As new adhesive products become available in restorative dentistry, investigating their potential application for orthodontic use is warranted. Vertise Flow (Kerr) is a self-adhering flowable resin and is being marketed for use as a sealant, porcelain repair and small class I restorations. It has potential for use as an orthodontic adhesive. Objective: Determine if Vertise Flow (Kerr) is suitable for bonding fixed orthodontic appliances to enamel, restorative resin composite and porcelain with minimal surface preparation. Methods: Shear Bond Strengths (SBS) from six (6) groups of fifteen (15) bonded stainless steel lingual buttons (Ormco) were obtained over three time points (24hr, 7 days, and 3 months). The six test groups were: 1.Vertise Flow to enamel (Tt) with coarse pumice debridement, 2. Transbond XT (3M, Unitek) to enamel (Tc) with phosphoric acid etching [control], 3.Vertise Flow to Herculite Ultra (Kerr) (Cc) with coarse pumice debridement, 4. Vertise Flow to Filtek Supreme Ultra (3M, ESPE) (Ct) with coarse pumice debridement, 5. Vertise Flow (Kerr) to porcelain (Pt) with diamond bur roughening, and 6. Transbond XT (3M Unitek) to porcelain (Pc) with hydrofluoric acid etching. Samples were stored in distilled water and incubated at 37C. The buttons were then debonded with a Zwick Universal Testing machine using a 10 kN load cell with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. Debonded buttons were evaluated based on a modified Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Statistical assessment of the data was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests, with p<0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance. Results: The mean SBS obtained in all groups at each time point were >4MPa and varied between 8.69MPa and 27.44MPa. Statistical differences were found within the composite and porcelain groups at T1, and the enamel and composite groups at both T2 and T3. Nearly half of the sample (47.2%) achieved an ARI score of 5 (100% adhesive left on button base). Conclusion: Vertise Flow potentially provides clinically acceptable bond strengths to enamel, restorative resin composite and porcelain with minimal surface preparation. Furthermore, upon removal, minimal adhesive clean-up is required thus saving valuable chair time. Based on the results in this study, future in vivo investigation is suggested.

As new adhesive products become available in restorative dentistry, investigating their potential application for orthodontic use is warranted. Vertise Flow (Kerr) is a self-adhering flowable resin and is being marketed for use as a sealant, porcelain repair and small class I restorations. It has potential for use as an orthodontic adhesive. Objective: Determine if Vertise Flow (Kerr) is suitable for bonding fixed orthodontic appliances to enamel, restorative resin composite and porcelain with minimal surface preparation. Methods: Shear Bond Strengths (SBS) from six (6) groups of fifteen (15) bonded stainless steel lingual buttons (Ormco) were obtained over three time points (24hr, 7 days, and 3 months). The six test groups were: 1.Vertise Flow to enamel (Tt) with coarse pumice debridement, 2. Transbond XT (3M, Unitek) to enamel (Tc) with phosphoric acid etching [control], 3.Vertise Flow to Herculite Ultra (Kerr) (Cc) with coarse pumice debridement, 4. Vertise Flow to Filtek Supreme Ultra (3M, ESPE) (Ct) with coarse pumice debridement, 5. Vertise Flow (Kerr) to porcelain (Pt) with diamond bur roughening, and 6. Transbond XT (3M Unitek) to porcelain (Pc) with hydrofluoric acid etching. Samples were stored in distilled water and incubated at 37C. The buttons were then debonded with a Zwick Universal Testing machine using a 10 kN load cell with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. Debonded buttons were evaluated based on a modified Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Statistical assessment of the data was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests, with p<0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance. Results: The mean SBS obtained in all groups at each time point were >4MPa and varied between 8.69MPa and 27.44MPa. Statistical differences were found within the composite and porcelain groups at T1, and the enamel and composite groups at both T2 and T3. Nearly half of the sample (47.2%) achieved an ARI score of 5 (100% adhesive left on button base). Conclusion: Vertise Flow potentially provides clinically acceptable bond strengths to enamel, restorative resin composite and porcelain with minimal surface preparation. Furthermore, upon removal, minimal adhesive clean-up is required thus saving valuable chair time. Based on the results in this study, future in vivo investigation is suggested.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the composite bond strength acquired using a single step self-etching bonding system is as or more effective when compared to the two step etch-rinse-bond system at clinically relevant in-vitro standards. A total of 80 extracted human deciduous with at least one intact smooth surface were collected with parental consent. Collected teeth were randomly assigned to one of four treatment protocols (n=20): single step self-etch (Adper Prompt L-Pop, 3M ESPE), two step etch (15s)-rinse-bond (Optibond Solo Plus, Kerr), single step self etch (Adper L Pop, 3M ESPE) with 30s pre-etch, and two step etch (30s)-rinse-bond (Optibond Solo Plus, Kerr). A composite cylinder of uniform shape was bonded to each tooth using the designated adhesive system and specimens were tested with a universal testing machine. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis was performed. Median shear bond strengths for all specimens, regardless of treatment group, ranged from 3.25 MPa to 43.13 MPa. These values are above suggested minimum clinical required values of 3MPa. