This thesis aims to describe the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other seasonal respiratory viruses (SRV) in the Ottawa region and determine if there are demographic or occupational risk factors associated with viral infection. This was accomplished in three articles: a rapid review of the literature evaluating SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in transit users, an account of SRV activity in Ottawa, Ontario from August, 2018 to January, 2022, and an analysis of coronavirus (CoV) incidence and prevalence in several at risk groups. Results indicated a reduction in SRV incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic correlated with the introduction of non-pharmaceutical public health measures. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence indicative of natural infection was not greater in population groups hypothesized to be at greater risk of infection, such as transit users and those exposed to children. Lower socioeconomic status and racial or ethnic minority were consistently associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. SRVs are expected to resurge and co-circulate with SARS-CoV-2. Results from this thesis suggest those of ethnic minority, low income or immunocompromised individuals may at greater risk.

O HEV é um patógeno viral, transmitido principalmente pela via fecal-oral e responsável por grandes surtos de hepatite em todo o mundo. A hepatite E é considerada a hepatite com transmissão entérica mais frequente no mundo, e um importante problema de saúde pública. Por apresentar uma fase sanguínea assintomática e ser um agente emergente, cuja incidência vem aumentando ao longo da última década, o HEV é também considerado um problema para a hemoterapia, uma vez que põe em risco a segurança transfusional, devido ao risco de sua transmissão por transfusão sanguínea. No Brasil, sua ocorrência e características ainda não são compreendidas e os estudos disponíveis são limitados. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do HEV em doadores de sangue do Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto no ano de 2015. Material e Métodos: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 1.000 doadores de sangue do Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2015. Inicialmente, foi realizada a pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgG do HEV em plasma, utilizando a metodologia de imuno-ensaio enzimático (ELISA). As amostras que se apresentaram reagentes (positivas ou inconclusivas) para IgG HEV, foram submetidas à pesquisa de antígenos virais, também por metodologia ELISA. Paralelamente aos testes sorológicos, foi realizado o teste molecular para a detecção de RNA viral, aplicando a técnica de PCR em tempo real e utilizando primers desenhados para a região mais conservada do vírus (ORF-3). Resultados: Entre as 1.000 amostras testadas, 124 foram positivas para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HEV IgG e 5 foram inconclusivas. A soroprevalência encontrada foi de 12,5%. A maior prevalência encontrada foi na faixa etária de 50-59 anos (21,2%, p<0,01), porém com aumento significativo entre os 40 e 69 anos de idade. A menor prevalência encontrada foi no grupo etário de 18 a 29 anos (3,9%). A soroprevalência foi proporcionalmente maior entre os indivíduos do gênero masculino (14,3%, p<0,06) em relação aos indivíduos do sexo feminino (10,4%). Nenhuma das amostras testadas foi positiva para a pesquisa de antígenos HEV e nem para a detecção de RNA viral. Conclusão: A soroprevalência do vírus da hepatite E encontrada entre os doadores de sangue de Ribeirão Preto foi alta (12,5%) e compatível com os dados nacionais de soroprevalência entre doadores. A viremia não pode ser estabelecida, pois não foram encontrados casos de HEV RNA positivos. / HEV is a viral pathogen, transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route and responsible for large outbreaks of hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E is considered the most common transmissible enteric hepatitis in the world, and is currently considered a major public health problem. Because it presents an asymptomatic blood stage and is an emerging agent whose incidence has increased over the last decade, HEV is also considered a problem for hemotherapy, since it jeopardizes transfusion safety due to the risk of its transmission by transfusion. In Brazil its occurrence and characteristics are poorly understood and available studies are limited. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HEV in blood donors at the Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto in the year 2015. Material and Methods: 1.000 blood donors were randomly selected from the Hemocentro of Ribeirão Preto from January to December 2015. Initially, a HEV IgG antibody was investigated in plasma, using ELISA (enzyme immunoassay). As samples that presented reagents (positive or inconclusive) for HEV IgG, they were submitted to the research of viral antigens, also by ELISA methodology. In parallel to the serological tests, it was carried out for molecular testing to detect viral RNA, applying a real-time PCR technique and using primers designed for a more conserved region of the virus (ORF-3). Results: Among 1,000 tested samples, 124 were positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies and 5 were inconclusive. One seroprevalence was found to be 12.5%. A higher prevalence was found in the age range of 50-59 years (21.2%, p<0,001), but with a significant increase between 40 and 69 years of age. The lowest prevalence was found for the 18-29 age group (3.9%). Seroprevalence was proportionally higher among males (14.3%, p<0,06) than among female users (10.4%). It was not evaluated for a HEV antigen search or for viral RNA detection. Conclusion: A seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus found among blood donors from Ribeirão Preto and high (12.5%) and compatible with data from seroprevalence among donors. Viremia cannot be established because no cases of positive RNA HEV have been found

