The subject of the thesis is concerned with the study of the turbulent spreading and the gravity spreading processes in surface jets and surface plumes influenced by the cross-flow. A total of five different discharge and cross-flow configurations were under investigation. They are, namely, (i) submerged jets in unconfined cross-flow, (ii) surface jets in deep and shallow cross-flows, (iii) surface plumes in deep cross-flow, (iv) full-depth jets in cross-flow and (v) full-depth plumes in cross-flow, reported in Chapters IV, V, VI, VII and VIII respectively. / The effect of the gravity stratification, the effect of the free water surface and the confined effect of the channel bottom on the spreading of the turbulent flows have been determined from control experiments. The experimental data have been correlated in a unified manner, using suitable scales and dimensionless parameters. They are also related to a general integral formulation, established for this type of problems. / The results of an extensive series of previous experimental investigations, of related problems of jets and plumes in cross-flow have been reanalysed and they are integrated into the various parts of the thesis to complement and confirm the present investigation. / On the whole, the thesis has succeeded in providing a general description of the turbulent spreading and the gravity spreading processes in flows of different discharge and cross-flow configurations.

Endothelial cells (ECs) respond to flow but the exact mechanism producing alignment is not completely understood. We characterized EC alignment in microfluidic channels, 4 mm wide by 350 um high, to generate shear of 20 dynes / cm2 across the cell surface. In microchannels, ECs aligned perpendicular under flow. Analytical tools were developed to quantify nuclear alignment at 67% for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); cell elongation under shear flow shifted aspect ratio from 2.41 to 2.86. We next sought to probe the mechanism through which ECs communicate during realignment. The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is involved in cell organization and coordination during development. A number of genes are known to affect the formation and organization of cellular structures through PCP signaling in human ECs. Higher expression of Vangl1 and Dvl1 proteins did not alter cell reorganization; knockdown of Vangl1 expression decreased EC alignment.

Endothelial cells (ECs) respond to flow but the exact mechanism producing alignment is not completely understood. We characterized EC alignment in microfluidic channels, 4 mm wide by 350 um high, to generate shear of 20 dynes / cm2 across the cell surface. In microchannels, ECs aligned perpendicular under flow. Analytical tools were developed to quantify nuclear alignment at 67% for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); cell elongation under shear flow shifted aspect ratio from 2.41 to 2.86. We next sought to probe the mechanism through which ECs communicate during realignment. The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is involved in cell organization and coordination during development. A number of genes are known to affect the formation and organization of cellular structures through PCP signaling in human ECs. Higher expression of Vangl1 and Dvl1 proteins did not alter cell reorganization; knockdown of Vangl1 expression decreased EC alignment.

Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Kausik Sarkar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, November, 1999. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong,2004. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaf 205-214.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Jo, Hanjoong; Committee Member: McIntire, Larry; Committee Member: Nie, Shuming; Committee Member: Taylor, Robert; Committee Member: Weyand, Cornelia.

Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Centre for Molecular Simulation - 2007. / Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Centre for Molecular Simulation, Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, 2007. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-161).

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-97). Also issued in print.