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis between treatment groups found statistical significance (p<0.05) for shear bond strength between the groups and both one step system protocols, had higher mean and median shear bond strength values than the two step systems. An adhesive remnant index (ARI) was analyzed to confirm uniform adhesive fracture between all four treatment groups. Both a Fisher’s exact test, and a Hantel-Haenszel statistic found no significant difference (p<0.05) between the samples. Based on these findings we concluded that: 1. The ARI score for all treatment groups was not statistically significant, suggesting that the type of bond breakage was consistent regardless of adhesive system used. 2. Both Optibond Solo Plus and Adper Prompt L-Pop systems achieve adequate shear bond strengths as described by current literature. 3. The use of a one-step system to save chair time and aid in patient behavior management may be clinically useful.

This research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry. School of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Johannesburg, 2017 / Purpose: Resin restorative materials have improved over the years. A major obstacle to the acquisition of acceptable bond strength of bonding agents is the presence of contaminated dentine cavity preparations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oral contaminants such as blood, saliva and a disinfectant contamination on the shear bond strength of a nanocomposite on a self-etching adhesive system. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six caries free premolar teeth were extracted and placed in a disinfectant solution containing 0.5 % Chloramine T solution, and then randomly distributed into four groups. Each tooth was then placed into a stainless steel ring supported by clear self-curing acrylic. They were thereafter immersed into a saline solution of 37 ̊C - 37.5 ̊C in an incubator for 24 hours. The enamel surfaces of the premolars were then ground with a Pro-trim 1725 Hertz grinder using 600 grit silicon carbide fine grinding paper to expose the dentine surface of each tooth. The sample was then re-immersed in the saline solution and incubated at 37°C - 37.5°C. The teeth were then arranged into the four groups: Group 1 (control group); Group 2 (human blood contamination at 5 seconds); Group 3 (human saliva contamination at 5 seconds) and Group 4 (chlorine dioxide contamination at 5 seconds). A self-etching adhesive bonding system (Scotchbond universal™) and Filtek supreme XTE composite was applied to the exposed dentine surface. Samples were randomised and then sheared using an Instron testing machine to determine their bond strengths. The fractured components of each sample were measured, compared and further examined under a stereo microscope to determine the modes of failure. The data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the level of significance was set at a p-value of less than 0.05. Results: A significant difference was found in the shear bond strength between the control (group 1) and the blood contaminated group (group 2) (p-value of 0.00064). The chlorine dioxide group (group 4) that had no effect on shear bond strength to dentine (p-value of 0.55). Adhesive failures (between bonding agent and dentine) were predominant in group 2 and to a lesser extent in group 3. Most group 4 samples had cohesive fractures (within the dentine). Conclusion: The bond strength to dentine using a self-etching adhesive was reduced when contaminated with blood. Group 2 samples (blood) caused significantly greater bonding failure as compared to all the other groups. Chlorine dioxide solution is a powerful disinfectant and does not affect the bonding to dentine. The null hypothesis statement, which stated that there was no difference in the shear strength between any of the conditions, was thus rejected. Further studies on the application of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant on cavity preparations need to be considered given the surprising positive results of chlorine dioxide group. / MT2018

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an in-office plus at-home bleaching protocol on shear bond strength of orthodontic buttons when using a fluoride-releasing sealant. Methods and Materials: One hundred and sixty extracted human molars were randomly divided into bleached (N=80) and unbleached groups (N=80). The bleached group was treated with 45% carbamide peroxide for half an hour, followed with five applications of 20% carbamide peroxide at 24 hour intervals. After two weeks, lingual buttons were bonded on the teeth in both groups using either Transbond XT primer or Pro Seal sealant. The teeth were then stored in artificial saliva and subjected to shear testings at 24 hours and 3 months using a Zwick Universal Test Machine. Results: The ANOVA analysis of the 24-hour results indicated a significant difference between the four subgroups (p<.0011). Further simple t-tests indicated that the differences were significant only between bleached and unbleached subgroups (p<.0011). The 3-month results showed the mean shear bond strengths of the unbleached group using Pro Seal sealant was statistically significantly lower than the others although still greater than clinically minimal suggested bond strengths. Interestingly, 15% of the bleached teeth exhibited enamel fracture at the 3-month testing. Conclusion: At 24 hours, both Pro Seal sealant and Transbond XT primer appear to be a reliable choice on both bleached and unbleached teeth. However, at the 3-month period, Pro Seal sealant yielded significantly lower shear bond strength on unbleached teeth, nevertheless well within the range of values considered to be "clinically acceptable".