O vírus da influenza tipo A (VIA) é um importante agente em rebanhos suínos ao redor do mundo. Alguns subtipos do vírus podem ser transmitidos entre espécies diferentes, como aves, homem e suínos, proporcionando o aumento de mutações genômicas e de novas cepas circulantes. Os suínos são considerados hospedeiros de "mixagem", uma vez que possuem receptores para cepas de aves, de humanos e suínos. A doença clínica em suínos é caracterizada por quadro respiratório agudo e brando, com duração de 5 a 7 dias. Em rebanhos de reprodutores – como as Unidade Produtoras de Leitões (UPL) – um surto epidêmico de influenza pode levar o estabelecimento de uma infecção endêmica com duração de semanas a meses, sem produção de sinais clínicos evidentes. Protocolos de biosseguridade vêm sendo incorporados e padronizados pelas agroindústrias, visando prevenir a introdução de doenças infecciosas em rebanhos. Entretanto, existem lacunas no conhecimento dos fatores associados à biosseguridade em rebanhos de matrizes suínas brasileiras e sua relação com doenças infecciosas. Por essa razão, um estudo transversal foi realizado para estimar a soroprevalência do VIA em matrizes de UPL e explorar práticas de biosseguridade associadas à presença de anticorpos contra o vírus da influenza. Ao todo, foram amostradas 404 matrizes em 21 granjas. O diagnóstico sorológico foi realizado pelo ELISA (protocolo in house). Todas as amostras positivas pelo ELISA foram testadas usando a inibição de hemaglutinação (IH) para diagnosticar a presença de H1N1pdm2009, H1N2 e H3N2 como subtipos de vírus influenza. As informações sobre práticas de biosseguridade foram obtidas através da aplicação de um questionário. A associação entre o resultado do diagnóstico do ELISA de cada uma das matrizes amostradas e as práticas de biosseguridade da propriedade foi feitas através de um modelo de Regressão de Poisson Robusta, estimando a Razão de Prevalência (RP) como medida da associação. A prevalência estimada de anticorpos anti-VIA nas matrizes foi de 63,9% (IC 95%: 55% - 72%), sendo que todas as granjas tiveram resultados positivos. A frequência dos subtipos nas matrizes usando IH foi 51,9% para H1N1, 27,8% H1N2 e 0,6% H3N2. Coinfecções entre H1N1 e H1N2 foram observadas em 19 granjas. As práticas de biosseguridade associadas significativamente com a presença de anticorpos (p-valor <0,05) foram a "presença de tela anti-pássaros" (RP = 0,75) e "local de aclimatação para leitoas" (RP = 0,57) como fatores protetivos e "reposição externa de leitoas" (RP = 1,38) como associada a uma maior prevalência do vírus da influenza suína. Foi possível verificar que a soroprevalência do VIA nas matrizes comerciais da população estudada é alta, indicando que os animais são frequentemente expostos ao patógeno, e que algumas medidas de biosseguridade estão associadas com a ocorrência da doença, fornecendo subsídios técnicos sobre a importância dos protocolos de biosseguridade para a promoção da saúde do plantel. / Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important infectious agent in pig herds across the globe. Some subtypes of this virus can be transmitted between different species, such as birds, human and pig, increasing genomic mutations and evolving of new circulating strains. Pigs are considered "mixed vessel" for influenza A, since they have cell receptors for birds, humans and pigs strains. The clinical disease in pigs is characterized by an acute and mild respiratory disease, lasting from 5 to 7 days. In breeding herds such as sow farms, an epidemic outbreak of influenza can lead to the establishment of an endemic infection lasting weeks to months without clinical signs. Biosecurity procedures were incorporated and standardized by the agroindustry in order to prevent both the introduction and dissemination of infectious diseases. However, there are gaps in the knowledge about what biosecurity factors are associated with infectious diseases in Brazilian herds. For this reason, a cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate IAV seroprevalence in sows and assess which biosecurity practices are associated with the prevalence of influenza virus antibodies. Four hundred forty-four sows were sampled from 21 farms. Serological assays were performed using an ELISA test (in-house protocol). All ELISA positive samples were tested using the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) to identify the presence of H1N1pdm2009, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes. Information of biosecurity practices was obtained through the application of a questionnaire. Association between ELISA diagnostic result of each sampled sow and biosecurity practices was assessed using a robust Poisson regression and the Prevalence Ratio (PR) was used as the measure of association. The estimated prevalence of anti-IAV antibodies in sows was 63.9% (95% CI: 55% - 72%), and all farms had at least one seropositive sow s. The frequency of subtypes using HI was 51.9% for H1N1, 27.8% for H1N2 and 0.6% for H3N2. Co-infections with H1N1 and H1N2 were observed in 19 farms. Biosecurity practices such as "presence of bird-proof" (PR = 0.75), and "presence of an acclimatization unit" (PR = 0.57), protective ones, and "external replacement of gilts" (PR = 1.38), which was positively associated with the IAV prevalence, were statistically significant in the final model (p-value <0.05). It was possible to verify that IAV seroprevalence is high and some biosecurity procedures were associated with the serologic status, offering technical subsidies about the importance of the biosecurity for the herd heath.