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In Schafzuchtbetrieben wurden die Einflussfaktoren auf das Wachstum von Schaflämmern verschiedener Rassen für Feldleistungsprüfungen bewertet. Im Ergebnis konnten der optimale Zeitpunkt der Erfassung der Wachstumsdaten, Art und Umfang der Leistungsermittlung und deren Einordnung in das Prüfsystem des Zuchtprogramms abgeleitet werden. In acht Zuchtbetrieben wurden von 4.000 Lämmern verschiedener Rassen Geburtsgewichte sowie 60-Tage- und 100-Tage-Gewichte erhoben. Das Geburtsgewicht beeinflusst im entscheidenden Maße das Wachstum bis zum 100. Lebenstag. Es wird am stärksten vom Geburtstyp beeinflusst, dann erst von Rasse und Geschlecht. Bei den erfassten Lämmern sind über alle Rassen die Lebendmassezunahmen mit 304 g/Tier und Tag bis zum 60. Lebenstag bzw. 302 g/Tier und Tag bis zum 100. Lebenstag (bei Berücksichtigung des Geburtsgewichtes) nahezu gleich. Mit den Untersuchungsergebnissen können die bisher verwendeten standardisierten Geburtsgewichte aktualisiert werden. Es wird empfohlen, dass bei der Festlegung von Standard-Geburtsgewichten die Faktoren Rasse, Geburtstyp und Geschlecht Berücksichtigung finden sollten. Die Ergebnisse liefern allen mit der Schafzucht befassten Personen, Unternehmen und Verbänden wichtige Erkenntnisse für die künftige Gestaltung des Prüfsystems.

Orientador: Ciniro Costa / Resumo: O estudo objetivou foi avaliar a silagem de milho em consórcio com capim-marandu com ou sem feijão guandu produzida em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária (SIPA) sobre o desempenho, qualidade da carcaça e da carne de cordeiros terminados em confinamento, produção de gases das dietas utilizadas e análise econômica do sistema. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo utilizadas duas silagens: silagem de milho em consórcio com capim-marandu e feijão guandu cv. BRS Mandarim (C/G) e silagem de milho em consórcio com capim-marandu (S/G). O desempenho dos cordeiros e as características de carcaça não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos, o fator ano interferiu (P<0,05) no desempenho e nas características de carcaça, provavelmente devido às diferentes raças e cruzamentos dos cordeiros utilizados nos três anos experimentais. O tratamento S/G proporcionou carne com maior intensidade para os parâmetros L* e b* de coloração da carne. O tratamento S/G apresentou maior fração de matéria seca degradada para o período de 24h de incubação, bem como maior fração de matéria seca e orgânica degradada para o período de 96h. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na capacidade de mitigação de metano das dietas. Os dois tratamentos se demonstraram economicamente viáveis. O uso de silagem de milho consorciado com capim-marandu e feijão guandu proveniente de SIPA na terminação de cordeiros em sistema de confinamento é uma alternati... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate maize silage in a consortium with palisade grass with or without pigeon pea produced in an integrated of agricultural production system (IAPS) on the performance, carcass and meat quality of finished lambs in feedlot systems, as well as the production of dietary gas used and economy analysis of the system. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments and eight replications, using two silages: maize intercropped with palisade grass and pigeon pea (C/G) and maize intercropped with palisade grass (S/G). Lambs performance and carcass characteristics were not influenced (P> 0.05) by treatments, the year factor interfered (P <0.05) in performance and carcass characteristics, probably due to the different breeds and crosses of the lambs used in the three years. The S/G treatment provided a meat with higher (L*) and more (b*). The S/G treatment provided a higher fraction of dry matter degraded for the 24h of incubation, as well as a higher fraction of dry and organic matter degraded for the 96h period. There was no difference (P> 0.05) in the mitigation capacity of methane of the diets. The both treatment were economically viable. The use of maize silage intercropped with palisade grass and pigeon pea from an integrated system of agricultural production in the finishing of lambs in a feedlot system is a viable alternative because it allows good performance and good characteristics of carcass and meat, without interfering ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The aim of the thesis is to write down and evaluate the base categories of the sheep grazing behaviour during one grazing period as regards the various climatic conditions. The method of the direct observation was used when the length of interval was 10 minutes. It was done five times for always 24 hours during a grazing period. The longest time of the grazing (43,8 % of the day) was found out in July. High temperatures shortened the time of the grazing to 26,8 % of the day. If the growth is of poor quality the time of the movement is lengthened out to 10 % of the day. The longest time of the lying category was found out in August (54,4 % of the day).