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an in-office plus at-home bleaching protocol on shear bond strength of orthodontic buttons when using a fluoride-releasing sealant. Methods and Materials: One hundred and sixty extracted human molars were randomly divided into bleached (N=80) and unbleached groups (N=80). The bleached group was treated with 45% carbamide peroxide for half an hour, followed with five applications of 20% carbamide peroxide at 24 hour intervals. After two weeks, lingual buttons were bonded on the teeth in both groups using either Transbond XT primer or Pro Seal sealant. The teeth were then stored in artificial saliva and subjected to shear testings at 24 hours and 3 months using a Zwick Universal Test Machine. Results: The ANOVA analysis of the 24-hour results indicated a significant difference between the four subgroups (p<.0011). Further simple t-tests indicated that the differences were significant only between bleached and unbleached subgroups (p<.0011). The 3-month results showed the mean shear bond strengths of the unbleached group using Pro Seal sealant was statistically significantly lower than the others although still greater than clinically minimal suggested bond strengths. Interestingly, 15% of the bleached teeth exhibited enamel fracture at the 3-month testing. Conclusion: At 24 hours, both Pro Seal sealant and Transbond XT primer appear to be a reliable choice on both bleached and unbleached teeth. However, at the 3-month period, Pro Seal sealant yielded significantly lower shear bond strength on unbleached teeth, nevertheless well within the range of values considered to be "clinically acceptable".

Enamel decalcification caused by poor oral hygiene is a significant problem in orthodontics. Bioactive glass-containing resins have been shown to release Ca2+ ions into surrounding solution. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of four different compositions of orthodontic resin prepared with bioactive glass (N=20). Premolars were bonded using one of four BAG-BOND compositions. Brackets were debonded and ARI scores were given. The mean shear bond strength was 7.23 ± 2.47 MPa (62 BAG-BOND), 8.25 ± 2.87 MPa (65 BAG-BOND), 8.78 ± 3.08 MPa (81BAG-BOND) and 5.80 ± 2.27 MPa (85 BAG-BOND). 65 and 81 BAG-BOND were significantly higher than 85 BAG-BOND. The 62 BAG-BOND group was not statistically significantly different from any other group. All groups exhibited a cohesive bond failure and were not statistically significant from each other. Three compositions of the novel orthodontic adhesive exhibited adequate bond strength for clinical applications.