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2019-01-25T14:31:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elisângela Franciscon Naves - 2018.pdf: 4013641 bytes, checksum: fcb8f472c325bd54638ccd6b1ef20093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2019-01-28T10:49:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elisângela Franciscon Naves - 2018.pdf: 4013641 bytes, checksum: fcb8f472c325bd54638ccd6b1ef20093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-28T10:49:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elisângela Franciscon Naves - 2018.pdf: 4013641 bytes, checksum: fcb8f472c325bd54638ccd6b1ef20093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Individuals deprived of their liberty are at high risk for syphilis, due to sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors, such as inconsistent condom use, sex for money and / or drugs, and multiple sexual partnerships. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of syphilis infection in deprived men in the southern region of Goiás. Between September 2017 and May 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 194 men deprived of liberty from a regional prison south of the state of Goiás. All participants were interviewed about socio-demographic characteristics, sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors for syphilis. Next, blood samples were collected for the detection of anti-T. pallidum antibodies by immunochromatographic treponemal test (rapid test). Positive samples were retested by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory / VDRL. Active syphilis was considered positive in the rapid test and titers of VDRL ≥ 1: 8. Of the 194 samples tested by immunochromatographic examination, 11.8% (95% CI: 7.8-17.3%) were positive and 7.7% (95% CI: 4.7-12.5%) presented VDRL ≥ 1: 8. The prevalence of exposure to Treponema pallidum was 23 times higher than that estimated in Brazilian conscripts (95% CI: 0.45-0.61) and 8 times higher than that found in blood donors from São Paulo (95% CI: 1.31 -1.36). In multiple regression analysis, the prevalence of exposure to T. pallidum was 36% (RPaj: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.86) in individuals who reported sexual relations with sex workers when compared to those who did not have this characteristic. In addition, it was observed that the prevalence of active syphilis increased with increasing prison time (RPaj: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08, p-value = 0.030). The results of this investigation show a high prevalence of syphilis in the men deprived of liberty investigated and indicate the need to implement strategies for prevention and control of infection in such individuals, including educational health actions, rapid and efficient diagnosis and appropriate treatment of cases of active syphilis. / Indivíduos privados de liberdade apresentam elevado risco para sífilis, devido aos comportamentos de risco sexuais e não sexuais, como uso inconsistente do preservativo, troca de sexo por dinheiro e/ou drogas e múltiplas parcerias sexuais. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a soroprevalência da infecção por sífilis em homens privados de liberdade, região sul de Goiás. Entre setembro de 2017 a maio de 2018, um estudo de corte transversal foi conduzido em 194 homens privados de liberdade de um presidio regional do sul do estado de Goiás. Todos os participantes foram entrevistados sobre características sociodemograficas, comportamentos sexuais e não sexuais de risco para sífilis. A seguir, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para detecção de anticorpos anti- T. pallidum através do teste treponêmico imunocromatográfico (teste rápido). As amostras positivas foram retestadas pelo Venereal Disease Research Laboratory/Laboratório de Pesquisa de Doenças Venéreas (VDRL). Considerou-se sífilis ativa positividade no teste rápido e títulos de VDRL ≥ 1:8. Das 194 amostras testadas pelo exame imunocromatográfico, 11,8% (IC 95%: 7,8-17,3%) foram positivas e 7,7% (IC 95%: 4,7-12,5%) apresentaram títulos de VDRL ≥ 1:8. A prevalência de exposição ao Treponema pallidum foi 23 vezes superior à estimada em conscritos brasileiros (IC 95%: 0,45-0,61) e 8 vezes maior ao encontrado em doadores de sangue de São Paulo (IC 95%: 1,31-1,36). Em análise de regressão múltipla, a prevalência de exposição ao T. pallidum foi 36% (RPaj: 0,39; IC 95%: 0,18-0,86) em indivíduos que relataram relações sexuais com profissionais do sexo quando comparado aqueles que não apresentavam essa característica. Além disso, observou-se que a prevalência da sífilis ativa aumentou com o aumento do tempo de prisão (RPaj:1,02; IC 95%: 1,00-1,08; p-valor= 0,030). Os resultados dessa investigação evidenciam elevada prevalência de sífilis nos homens privados de liberdade investigados e indicam a necessidade de implementação de estratégias de prevenção e controle da infecção em tais indivíduos, incluindo ações educativas em saúde, diagnóstico rápido e eficiente além do tratamento adequado dos casos de sífilis ativa.