This article responds to the rapid urbanisation of sub-Saharan Africa. It laments the loss and deterioration of its pre-colonial urban artefacts due to neglect and even war, and pleads for their conservation and the recognition of relevant characteristics as contemporary urban solutions. Part one outlines the conceptual framework and highlights four theoretical considerations pertaining to definitions, preconceptions, methodology and sources of information. Part two contextualises the origins and nature of African urbanism with a brief historical perspective. Part three analyses the morphology of urban space, while part four concludes by discussing some seemingly intrinsic urban characteristics and their compatibility with current urban theories.

Much has been written about how the city of Berlin, Ontario – long a centre of Germanic industry and culture in Canada –changed its name to Kitchener in 1916 in the face of anti-German sentiments. Studies by Geoffrey Hayes and Ross Fair have particularly identified how a more acceptable form of German identity evolved in Kitchener after 1918, emphasizing the Pennsylvania Mennonite origins of many of the area’s first non-native settlers, instead of the continental German identity of much of the citizenry. But what of the Second World War, and the wave of German immigrants that came to Waterloo Region in its aftermath? Through what means did this community of immigrants establish its identity, and come to terms with the legacy of wartime Germany? How did the German community continue to evolve and react to political and social currents reverberating in Europe? This study addresses these questions by examining a number of episodes in the twentieth century that both celebrated and divided local German communities. Three examples will be discussed to help elucidate the concept of complex German identities in Kitchener-Waterloo. The formation of the Deutsche Bund Canada at the time of the Second World War, the creation of Oktoberfest in Kitchener-Waterloo in the late 1960s, as well as the visit of David Irving to Kitchener in 1992 represent events in the history of the area that lend themselves very naturally to further examination. While German immigrants have historically been regarded as a cohesive community, unified by attributes such as a shared language, it will be argued here based on these three examples, that Germans in Kitchener-Waterloo are comprised of unique groupings of ‘Germans’, whose identities vary depending on attributes such as geographic origin and time frame of emigration.

Much has been written about how the city of Berlin, Ontario – long a centre of Germanic industry and culture in Canada –changed its name to Kitchener in 1916 in the face of anti-German sentiments. Studies by Geoffrey Hayes and Ross Fair have particularly identified how a more acceptable form of German identity evolved in Kitchener after 1918, emphasizing the Pennsylvania Mennonite origins of many of the area’s first non-native settlers, instead of the continental German identity of much of the citizenry. But what of the Second World War, and the wave of German immigrants that came to Waterloo Region in its aftermath? Through what means did this community of immigrants establish its identity, and come to terms with the legacy of wartime Germany? How did the German community continue to evolve and react to political and social currents reverberating in Europe? This study addresses these questions by examining a number of episodes in the twentieth century that both celebrated and divided local German communities. Three examples will be discussed to help elucidate the concept of complex German identities in Kitchener-Waterloo. The formation of the Deutsche Bund Canada at the time of the Second World War, the creation of Oktoberfest in Kitchener-Waterloo in the late 1960s, as well as the visit of David Irving to Kitchener in 1992 represent events in the history of the area that lend themselves very naturally to further examination. While German immigrants have historically been regarded as a cohesive community, unified by attributes such as a shared language, it will be argued here based on these three examples, that Germans in Kitchener-Waterloo are comprised of unique groupings of ‘Germans’, whose identities vary depending on attributes such as geographic origin and time frame of emigration.

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The thesis consists of the following papers: (1) Tre ortnamn på Spöl-. (Tre Kulturer. 2. Medlemsbokför Johan Nordlander-sällskapet tillägnad minnet av Roland Otterbjörk 1925-1984. Umeå 1985. ISSN 0281-9546.) (2) Ortnamnen i Västerbottens län. Del 14, Vännäs kommun, A Bebyggelsenamn. Umeå 1986. ISBN 91-86372-10-6. (Övre Norrlands ortnamn. ISSN 0348-7237.) (3) Studier över yngre nybyggesnamn i Västerbottens län, särskilt i Vännäs socken. Umeå 1986. ISBN 91-7174-237-9. (Nordsvenska. 2. Skrifter utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Umeå uni­versitet. ISSN 0282-7182.) The chief aim of the thesis is to describe and etymologize the habitative names in the parish of Vännäs in the county of Västerbotten, northern Sweden. The material used consists of place-name forms recorded in the local dialects. The material forms the basis of the author's hypotheses concerning sound changes and morphological changes and the original significance of the various place-names. The hypotheses have been tested by confronting them with historical data concerning the settlement of the area, with linguistic material, with parallel place-names and with topographical data. The purpose of the third paper is to draw further conclusions about the naming of the younger settlements (i.e. settlements from the 18th and the 19th centuries) in the county of Västerbotten as a whole. To shed light on this problem a large number of similar younger habitative names in the area have been examined. The main result of this study is that a number of the second elements of these names can be considered topographically non-motivated and suffixlike. Another result is that the interference from the authorities concerning the direct naming of the young settlements is pro­bably insignificant. / digitalisering@umu