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T14:11:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ivan Salamanca Montesinos - 2016.pdf: 3788684 bytes, checksum: da4ce71fec2de6c3abbd618af3a5f6e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T17:18:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ivan Salamanca Montesinos - 2016.pdf: 3788684 bytes, checksum: da4ce71fec2de6c3abbd618af3a5f6e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T17:18:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ivan Salamanca Montesinos - 2016.pdf: 3788684 bytes, checksum: da4ce71fec2de6c3abbd618af3a5f6e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In Peru, sheep farming is an important activity for smallholders, which breed these ruminants seeking the consumption and sale of subproducts. This study aimed to characterize the sheep breeders, their productive systems, as well as macroscopic and microscopic wool qualities, on flocks in the municipality of Ite, Tacna region, southern coast of Peru. In 2012, eight shepherds from Humedales and 24 smallholders from farms were interviewed, using a questionnaire. Also fleeces of wool were sampled on 20 creole sheep from Humedales, 20 creole sheep from farms, and six Hampshire Down crossbreds. Results evidenced two types of family sheep farming, according to environment and type of breeder, both cases dedicated to meat production with creole and crossbred sheep. It was verified a little technical assistance and government attention, empiric management and flocks presenting regular to low productivity. The wool of the three groups showed mostly short fibers, appropriated for industrial textile processing; however, creole sheep from Humedales presented longer fibers, tending to artisanal use. Wool fibers of creole sheep were entrefine and comfortable. In Ite, sheep farming is commercial or subsistence, but the producers can remain on market, because sheep meat is appreciated in the region and the breeding practiced since colonial times. Creole sheep showed certain productive advantages, in relation to crossbreds, although suffer absorbent crossbreedings, which can cause extinction risk at this locality. Is recommend the continuity of studies on Ite’s creole sheep, to conserve and exploring their unknown zootechnical qualities, aiming a sustainable sheep farming in southern Peru. / No Peru, a ovinocultura é uma importante atividade para os pequenos produtores, os quais criam esses ruminantes buscando o consumo e venda de subprodutos. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar os ovinocultores, seus sistemas de produção, assim como qualidades macroscópicas e microscópicas da lã, em rebanhos no município de Ite, região Tacna, litoral sul do Peru. Em 2012, foram entrevistados oito pastores dos Humedales e 24 agricultores das chácaras, usando um questionário. Também foram amostradas mechas de lã em 20 ovelhas crioulas dos Humedales, 20 crioulas das chácaras e seis mestiças Hampshire Down. Os resultados evidenciaram dois tipos de ovinocultura familiar, segundo ambiente e tipo de criador, ambos os casos dedicados ao corte com ovinos crioulos e mestiços. Verificou-se pouca assistência técnica e atenção governamental, manejo empírico e rebanhos presentando regular a baixa produtividade. A lã dos três grupos mostrou majoritariamente fibras curtas, apropriadas para processamento têxtil industrial, no entanto, as crioulas dos Humedales apresentaram fibras mais longas, com tendência para uso artesanal. As fibras das ovelhas crioulas eram entrefinas e confortáveis. Em Ite, a ovinocultura é comercial ou de subsistência, mas os produtores conseguem manter-se no mercado, porque a carne ovina é apreciada na região e a criação praticada desde épocas coloniais. Os ovinos crioulos mostraram certas vantagens produtivas, em relação aos mestiços, embora sofram cruzamentos absorventes, que podem causar risco de extinção nesta localidade. Recomenda-se continuar os estudos dos ovinos crioulos de Ite, para conservar e explorar suas qualidades zootécnicas desconhecidas, visando uma ovinocultura sustentável no sul do Peru.