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2018-03-29T18:11:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Ferreira Verissimo - 2018.pdf: 2383390 bytes, checksum: 7d7ef89eca06856f4f0bf76d5ef89e58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2018-03-29T19:23:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Ferreira Verissimo - 2018.pdf: 2383390 bytes, checksum: 7d7ef89eca06856f4f0bf76d5ef89e58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-29T19:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Ferreira Verissimo - 2018.pdf: 2383390 bytes, checksum: 7d7ef89eca06856f4f0bf76d5ef89e58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from Kalunga Historical Heritage and Cultural Heritage (SHPKC) herds and associated risk factors were evaluated. A total of 141 SHPCK properties were studied and 4,810 bovine serum samples and 47 Murrah buffalo samples were collected, totaling 4,857 cattle, including animals of different races, different age groups, and male and female. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to identify seroreagent animals for antibodies anti-N. caninum. A questionnaire was applied to obtain information on socioeconomic and zootechnical data of the owners and to verify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of neosporosis. The prevalence of anti-N. caninum in animals from the SHPCK region was 8.3%, represented by 405 positive animals and 75.2% at the herd level. The following factors were associated with the occurrence of antibodies anti-N. caninum: annual temperature, maximum temperature on the hottest day of the month, coldest minimum temperature of the month, vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease, vaccination against clostridiosis, contact with wild animals, high precipitation and presence of wetlands. Key words: Cattle, oocysts, protozoa, seroprevalence. / A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos dos rebanhos do Sítio Histórico e Patrimônio Cultural Kalunga (SHPKC) e os fatores de risco associados foram avaliados. Foram estudadas 141 propriedades SHPCK e foram coletadas 4.810 amostras de soro bovino e 47 amostras de búfalos Murrah, totalizando 4.857 bovinos, incluindo animais de diferentes raças, diferentes grupos etários e macho e fêmeas. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA) foi utilizado para identificar os animais sororreagentes para anticorpos anti-N. caninum. Foi aplicado um questionário para obter informações sobre dados socioeconômicos e zootécnicos dos proprietários e para verificar os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência da neosporose. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum nos animais da região SHPCK foi de 8,3%, representado por 405 animais positivos e 75,2% em nível do rebanho. Os seguintes fatores foram associados à ocorrência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum: temperatura anual, temperatura máxima no dia mais quente do mês, temperatura mínima mais fria do mês, vacinação contra a febre aftosa, vacinação contra clostridioses, contato com animais selvagens, alta precipitação e presença de áreas alagadiças.

Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários. / The brazilian Amazon region maintains the largest variety of arboviruses and the state of Pará is responsible for 26% of this territory, so the major goal of this work was to determine the prevalence and distribution of HI antibodies to 19 domestic arbovirus in domestic herbivores in the state of Pará and to standardize an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA test to serum samples of equines, cattle, buffaloes and sheep. In all species studied and throughout the State of Pará a large prevalence of HI antibodies to all arbovirus analyzed was observed and SLEV, ILHV, EEEV, MAGV and WEEV, showed higher prevalence, where the SLEV was the most prevalent. Regarding the virus families HI antibodies to MAGV was the most prevalent Bunyaviridae in all species, the most prevalent Flaviviridae was SLEV in all species and in the family Togaviridae the EEEV was more prevalent in horses. In order to analyze the prevalence of HI antibodies by animal species was observed that horses did not show significant differences compared to buffaloes, however, showed significant difference compared to cattle and sheep; there was not observed significant difference between the ruminant species. Using sandwich indirect IgG ELISA a large number of crossed reactions were found. This enzymatic test can be used to detect IgG antibodies among families of arboviruses studied. / A região Amazônica brasileira mantém a maior variedade de arbovírus e o estado do Pará corresponde a 26% desse território, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência e a distribuição de anticorpos detectados por inibição de hemaglutinação (IH) para 19 arbovírus em herbívoros domésticos no estado do Pará e padronizar testes de ELISA sanduíche indireto em equinos, bovinos, bubalinos e ovinos. Em todas as espécies de animais estudadas e em todo estado do Pará ocorreu detecção de anticorpos para todos os arbovírus analisados dentre os quais os SLEV, ILHV, EEEV, MAGV e WEEV apresentaram maior prevalência de anticorpos IH, sendo o SLEV o mais prevalente. Na detecção de anticorpos para diferentes famílias de arbovírus o MAGV foi o mais prevalente da família Bunyaviridae em todas as espécies, o SLEV foi o mais prevalente da família Flaviviridae em todas as espécies, na família Togaviridae o EEEV foi mais prevalente em equinos. Ao analisar a prevalência de anticorpos IH por espécie animal foi observado que os equinos não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos bubalinos, porém, apresentaram diferença significativa maior em comparação aos bovinos e ovinos, não havendo diferença significativa entre as espécies de ruminantes. O uso de ELISA IgG sanduíche indireto apresentou grande frequência de reações sorológicas cruzadas entre as famílias de arbovírus estudadas.