This in vitro study evaluated the bond and compression strength of cemented leucite reinforced glass ceramics in bovine tooth enamel, comparing three etching times with hydrofluoric acid 10% of the ceramic surface (20, 60 and 90 seconds) and two adhesive treatments (adhesive system + silane and universal adhesive system). For the bond strength test, 120 ceramic cylinders (2mm diameter x 2mm length; n=20) were etched and cemented (80m thick) in enamel with a dual resin cement, varying the adhesive treatment, obtaining the groups: UEXC20s, UEXC60s, UEXC90s, USBU20s, USBU60s, USBU90s. After 24 hours, the shear bond strength test was performed on a universal test machine (0.5mm/min, 50kgf). For the compression test, 30 ceramic plates (5x5mm with 1mm thick, n=5) were etched, received the same adhesive treatments and were cemented (80m) in enamel, obtaining the following groups: CEXC20s, CEXC60s, CEXC90s, CSBU20s, CSBU60s, CSBU90s. After 24 hours of cementation, the compression test (0.5mm/min, 500kgf) was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (=.05). For the shear bond strength test significant differences were found among the adhesives (p<.05). For the etching times there were no differences (p=.059). However, there was a significant interaction between the adhesives and the etching times (p=.021). At 60 seconds, the Silane + ExciTE F DSC Adhesive presented the highest bond strength values (47.53±16.70Mpa). And at 20 seconds, the Universal adhesive presented the lowest bond strength values (27.72±10.76Mpa). For the compression test there were no significant differences between the adhesives (p=.571) and between the times (p=.154). The group that presented the highest values of compression force was the Universal adhesive at 60 seconds (1757.89±200.47N). The lowest values were also the Universal adhesive, but at 90 seconds (1213.30±546.34N). The study concluded that the silane associated with the ExciTE F DSC adhesive showed the highest bond strength values at the etching time of 60 seconds with 10% hydrofluoric acid, without compromising the compressive strength of the leucite reinforced ceramic. / Este estudo in vitro avaliou a resistência de união e compressão da cerâmica reforçada por cimentada em esmalte de dentes bovinos, comparando-se três tempos de condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico 10% da superfície cerâmica (20, 60 e 90 segundos) e dois tratamentos adesivos (sistema adesivo + silano e sistema adesivo universal). Para o teste de resistência de união (U), 120 cilindros cerâmicos (2mm diâmetro x 2mm comprimento; n=20) foram condicionados e cimentados (80 m de espessura) em esmalte, com cimento resinoso dual, variando-se o tratamento adesivo, obtendo-se os grupos: UEXC20s, UEXC60s, UEXC90s, USBU20s, USBU60s, USBU90s. Após 24h, foi realizado o teste de cisalhamento (0,5mm/min, 50kgf). Para o teste de compressão (C), 30 placas cerâmicas (5x5mm com 1mm de espessura; n=5) foram condicionadas, receberam os mesmos tratamentos adesivos e foram cimentadas (80m) em esmalte, obtendo-se os grupos: CEXC20s, CEXC60s, CEXC90s, CSBU20s, CSBU60s, CSBU90s. Após 24h da cimentação, foi realizado o teste de compressão (0,5mm/min, 500kgf). Foi realizada a análise estatística por meio de ANOVA dois critérios e teste de Tukey (P < 0,05). Para o teste de cisalhamento diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre os adesivos (p<0,05). Para os tempos de condicionamento não houve diferenças significativas (p=0,059). No entanto, houve interação significativa entre os adesivos e os tempos de condicionamento (p=0,021). No tempo de 60 segundos, o silano + adesivo ExciTE F DSC apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união (47,53±16,70Mpa). E no tempo de 20 segundos, o adesivo Universal apresentou os menores valores de resistência de união (27,72±10,76Mpa). Para o teste de compressão não houve diferenças significativas entre os adesivos (p=0,571) e entre os tempos (p=0,154). O grupo que apresentou maiores valores de força de compressão foi o adesivo Universal no tempo de 60 segundos (1757,89±200,47N). Já os menores valores, foi também o adesivo Universal, mas no tempo de 90 segundos (1213,30±546,34N). Pode-se concluir que, o Silano associado ao adesivo ExciTE F DSC, mostrou os maiores valores de resistência de união no tempo de condicionamento de 60 segundos com ácido fluorídrico a 10%, sem comprometer a resistência a compressão da cerâmica reforçada por leucita.

