea3b10ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A produção de energia por meio de fontes renováveis é uma exigência atual para se atingir uma economia sustentável. Os organismos fotossintetizantes surgem nesse contexto como ferramentas importantes na produção de compostos carbônicos ricos em energia, com destaque para microalgas em que tais compostos podem atingir até 80% do peso seco. Entretanto, um fator ainda desfavorável para sua utilização é o seu baixo rendimento na produção de biomassa. A espécie Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, por exemplo, é capaz de duplicar apenas algumas vezes durante 24 horas. As vias que controlam o crescimento celular, portanto, são alvos promissores para modificação genética. Dentre essas vias, à via de sinalização sensível à rapamicina aparece como um controlador central. Com o intuito de entender melhor como esse controle é exercido ao nível da expressão gênica global, foi utilizado a ferramenta de sequenciamento de RNA em larga escala para obtenção dos transcriptomas de culturas (sincronizadas) sob inibição dessa via e na condição controle, em oito momentos ao longo de um ciclo celular de 24h. O controle exercido por essa via sobre o metabolismo e sobre o ciclo celular foi o foco das análises. Foi encontrado que a inibição da via da TOR é capaz de gerar uma resposta de direcionamento parcial do metabolismo para a produção de TAG em detrimento de moléculas complexas como proteínas. Esse direcionamento foi considerado parcial devido à ocorrência concomitante de reações catabólicas. Outros dados obtidos sugerem que a via da TOR, além de regular o metabolismo de uma maneira geral e diversas funções celulares, também exerce influência sobre o progresso do ciclo celular e sua inibição resulta no atraso do desenvolvimento das fases do ciclo. Diversos fatores reguladores da transcrição envolvidos no desenvolvimento, no crescimento e na regulação do ciclo celular, foram encontrados diferencialmente expressos e constituem possíveis genes chave no controle do crescimento. Eles representam alvos em potencial para modificação genética com intuito de otimizar as taxas de crescimento na primeira etapa do sistema de produção. Na busca de alternativas aos processos atuais de indução do acúmulo de cadeias carbônicas, os efeitos da combinação rapamicina e via da TOR representam uma abordagem interessante para pesquisas futuras para viabilização da utilização de microalgas como fonte de energia. Este estudo possibilitou um melhor entendimento da atuação da via da TOR no crescimento e progresso do ciclo celular em C. reinhardtii ao nível de expressão gênica / Abstract: The energy production through renewable sources is an actual demand for achieving a sustainable economy. In this context, photosynthesizing organisms come to light as important tools for the production of energy-rich carbonic compounds, especially the microalgae, in which these compounds can reach up to 80% of the dry weight. However, an unfavorable factor for its utilization is the low yield of biomass production. The species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, for instance, is capable of achieving only some duplication after 24 hours. The pathways that control cell growth are therefore promising targets for genetic modification. Among them, the rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway emerges as a central controller. With the aim of better understanding how this control is fulfilled by the means of global gene expression, the high throughput RNA sequencing technology was used. With it, the synchronized cultures transcriptome under the inhibition of this pathway and in the control condition, of eight points during a cellular cycle of 24 hours, were obtained. The metabolism and the cell cycle control by the TOR pathway was the main focus of the analysis. It was found that the inhibition of this pathway is capable to partially draw the metabolism towards TAG production to the detriment of producing more complex chains as proteins. This directing was considered partial due to the concomitant occurrence of catabolic reactions. Other data suggested that the TOR pathway, apart from the metabolism regulation in a general way and regulation of many other cellular functions, also influence the cell cycle progression and its inhibition retards the development of cell phases. Several transcription regulators involved in development, growth and cell cycle regulation were found out to be differentially expressed and are likely to constitute key genes in growth control. They represent potential targets for genetic modification aiming the optimization of growth rate in the first step of the production system. In the search for alternatives to the current process of inducing carbon chain accumulation, the effects of the combination between rapamycin and TOR pathway represent an interesting approach for future research intending to turn the utilization of microalgae as an energy source into a feasible option. This study enabled a better understanding of the role of the TOR pathway in growth and cell cycle progression of C. reinhardtii at the level of gene expression / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Dans le thymus, la présentation par les cellules stromales thymiques (cellules épithéliales (TEC) ou dendritiques (DC)) de peptides dérivés de protéines du soi associés au complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II (CMH-II) est un mécanisme essentiel au développement des lymphocytes T CD4 (LT CD4) et à la sélection du répertoire de récepteur à l'antigène (TCR) qu'elles expriment. Ainsi, une interaction de faible intensité entre le TCR exprimé par les thymocytes et les complexes pMHC est nécessaire à la sélection positive des thymocytes alors qu'une interaction de forte affinité conduira à la délétion. L'apprêtement des