<p>Neospora caninum је интрацелуларна парaзитска кокцидија, која припада колу<br />Apicomplexa, фамилији Sarcocystidae, a oдгoвoрна je зa aбoртусe код крава ширoм свeтa.<br />Зоонотски карактер ове протозое за сада није доказан. Ипак, имунокомпромитованим особама<br />препоручује се избегавање контакта са познатим изворима N. caninum<br />Један од проблема у говедарству, су велики економски губици због неоспорозе у<br />стадима високо продуктивних плоткиња услед абортуса. Проценат абортуса се креће oд 0,4-<br />10,6% мада ове вредности могу бити и знатно више ако су инфективни агенси присутни у<br />стадима. Пошто болест пролази у већини случајева без клиничких симптома, абортуси у првој<br />трећини гравидитета могу бити непримећени тако да је губитке врло често тешко и<br />документовати.<br />Плод код заражене јединке може бити ресорбован код раног гравидитета, аутолизован<br />или мумифициран у каснијем стадијуму гравидитета или пак мртворођен. Међутим,<br />забележени су и случајеви живо рођених телади са клиничким симптомима болести или рођени<br />без клиничких симптома али позитивном серолошком реакцијом. Поред високе стопе абортуса<br />на фармама код животиња оболелих од неоспорозе који представљају директну штету,<br />економски губици се огледају и у смањеној концепцији. Нису занемарљиви ни индиректни<br />трошкови везани за ветеринарске услуге у првом реду у успостављању дијагнозе која је тешка<br />и скупа. Вишекратним вештачким осемењавањем се повећава индекс осемењавања, а због<br />смањене концепције продужава се и сервис период, смањује производња млека. Заражена стада<br />прати повећан број превремених тељења, као и рађање авиталне телади те смањени прираст<br />јунади у тову . Годишње серолошко тестирање би могло бити од користи за стратегију<br />контроле серопозитивности на N. caninum.<br />Циљ овог истраживања био је да се утврди серопреваленца Neospora caninum код крава<br />на територији Војводине. Истаживање је обухватило 376 млечних крава, старости преко 24<br />месеца, различитих раса, подељених у три групе:<br />прву групу обухватале су краве са репродуктивним поремећајима,<br />другу групу чиниле су краве без репродуктивних поремећаја,<br />трећу групу краве чија је репродуктивна историја непозната.<br />На основу добијених резултата може се закључити да је неоспооза код крава доказана<br />на целој територији АП Војводине. Укупна преваленца износи 15,4%. Код крава са побачајима<br />и другим репродуктивним поремећајима серопреваленца износи 12,8%, а код крава без<br />репродуктивних поремећаја она износи 18,8%. У раду није доказана статистички значајна<br />разлика у серопреваленци између крава са и без репродуктивних поремећаја.<br />Серопреваленца на малим приватним газдинствима износи 20,2% и статистички је<br />значајно већа у односу на велике комерцијалне фарме где износи 6,2%.<br />Из добијених резултата може се закључити да је једини доказани фактор ризика за<br />појаву неоспорозе код говеда у Војводини узгој на малим приватним газдинствима, што се<br />може објаснити слабом применом зоохигијенских мера, односно слободним држањем и<br />присуством паса на фарми.</p> / <p>Neospora caninum je intracelularna parazitska kokcidija, koja pripada kolu<br />Apicomplexa, familiji Sarcocystidae, a odgovorna je za abortuse kod krava širom sveta.<br />Zoonotski karakter ove protozoe za sada nije dokazan. Ipak, imunokompromitovanim osobama<br />preporučuje se izbegavanje kontakta sa poznatim izvorima N. caninum<br />Jedan od problema u govedarstvu, su veliki ekonomski gubici zbog neosporoze u<br />stadima visoko produktivnih plotkinja usled abortusa. Procenat abortusa se kreće od 0,4-<br />10,6% mada ove vrednosti mogu biti i znatno više ako su infektivni agensi prisutni u<br />stadima. Pošto bolest prolazi u većini slučajeva bez kliničkih simptoma, abortusi u prvoj<br />trećini graviditeta mogu biti neprimećeni tako da je gubitke vrlo često teško i<br />dokumentovati.<br />Plod kod zaražene jedinke može biti resorbovan kod ranog graviditeta, autolizovan<br />ili mumificiran u kasnijem stadijumu graviditeta ili pak mrtvorođen. Međutim,<br />zabeleženi su i slučajevi živo rođenih teladi sa kliničkim simptomima bolesti ili rođeni<br />bez kliničkih simptoma ali pozitivnom serološkom reakcijom. Pored visoke stope abortusa<br />na farmama kod životinja obolelih od neosporoze koji predstavljaju direktnu štetu,<br />ekonomski gubici se ogledaju i u smanjenoj koncepciji. Nisu zanemarljivi ni indirektni<br />troškovi vezani za veterinarske usluge u prvom redu u uspostavljanju dijagnoze koja je teška<br />i skupa. Višekratnim veštačkim osemenjavanjem se povećava indeks osemenjavanja, a zbog<br />smanjene koncepcije produžava se i servis period, smanjuje proizvodnja mleka. Zaražena stada<br />prati povećan broj prevremenih teljenja, kao i rađanje avitalne teladi te smanjeni prirast<br />junadi u tovu . Godišnje serološko testiranje bi moglo biti od koristi za strategiju<br />kontrole seropozitivnosti na N. caninum.