In Schafzuchtbetrieben wurden die Einflussfaktoren auf das Wachstum von Schaflämmern verschiedener Rassen für Feldleistungsprüfungen bewertet. Im Ergebnis konnten der optimale Zeitpunkt der Erfassung der Wachstumsdaten, Art und Umfang der Leistungsermittlung und deren Einordnung in das Prüfsystem des Zuchtprogramms abgeleitet werden. In acht Zuchtbetrieben wurden von 4.000 Lämmern verschiedener Rassen Geburtsgewichte sowie 60-Tage- und 100-Tage-Gewichte erhoben. Das Geburtsgewicht beeinflusst im entscheidenden Maße das Wachstum bis zum 100. Lebenstag. Es wird am stärksten vom Geburtstyp beeinflusst, dann erst von Rasse und Geschlecht. Bei den erfassten Lämmern sind über alle Rassen die Lebendmassezunahmen mit 304 g/Tier und Tag bis zum 60. Lebenstag bzw. 302 g/Tier und Tag bis zum 100. Lebenstag (bei Berücksichtigung des Geburtsgewichtes) nahezu gleich. Mit den Untersuchungsergebnissen können die bisher verwendeten standardisierten Geburtsgewichte aktualisiert werden. Es wird empfohlen, dass bei der Festlegung von Standard-Geburtsgewichten die Faktoren Rasse, Geburtstyp und Geschlecht Berücksichtigung finden sollten. Die Ergebnisse liefern allen mit der Schafzucht befassten Personen, Unternehmen und Verbänden wichtige Erkenntnisse für die künftige Gestaltung des Prüfsystems.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The following study is to determine if a creep feed balanced for limiting essential amino acids (EAA) at a certain non structural carbohydrate (NSC) level will elicit greater responses than lambs reared on a commercial creep feed. Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine and Leucine were determined as the limiting amino acids for nursing lambs. These amino acids were incorporated into the creep feed treatments CF1 and CF2 representing 157 g CP/kg, 477 g NSC/kg and 179 g CP/kg, 508 g NSC/kg, respectively. A commercial creep feed with no optimisation for EAA is represented as CFC with 139 g CP/kg and 455 g NSC/kg. A negative control (CON) treatment represents lambs receiving no creep feed but with ad libitum access to suckle their dams while feeding on kikuyu pasture. A growth trial was conducted on Merino x Döhne-Merino cross twin lambs averaging a birth weight of 4.42 kg ± 0.11 for 60 days following with a digestibility trial towards the end of the trial. Half of the lamb crop was slaughtered at an average live weight of 23.6 kg ± 0.56. The M. longissimus dorsi was removed on both the left and right half of the carcass between the 2nd - 3rd last thoracic vertebrae and the 4th - 5th lumbar vertebrae. A sample from the rumen wall was taken at the rumino-reticular fold to determine development characteristics. Results indicate that the feed conversion ratio for the CFC lambs were better than CF1 (P = 0.052) but not more than CF2 (P = 0.307). The FCR was 0.88, 1.19 and 1.01 (kilogram feed required to gain 1 kg in bodyweight) for CFC, CF1 and CF2, respectively. Dressing percentage was higher for CF2 than for both CFC (P = 0.012) and CF1 (P = 0.077). Along with BUN data it was concluded that the high CP level of CF2 resulted in the higher fat deposition. The optimised creep feeds had higher nitrogen and energy balances than the commercial CFC, this implicates that the optimised creep feeds were more efficiently utilised. Optimised creep feed treatments had longer papillae than CON (P < 0.0001). Papillae of creep feed 2 was longer than CFC (P = 0.0537). Papillae width decreased as the NSC level increased thus it is surmised that higher NSC levels resulted in longer but thinner papillae. Rumen muscularization was equally developed between all the treatments and was ascribed to the lambs’ access to course roughage. Meat quality in terms of physical and chemical characteristics was found to be in range with that expected for lambs at higher slaughter weights (40 kg). In conclusion, the balancing of the limiting EAA increases the benefits of creep feeding while simultaneously being more efficiently utilised. Intensive sheep production systems may benefit from the feeding of such creep feeds provided it fits economically into their farming system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volgende studie is om te bepaal of 'n kruipvoer wat gebalanseerd is vir beperkende essensiële aminosure (EAA) by 'n vasgestelde nie-strukturele koolhidraat (NSK) vlak verbeterde groei sal ontlok teenoor lammers wat grootgemaak word op 'n kommersiële kruipvoer. Lisien, Treonien, Metionien, Isoleusien, Fenylalanien en Leusien is bepaal as die beperkende aminosure vir suipende lammers. Hierdie aminosure is opgeneem in die geoptimiseerde kruipvoer behandelings CF1 en CF2 wat 157 g RP/kg, 477 g NSK/kg en 179 g RP/kg, 508 g NSK/kg onderskeidelik verteenwoordig. 'n Kommersiële kruipvoer met geen optimalisering vir EAA is verteenwoordig as CFC met 139 g RP/kg en 455 g NSK/kg. 