The diploma thesis deals with the territorial, cultural and historical development of Hřebeny area with the emphasis on history of Zbraslav. Hřebeny extends soutwest from Prague to Brdy and so creates imaginary center of the study area. The study area is surrounded by Vltava and Berounka rivers, important marks on the map are Zbraslav and the island on the confluence of Sázava and Vltava rivers, where the Benedictine monastery was located. Its relics remain us of its past glory. The aim of this thesis is to follow up on the author's previous research and to bring a synthetic view on history of Zbraslav in Midlle-Ages. Key words: Brdy, Hřebeny, settlement, colonization, Ostrov monastery, Zbraslav monastery, town, gold, medieval, Jablonná

This study catalogues and analyses 329 statuettes and amulets from Thonis-Heracleion, a sunken city off the coast of Egypt that flourished between the 7th and 2nd centuries BC. This is the first study of votive statuettes and amulets from the Late and Ptolemaic Periods that presents a comprehensive corpus from a single site, complete with detailed catalogue entries and photographs. Although some of the most exceptional pieces were previously published in an exhibition catalogue, the majority are unpublished and it is the first time they have been studied and viewed as a whole. The material includes not only Egyptian-style bronzes, which are typical dedications of this period, but also a range of other materials including lead, terracotta, faience, and limestone. Some figures are represented in foreign style and attest to a small hellenized community at the site. By viewing multiple categories of votive material laterally and in context, important conclusions about cultural interactions and cult practice at Thonis-Heracleion come to light. Chapter One details the find context of the statuettes and amulets, followed by a discussion of their types and the cults to which they attest in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 outlines the objects’ primary functions and demonstrates the ways that lead and bronze were utilised differently. Chapter 4 focuses on bronze and lead production methods, particularly methods of replicable production that are indicative of technological exchange with other Mediterranean cultures. Finally, in Chapter 5, I look at how the votives reflect the cultural community at Thonis-Heracleion, and how they compare to others at sites throughout Egypt. Each chapter highlights how the archaeological context informs us about cultural interactions between Egyptians and Greeks and about the dynamics of cult practice at a Delta site in the Late and Ptolemaic Periods.

This thesis investigates the nature of the relationship between cities and king in the late Classical and Hellenistic Macedonian kingdom. It will consider the cities from two main perspectives: the city as a community, and the city as a settlement. Section 1 re-examines the evidence most commonly used to argue for the Macedonian cities gaining substantial autonomy in this period. It will be argued that this evidence has less to tell us about the political autonomy of the Macedonian cities than their 'social relations' with other Greek communities: Macedonian cities engaged in international exchanges which did not represent any challenge to the authority of the monarch, but which could also be used to represent the relationship between king and city as cooperative. Such latitude was balanced, however, by forceful expressions of royal dominance in other arenas. Section 2 considers the position of the cities within the royal economy, and examines how, as a result of the king's monopolisation of Macedonia's resources, and the fact that the Macedonian elite was more interested in advancing their position at court than acting as civic benefactors, the cities were left economically subordinated to the king. Section 3 uses the increasingly abundant archaeological evidence to consider how royal building programmes served to project royal ideology into the localities. Royal palaces, large-scale urban development, and fortifications created an experience of urban space in Macedonia which emphasised the roles of the monarch as guardian, benefactor, and unifying figure. The picture that emerges is of a kingdom of civic communities which were engaged in meaningful exchanges with their peers outside Macedonia, but which were living in large and impressive urban settlements which stood as monuments to the extent and ubiquity of royal authority. Late-Classical and Hellenistic Macedonia was a kingdom of poleis, but that kingdom was first and foremost a royal space.

1 Abstract In this work I deal with farmyards 13th-15th century, which formed an integral part of the medieval landscape. The main attention is paid to settlement-historical context and economic potential. Attention was also focused on the methods used, archaeological surveys and surface exploration. Nobility farmyards are divided into several types, according to the economic strategy and in material form. Their form depended on the owner, the monasteries were built large courtyards and nobility smaller. The main purpose of these farmyards was to provide the economic base of the nobility. There are also farmyards that served to financial income. The most common owners were a nobility and church institutions. Mostly they were situated to rural settlemet, where they were always dominant feature. Because this is not very frequent theme in Czech archeology, the aim of this work was also to summarize current knowledge. Given the breadth of the topic, I tried to include as much information, on the other hand, I had to approach selected topics in general. Work should, however, include the most important knowledge on this topic.