<br />Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi seroprevalenca Neospora caninum kod krava<br />na teritoriji Vojvodine. Istaživanje je obuhvatilo 376 mlečnih krava, starosti preko 24<br />meseca, različitih rasa, podeljenih u tri grupe:<br />prvu grupu obuhvatale su krave sa reproduktivnim poremećajima,<br />drugu grupu činile su krave bez reproduktivnih poremećaja,<br />treću grupu krave čija je reproduktivna istorija nepoznata.<br />Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je neospooza kod krava dokazana<br />na celoj teritoriji AP Vojvodine. Ukupna prevalenca iznosi 15,4%. Kod krava sa pobačajima<br />i drugim reproduktivnim poremećajima seroprevalenca iznosi 12,8%, a kod krava bez<br />reproduktivnih poremećaja ona iznosi 18,8%. U radu nije dokazana statistički značajna<br />razlika u seroprevalenci između krava sa i bez reproduktivnih poremećaja.<br />Seroprevalenca na malim privatnim gazdinstvima iznosi 20,2% i statistički je<br />značajno veća u odnosu na velike komercijalne farme gde iznosi 6,2%.<br />Iz dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je jedini dokazani faktor rizika za<br />pojavu neosporoze kod goveda u Vojvodini uzgoj na malim privatnim gazdinstvima, što se<br />može objasniti slabom primenom zoohigijenskih mera, odnosno slobodnim držanjem i<br />prisustvom pasa na farmi.</p> / <p>Sarcocystidae, responsible for abortion in cattle worldwide. Although zoonotic nature<br />of this protozoa has not been proven, it is generally recommended that immunocompromised<br />persons should avoid contact with the known sources of N. caninum.<br />One of the problems that affect cattle breeding industry are great economic losses due<br />to neosporosis-related abortions in herds of highly productive cows. The percentage of<br />abortions ranges from 0.4% to 10.6%, although it may reach considerably higher values when<br />the infectious agent is present in flocks. Since the disease is asymptomatic in the majority of<br />cases, abortions in the first trimester of pregnancy may remain undetected so that the losses<br />are often difficult to document.<br />Depending on the gestational age of the calf, the outcome of infection may vary from<br />the foetal resorption in early pregnancies, autolysis and mummification in the later course of<br />the gestation, or the occurrence of stillbirths. However, cases of birth of both clinically<br />diseased and asymptomatic, but seropositive newborns, from the infected mothers, have been<br />recorded. In addition to the direct damage reflected in the high rate of abortions, affected<br />farms also suffer significant economic losses due to decreased conception rates in infected<br />cows. Also, indirect costs of veterinary services, especially those regarding expensive and<br />toilsome diagnostic procedures, are not negligible. Finally, repeated artificial insemination<br />increases insemination index and decreased conception rate results in prolonged service<br />period and reduced milk production. Infected herd exhibits increased number of early calving<br />as well as birth of non-vital calves and reduced growth in beef cattle. Serological testing,<br />conducted on yearly basis, could contribute to the development of a control strategy of<br />seropositivity of the cattle to N. caninum.<br />Aim of this research was to determine seroprevalence of N. caninum in cows from the<br />territory of Vojvodina. The study included 376 dairy cows over 24 months of age, of different<br />breeds and divided into three groups, according to their medical history:<br /> The first group consisted of cows with reproductive disorders<br /> The second group consisted of cows without evident reproductive disorders<br /> The third group consisted of cows with unknown medical history<br />Based on these results it can be concluded that neosporosis in cows was demonstrated<br />throughout the territory of the Vojvodina province, with overall prevalence of 15.4%. In cows<br />with abortions and other reproductive disorders seroprevalence was 12.8% and in cows<br />without reproductive disorders it was 18.8%. No statistically significant difference in<br />seroprevalences between cows with and without reproductive disorders was observed.<br />In small private holdings, seroprevalence reached 20.2% which was significantly<br />higher compared to the 6.2% detected on large commercial farms.<br />According to these results, the only proved risk factor for acquisition of neosporosis<br />in cattle in Vojvodina is cattle being bred on private smallholdings, which could probably be<br />explained by poor zoohygienic measures, free-range to semi-confined production systems<br />and the presence of dogs, all of which are often associated with this type of farms.</p>