protéines dans la voie de présentation du CMH-II dépend d'une protéolyse séquentielle impliquant un ensemble de protéases de spécificité relativement imprécise. Ainsi des protéases peuvent promouvoir ou empêcher la génération de certains peptides pouvant se lier aux molécules de CMH-II. La protéase à sérine spécifique du thymus (TSSP) est exprimée dans le thymus par les TEC du cortex et les DC thymiques, mais pas par les DC en périphérie. Différentes études suggèrent que TSSP serait une protéase de la voie de présentation du CMH-II qui limiterait par des mécanismes encore inconnus la présentation de certains antigènes du " soi " dans le thymus et notamment par les DC. Ainsi TSSP limiterait la tolérance au " soi " dans le thymus. Notamment, nous avons montré que les souris NOD déficientes en TSSP (NOD Tssp°) sont résistantes au diabète de type 1 (T1D) corrélé à une délétion accrue de cellules T CD4 spécifiques de certains antigènes associés au T1D. Ainsi, les souris NOD Tssp° sont partiellement tolérantes à S100ß, un antigène des îlots de Langerhans associé au développement du T1D. Afin de mieux comprendre l'impact de la sélection négative sur le répertoire autoréactif, nous avons analysé le répertoire de cellules T CD4 spécifiques de S100ß chez des souris NOD sauvages (WT) et NOD Tssp°. Bien que relativement divers, le répertoire TCRaß présente, dans les deux souches de souris, un biais pour des réarrangements TCRa dominants et publics de faible avidité. Des cellules T CD4 de forte avidité exprimant un répertoire privé sont retrouvées chez les souris NOD WT mais sont sélectivement délétés chez les souris NOD Tssp°. Ainsi, l'augmentation de la disponibilité en antigène favorise la délétion de cellules T de fortes avidité. Parallèlement, nous avons analysé l'effet de l'absence de TSSP sur le développement d'une autre pathologie autoimmune médiée par les cellules T CD4, l'encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale (EAE) induite par le peptide MOG35-55. Les souris NOD Tssp° développent une pathologie moins sévère que les souris sauvage. Cette réduction de sévérité résulte, au moins en partie, d'une diminution de l'avidité et de la fonctionnalité des cellules T CD4 encéphalitogènes spécifiques de MOG35-55. L'ensemble de ces travaux et les études précédentes de notre équipe suggère que TSSP, en régulant négativement la présentation antigénique, empêche la tolérance au soi et ainsi favorise l'émergence d'un répertoire TCR autoréactif de haute avidité pour l'antigène. Dans ce contexte, le maintien de TSSP au cours de l'évolution est surprenant. Néanmoins, l'absence de TSSP entraîne également une réduction de réponse spécifique de certains antigènes du non soi. Ainsi, dans le thymus, TSSP en limitant la tolérance au soi permettrait une diversification du répertoire TCR. / In the thymus, the presentation by thymic stromal cells (epithelial (TEC) or dendritic cells (DC)) of peptides derived from self-proteins associated with the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is an essential mechanism for the development of CD4 T cells (CD4) and selection of their antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire. Thus, a low intensity interaction between the TCR expressed by thymocytes and pMHC complexes is necessary for the positive selection of thymocytes while a high affinity interaction lead to its deletion. The processing of proteins for MHC-II presentation pathway is dependent of sequential proteolysis involving a set of protease with a relatively imprecise specificity. Proteases can therefore promote or inhibit the generation of certain peptides that can bind to MHC-II molecules. The thymus specific serine protease (TSSP) is expressed in the thymus by cortical TEC and thymic DC, but not by DC in the periphery. Various studies suggest that TSSP is a protease of MHC-II presentation pathway which could limit, by some unknown mechanisms, the presentation of certain self-antigens in the thymus and in particular by DC. Thus, TSSP might limit self-tolerance in the thymus. In particular, we have shown that TSSP-deficient NOD mice (NOD Tssp°) are resistant to type 1 diabetes (T1D) correlated with an increased deletion of CD4 T cells specific for certain antigens associated with T1D. Thus, NOD Tssp° are partially tolerant to S100ß, a Langerhans islet antigen associated with the development of T1D. To better understand the impact of negative selection on the self-reactive repertoire, we analyzed the S100ß-specific CD4 T cells repertoire of NOD wildtype (WT) and NOD Tssp° mice. Although it's relatively diverse, the TCRaß repertoire presents, in both strains of mouse, a bias to low-avidity dominant and public TCRa rearrangements. High avidity CD4 T cells expressing a private repertoire are found in NOD WT mice but are selectively deleted in NOD Tssp° mice. Thus, increasing the availability of antigen promotes high avidity T cells deletion. In parallel, we analyzed the effect of the absence of TSSP on the development of another autoimmune disease mediated by CD4 T cells, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the MOG35-55 peptide. NOD Tssp° mice develop a less severe pathology than WT mice. This reduction of severity results, at least in part, in a decrease of avidity and functionality of encephalitogenic MOG35-55- specific CD4 T cells. Taken together, this work and previous studies from our team suggests that TSSP, by negatively regulating antigen presentation, prevents self-tolerance and thus promotes the emergence of a self-reactive TCR repertoire of high avidity for the antigen. In this context, maintaining TSSP during evolution is surprising. Nevertheless, the absence of TSSP also reduces the specific response against some non-self-antigens. Thus, in the thymus, TSSP by limiting self-tolerance would allow the diversification of the TCR repertoire.