'n Negatiewe kontrole (CON) behandeling is verteenwoordig deur lammers wat geen kruipvoer ontvang het nie, maar wat ad libitum toegang tot hul ooi gehad het om te soog terwyl die ooi op ‘n kikoejoeveld wei. 'n Groei proef is uitgevoer met Merino x Döhne-Merino kruis tweelinglammers met ‘n gemiddelde geboorte gewig van 4,42 ± 0,11 kg vir 60 dae en 'n verteerbaarheids proef is na aan die einde van die studie uitgevoer. Helfte van die lam kudde is geslag by die lewende gewig van 23,6 ± 0, 56 kg. Die M. longissimus dorsi was op beide die linker-en regter helfte van die karkas tussen die 2de - 3de laaste torakale werwels en die 4de - 5de lumbale werwels verwyder. 'n Monster van die rumen wand is geneem langs die rumino retikulêre vou sodat die rumen ontwikkeling eienskappe daarmee bepaal kon word. Resultate dui daarop aan dat die voeromsetverhouding (VOV) vir CFC lammers beter was as vir CF1 (P = 0,052), maar nie meer as vir CF2 (P = 0,307) nie. Die VOV was 0,88 , 1,19 en 1,01 (kilogram voer wat nodig is om 1 kg liggaamsmassa aan te sit) vir CFC, CF1 en CF2 onderskeidelik. Uitslag persentasie vir CF2 was hoër as beide CFC (P = 0,012) en CF1 (P = 0,077). Saam met die bloed, urea en stikstofbalans data is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die hoë RP inhoud van CF2 gelei het tot ‘n hoër vetneerlegging. Die geoptimaliseerde kruipvoere het ‘n hoër stikstof- en energiebalans gehad teenoor die kommersiële CFC behandeling wat dus impliseer dat die optimale kruipvoere doeltreffender benut was. Die geoptimaliseerde kruipvoer behandelings het langer papillae gehad as CON (P < 0,0001). Papillae lengte van die CF2 behandeling is langer as die van CFC (P = 0,0537). Papillae breedte het dunner geraak soos wat die NSK-vlak gestyg het dus word vermoed dat hoër NSK-vlakke langer maar dunner papillae tot gevolg het. Rumen bespiering is ewe ontwikkeld tussen al die behandelings en word toegeskryf aan die lammers se toegang tot growwe ruvoer. Vleis kwaliteit in terme van fisiese- en chemiese eienskappe was inlyn met wat verwag kan word vir lammers by hoër slaggewigte (40 kg). Ten slotte, die balansering van beperkende aminosure verhoog die voordele van kruipvoeding en word terselfdertyd doeltreffender benut. Intensiewe skaap produksie stelsels kan dus voordeel trek uit die voeding van sodanige kruipvoere mits dit ekonomies pas in die boerdery stelsel.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-03-19T13:18:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T17:01:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T17:01:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T17:02:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to determine the epidemiological situation of Bluetongue virus (VLA) infection in sheep herds and to characterize the technological and sanitary aspects in the states of Alagoas (AL), Ceara (CE), Maranhao (MA) , Paraiba (PB), Piaui (PI), Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Sergipe (SE). For this purpose, 226 farms visited and applied a questionnaire where blood of 2.692 apparently healthy sheep collected. In the present study, a mean prevalence in the northeast of 60,62% (137/226) of positive animal properties and 26,52% (714/2.692) of seropositive sheep. A mean VLA seroprevalence of 33,06% (162/490) in sheep and 82,93% (34/41) in the herds, with at least one positive animal observed in the state of CE. In AL, a seroprevalence of 2,55% was observed (7/275) from the animals and 21.74% (5/23) on farms. In the MA State, 64,13% (177/276) of the animals and 100% (23/23) of the herds were positive. Regarding the RN State, of the 33 properties surveyed, 12 (36,36%) had seroreagents and 16 of the animals studied (4,04%) were positive. In PB State, 2,82% (8/284) of the sheep were seroreagent and of the 24 farms analyzed, 2 (8,33%) presented a positive animal. In the PI, 76,98% (291/378) of the animals and all the properties (32/32) were seroreagent. In SE State, 894% (53/593) of the sheep were positive and 58,0% (29/50) in the sampled herds showed positivity. There was a significant association (p <0,05) regarding the sex, age and degree of kinship of the animals. The acquisition of animals for replacement of the herds (p <0,05) (odds ratio = 5,87, 95% CI = 2,06-16,76, p = 0,001) was identified as a risk factor for BTV in the evaluated states. In this study, the technological and sanitary aspects verified that the breeding system most adopted in the Northeast was the extensive (84,07%), with the activity directed mainly to meat (84,07%). It was verified that the animals were handled in sheepfolds on 68,14% of the properties. The predominance of joint rearing with goats and cattle was too observed. It was verified that 81,42% of the properties had some kind of technical assistance and that only 31,86% of the owners