<p>Enzootska leukoza goveda je maligna virusna neoplazma retikulohistiocitarnog sistema&nbsp;progresivnog karaktera, koja se karakteri&scaron;e intenzivnim razmnožavanjem limfocita. Ova&nbsp;bolest govedarstvu nanosi velike materijalne &scaron;tete dovodeći do visokog nivoa mortaliteta,&nbsp;pojave učestalijih oportunističkih infekcija, smanjenja produktivnosti i reprodukcije na&nbsp;leukoznim farmama. Imajući u vidu, da govedarstvo predstavlja strate&scaron;ku granu u stočarstvu&nbsp;Srbije i učestvuje u stvaranju znatnog dela nacionalnog dohotka od 1999. godine,&nbsp;preduzimana su sistematska dijagnostička ispitivanja ra&scaron;irenosti ELG na farmama goveda&nbsp;kako u intenzivnoj tako i od 2000. godine i u ekstenzivnoj proizvodnji goveda. Kori&scaron;ćene su&nbsp;savremene metode dijagnostike ELG najpre agargel-imunodifuzioni test (AGID), a potom i&nbsp;indirektna imunoenzimska metoda (ELISA) kao dijagnostički test izbora. Na osnovu&nbsp;dobijenih epizootiolo&scaron;kih podataka sprovo&ntilde;ene su mere za suzbijanje i iskorenjivanje EGL na<br />farmama goveda. U zavisnosti od tehnolo&scaron;kog procesa proizvodnje, kao i od ekonomskih&nbsp;mogućnosti farmi sprovo&ntilde;eni su različiti modeli kontrole i eradikacije.<br />ELG predstavlja veoma ozbiljan zdravstveni i ekonomski problem za govedarsku<br />proizvodnju posebno za zapate mlečnih goveda, a po&scaron;to se i pored sprovo&ntilde;enja mera za&nbsp;eradikaciju, leukoza jo&scaron; uvek zadržala u nekim na&scaron;im stadima i zapatima goveda smatrali smo&nbsp;da bi trebalo preispitati dosada&scaron;nju strategiju kontrole ELG.<br />Razmatrane su pote&scaron;koće u sprovo&ntilde;enju mera za suzbijanje i iskorenjivanje leukoze goveda&nbsp;kao i potreba za izučavanjem epizootiologije, odnosno kontrole kretanja leukoze u&nbsp;trakozvanim leukoznim zapatima koji predstavljaju potencijalne izvore &scaron;irenja leukoze.&nbsp;Imajući u vidu navedeno, cilj ovog ispitivanja je bio ustanoviti stepen ra&scaron;irenosti ELG i&nbsp;ispitaju do sada kori&scaron;ćeni programi kontrole i eradikacije oboljenja. Zadaci ovog istraživanja&nbsp;su bili da se ispitaju pogodnosti pojedinih dijagnostičkih metoda u cilju postavljanja rane&nbsp;dijagnoze oboljenja, istražiti incidenciju i prevalenciju bolesti, proceniti značaj pojedinih&nbsp;puteva preno&scaron;enja u okviru farmi i u regionu, izvr&scaron;iti analizu dosada&scaron;njih rezultata borbe i&nbsp;evaluaciju pojedinih modela, predložiti najpogodnije modele kontrole bolesti u cilju potpune&nbsp;eradikacije bolesti, a tako&ntilde;e razviti i adekvatan model nadzora bolesti kako bi se sprečila&nbsp;njena ponovna pojava i &scaron;irenje. Rezultati serolo&scaron;kih ispitivanja pokazuju da je otkriveno 10.181 pozitivnih životinja, odnosno 8,1% posto životinja u zapatima goveda na velikim farmama. Epizootiolo&scaron;ka situacija na farmama goveda individualnog sektora zahtevala je posebnu pažnju i tu je ispitano 281.369 uzoraka krvi goveda i otkriveno je 567 pozitivnih grla ili 0,4% posto na području 12 op&scaron;tina. Rezultati seroprevalencije predstavljali su ključnu informaciju od značaja za izbor modela kotrole ELG. Odnosno istraživanje efikasnosti pojedinih modela u postizanju rezultata i&nbsp;zadatih ciljeva. Značajnih za izradu komparativne analize kori&scaron;ćenih modela, njihove primene i evaluacije. Epizotiolo&scaron;ki modeli su analizirani, izvr&scaron;ena je njihova evaluacija i preporuka za primenu u epizootiolo&scaron;koj praksi.&nbsp;</p> / <p>Enzootic bovine leucosis is viral malignant neoplasm reticulohistiocytic system and has&nbsp;progressive character, which is characterized by intensive multiplication of lymphocytes.&nbsp;This disease is causing a great material damage to cattle farming, leading to high level of&nbsp;mortality, with the emergence of more frequent infections and a reduction in productivity&nbsp;and reproduction in farms in which the leukosis appeared. Having in mind that the cattle&nbsp;farming is a strategic branch of the Serbian livestock and participates in the creation of a&nbsp;significant part of the national income since 1999, systematic diagnostic tests of the&nbsp;prevalence of EBL were undertaken on cattle farms, both in the intensive cattle production&nbsp;and from 2000 extensive production. Modern diagnostics methods of EBL were used,&nbsp;firstly the agargel-immunodiffusion test (AGID), followed by an indirect enzyme&nbsp;immunoassay method (ELISA) as well as a diagnostic test of choice. Based on the&nbsp;obtained epizootic data, the measures for the control and eradication of EBL were carried&nbsp;out on cattle farms. Depending on the technological process of production, as well as the&nbsp;economic farm opportunities, different models of control and eradication were&nbsp;implemented.<br />EBL is a very serious health and economic problem for cattle farming, especially for<br />dairy cattle herds, and despite the implementation of the measures for the eradication of&nbsp;the disease, leucosis is still held in some of our flocks and herds of cattle. Because of that&nbsp;we thought that the current control strategy EBL should be examined.