In the past ten years, there have been 194 hurricane-damaged platforms in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), each with many wells that have not been permanently abandonment. This could lead to disastrous environmental consequence. The wells where their platforms were destroyed by hurricanes cannot be abandoned by conventional methods. Our research showed that barite-weighted epoxy material could be potentially used for well abandonment for those wells in GOM. Shear bond strength tests showed that between two candidates epoxy systems - the bisphenol A system and the bisphenol F system, the latter was less sensitive to barite weighting material. The shear bond strength of besphenol A system was deteriorated as barite increased, while bisphenol F system showed slightly increasing trend when barite was added. The minimum bond strength given by bisphenol A system appears around 68 wt% of barite, which is around 1290 psi. The maximum value of 2200 psi comes at 0 wt% of barite. And the bisphenol F system can stand a minimum of 1010 psi bond strength at 0 wt% of barite, and a maximum of 1160 psi of bond strength with 70 wt% of barite. Moreover, mixing with seawater did influence the shear bond strength between epoxy system and low-carbon steel. The influence that seawater has on the F system is less than that of the A system. The time that the epoxy system needs to fully develop the bond is far longer than curing time determined in our parallel research. Bond strength is lower in both seawater environment and at high temperature.

Orientador: Carlos Augusto Pavanelli / Banca: Eduardo Galera da Silva / Banca: Marco Antonio Meloncini / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união ao cisalhamento de três diferentes tipos de agentes cimentantes: auto-condicionante (Panavia F / P), convencional (RelyX ARC - R) e auto-adesivo (RelyX U100 - U), usando dois tipos de substratos (esmalte / E e dentina / D) e dois tipos de materiais restauradores (cerâmica - C e resina composta laboratorial - R). Foram utilizados cento e vinte incisivos bovinos incluídos em resina acrílica, de modo que uma parte da face vestibular ficasse exposta. Os dentes foram desgastados até se obter uma área lisa e plana, de aproximadamente de 25 mm2, em metade dos espécimes foi exposto esmalte, na outra metade dentina. Uma fita adesiva com um orifício no centro com 3 mm de diâmetro foi colada sobre estas áreas, delimitando a área a ser usada no teste. Foram confeccionados sessenta cilindros de cerâmica a base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max) e sessenta cilindros de resina composta (SR Adoro) com dimensões de 3mm de diâmetro e 3mm de altura. Os cilindros foram cimentados aos substratos com os três tipos de cimento resinoso, formando doze grupos experimentais: G1(PEC); G2(PER); G3(PDC); G4(PDR); G5(REC), G6(RER); G7(RDC); G8(RDR): G9(UEC); G10(UER); G11(UDC) e G12(UDR). Após um período de uma semana, os corpos-de-prova foram levados à máquina de ensaios universais para a realização do teste de cisalhamento com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os resultados (foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em nível de 5% de significância. Verificou-se que o maior valor médio obtido foi do G5 (17,46 MPa) diferindo significativamente dos demais grupos, exceto do G1 (14,60 MPa). O G12 (1,03 MPa) apresentou o menor valor de resistência, não apresentando semelhança estatística com os outros grupos. A adesão em esmalte... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three types of luting agents: self-etching (Panavia F, P), conventional (Rely X ARC, R) and self-adhesive (Rely X U100, U), using enamel (E) or dentin (D) as substrates and two types of restorative materials (ceramic, C and laboratorial composite, R). One hundred and twenty-five bovine incisors were embedded in acrylic resin leaving their bucal side exposed. The teeth were ground flat until a 5mm2 area was created. Half of the specimens had enamel exposed and the other half had dentin exposed. A piece of tape with a 3 mm hole was used to delimitate the bonding area. Sixty cylinders of ceramic (IPS E.max Press) and sixty of composite (SR Adoro), 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height, were confectioned. The cylinders were luted to the substrates, forming twelve groups: G1 (PEC); G2 (PER); G3 (PDC); G4 (PDR); G5 (REC), G6 (RER); G7 (RDC); G8(RDR): G9 (UEC); G10(UER); G11(UDC) and G12(UDR). After one week, the specimens were subjected to a shear test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0,5 mm/min. The results were submitted to both the Anova and Tukey tests (p<0.05) for statistical analysis. It was observed that the mean of G5 (17,46 MPa) was significantly different from the other groups means, except for G1 (14,60 MPa). Statistically G12 (1,03) had the lowest bond strength differing from the other groups. Bondings between was ceramic and enamel determined the highest bond strength for all luting agents. Due to the low bond strength and the failures between cement and substrate, using the self-adhesive cement and laboratorial composite to make bonds is not advisable. / Mestre