invest in their professional qualification of the employees. The most adopted practices on farms were cleaning the facilities (67,70%) and disposal of animals (80,09%). It was observed that 60,18% of the farms apply some type of vaccine. It was also observed that worm was the biggest problem faced in sheep farms (97,80%), and 96,02% of the producers used vermifugation as the control method. Other health problems frequently reported by the interviewees were Myiasis (93,83%), Caseous Lymphadenitis (89,87%), Pododermatitis (87,67%) and Bronchopneumonia (81,94%). The results obtained in this work indicate that the BTV is present in the sheep herds of the states analyzed and that the exploitation of these in the Northeast has low technological level. It was also verified that the control of the diseases of these states is deficient, which explains, in part, the low productivity of the herds / O escopo deste trabalho foi determinar a situação epidemiológica da infecção pelo vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) e caracterizar os aspectos tecnológicos e sanitários nos rebanhos ovinos dos estados de Alagoas (AL), Ceará (CE), Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PB), Piauí (PI), Rio Grande do Norte (RN) e Sergipe (SE). Para tanto, foram visitadas e aplicados questionários em 226 propriedades, onde coletou-se o soro de 2.692 ovinos, aparentemente saudáveis. Observou-se uma prevalência média no nordeste de 60,62% (137/226) de propriedades com animais positivos e 26,52% (714/2692) de ovinos soropositivos. No CE houve uma soroprevalência média do VLA de 33,06% (162/490) nos ovinos, e de 82,93% (34/41) nas propriedades com pelo menos um animal positivo. Em AL, foi verificada uma soroprevalência de 2,55% (7/275) nos animais, e de 21,74% (5/23) nos criatórios. Já no MA, 64,13% (177/276) dos animais e 100% (23/23) dos rebanhos foram positivos. Em relação ao RN, das 33 propriedades pesquisadas, 12 (36,36%) tiveram sororreagentes e dos 396 animais estudados, 16 (4,04%) foram positivos. Na PB, 2,82% (8/284) dos ovinos foram sororreagentes e dos 24 rebanhos analisados, 2 (8,33%) apresentaram animal positivo. No PI, 76,98% (291/378) dos animais e todas as propriedades (32/32) foram sororeagentes. Em SE, 8,94% (53/593) dos ovinos foram positivos e nos rebanhos amostrados, 58% (29/50) apresentaram positividade. Houve associação significativa (p<0,05) quanto ao sexo, idade e grau de sangue dos animais. A aquisição (compra) de animais para reposição do plantel (p<0,05) (odds ratio = 5,87; IC 95% = 2,06-16,76; p=0,001) foi identificada como fator de risco para Língua Azul nos estados avaliados. No estudo dos aspectos tecnológicos e sanitários verificou-se que o sistema de criação mais adotado no Nordeste foi o extensivo (84,07%), com a atividade voltada majoritariamente para corte (84,07%), sendo verificado que os animais eram manejados em apriscos em 68,14% das propriedades. Foi observada a predominância de criação conjunta com caprinos e com bovinos. Verificou-se que 81,42% das propriedades possuíam algum tipo de assistência técnica e que apenas 31,86% dos proprietários investiam na qualificação profissional de seus funcionários. As práticas mais adotadas nas fazendas foram a limpeza das instalações (67,70%) e o descarte de animais (80,09%). Quanto à vacinação dos rebanhos, foi observado que 60,18% dos criatórios aplica algum tipo de vacina. Observou-se, também, que a verminose foi o maior problema enfrentado nos criatórios de ovinos (97,80%), sendo que 96,02% dos produtores utilizam como método de controle a vermifugação. Outros problemas sanitários frequentemente relatados pelos entrevistados foram a Miíase (93,83%), Linfadenite Caseosa (89,87%), Pododermatite (87,67%) e Broncopneumonia (81,94%). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o VLA encontra-se presente nos ovinos dos estados analisados e que a exploração destes no Nordeste possui baixo nível tecnológico. Verificou-se, também, que o controle das enfermidades destes estados é deficiente, o que explica, em parte, a baixa produtividade dos rebanhos / 2018-03-19

The goal of this Diploma thesis was an analysis of the chosen factors and their influence on sheep fertility in the herd of sumava sheep. This factors were presented through the age of sheep, sheep nutrition and stress influence on the sheep fertility. For this purpose it was chosen the sumava sheep farming in herd Michlova Hut. At first this herd was introduced, than statistically described in terms of sheep fertility and in the next part there was analysis of the chosen factors. Based on these results the conclusions and the basic breeder recommendation to breeder community were deduced. The main reason for choice this topic was a growing breeder´s interest in breeder´s economy and various possibilities of the increasing sheep fertility.