<br />The difficulties in implementing measures to suppress and eradicate bovine leukosis were&nbsp;discuses and the requirement to study the epizootiology , as well as to control the&nbsp;movement of leukosis in so-called leukostic herds, that represent potential source of&nbsp;spreading the leukosis.<br />Taking into account, the purpose of this study was to establish the degree of<br />prevalence of EBL to examine the programs that were used so far to control and eradicate&nbsp;the diseases. The task of this study was to examine the benefits of specific diagnostic methods in order to establish early diagnosis of the diseases, to see into the incidence and prevalence of the leukosis, to estimate the significance of some routes of transmission within the farm and in the region, and to carry out an analysis of recent results in fighting and evaluation of individual models, to suggest the most appropriate models of disease control in order to complete the eradication of leukosis, but also to develop an adequate model of disease control to prevent its re-emergence and spread. The results of serological tests indicate that 10.181 the positive animals were detected, or 8.1 % percent of the animals in cattle herds in large farms. Epizootiological situation in the cattle farms of individual sectors required special attention and 281.369 blood samples of cattle were examined and the 567 positive cases were discovered, or 0.4 % percent in&nbsp;12 communities. Results of seroprevalence were a key information for the choice of models to control ELG, or to investigate the efficiency of some models to achieve results and goals, and important for the production of comparative analysis of models that were used, their implementation and evaluation. Epizootic models were analyzed, their evaluation was made and recommendations for their implementation in the epizootic practice.&nbsp;</p>

Background: The most recent estimate for the number of Australians living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is 150,000, with over one million ever having been infected. One in four people with chronic infection will die as a result. Worldwide, the burden of chronic HBV infection is great. As many as 400 million people are chronically infected, and the World Health Organisation estimates that as a result HBV infection is the tenth leading cause of death. / Aim: The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to improve the accuracy and relevance of our understanding of the epidemiology and control of HBV infection in Australia, through the development of new methodological approaches to the collection and analysis of relevant epidemiological data. / Methods: Three novel approaches were adopted. First, a serosurvey of a randomised, age-structured convenience sample of over 3200 specimens was performed spanning the period from 1995 to 2005 to estimate the prevalence of markers of infection with, and immunity to HBV. Secondly, a comparative analysis of the serosurvey results with national surveillance notifications since 1971 and migration records since 1945 was undertaken. Finally, a complex deterministic mathematical model of HBV infection in Australia was constructed simulating the entire population between 1951 and 2050. / Results: The serosurvey indicates that chronic infection with HBV is more common in the Victorian population than existing national serosurvey estimates suggest, and the coverage of immunisation programs (particularly of adolescents) is far from universal. Significant geographic, age, and gender disparities in the prevalence of chronic HBV infection were identified in the serosurvey, which appear in part to relate to historical migration patterns and which could be used to develop a targeted and effective public health response. The comparative analysis of the serosurvey results with notifications and migration data demonstrates coherence of these disparate sources of information, and suggest that knowledge of migration patterns can lead to robust predictions of future notifications. The novel regression model developed implies that at least 50,000 people with chronic HBV infection are undiagnosed. The mathematical model of HBV infection in the Australian population is unique in many respects, and has been validated against external data to provide reassurance regarding the accuracy of the simulated outcomes. Some of these outcomes include an estimated 160,000 Australians living with chronic HBV infection in 2009, increasing by several thousand people every year, and that less than 5 per cent of chronic infections entering the population are able to be addressed by domestic vaccination or other prevention programs. / Conclusion: The new insights into the epidemiology of HBV infection in Australia provided by the approaches described all suggest a large and increasing burden of chronic HBV infection. New approaches are needed to provide essential policy outcomes to assist and empower Australians living with chronic HBV infection. If this does not occur, the economic and human costs to our community are likely to become great.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.