L’ambition de cette thèse est de proposer la mise en place d’un nouveaurèglement européen dont l’objectif est de donner aux juges des Etats membres lesmoyens pour protéger leur compétence juridictionnelle contre les revendications decompétence des juges des Etats tiers lorsque l’intérêt étatique le justifie. Il s’agit deleur octroyer des pouvoirs supplémentaires lorsqu’ils n’agissent pas dans le cadre del’espace judiciaire européen.Dans ses relations avec les Etats tiers, le juge européen devrait ainsi pouvoirprononcer des injonctions anti-suit pour protéger sa compétence, au soutien desclauses juridictionnelles mais aussi toutes les fois où les liens qu’il entretient avec lelitige sont d’une particulière densité, traduisant d’un intérêt public à trancher le litige.L’espace judiciaire européen devrait également concevoir un système de circulationunifiée des décisions émanant des juridictions des Etats tiers afin de faire coïnciderespace judiciaire commun et espace économique commun au stade de l’exécutiondes décisions. L’objectif ici est d’accroître l’influence économique des juridictionsde l’Union européenne. / This thesis proposes a new European regulation providing judges from theEuropean union with tools to protect their international jurisdiction – when publicinterests is involved – against attempts from Parties to avoid the European forum. Theaim of this proposal is to give European judges more prerogatives when they are notacting under the frame of the European Judicial area.When there is a conflict of jurisdictions with a non-European state, the European judgeshould be allowed to issue an anti-suit injunction when a strong link between the forumand the dispute exists (which induces the State’s interest to have the dispute ruled by itsjurisdictions). This should also be allowed so as to support jurisdiction clauses.Finally, the European union should provide a unique system regarding the recognitionand enforcement of decisions issued by non-European jurisdictions. The aim of thissystem would be to increase the economical influence of European jurisdictions.

Online shopping is rapidly expanding across the globe including developing markets. The consumer is under the perception of different types of risks associated with online shopping which may damage him. For that matter, researchers have continuously made efforts to investigate different types of perceived risks to establish and correct for consumer and societal benefits. After review of the research articles, some gaps were observed; 1) previous studies treat buyers and non-buyers in the same way as a single unit and there is no comparison among them, 2) most of the studies are quantitative thus focusing on the measurement of the responses yet there is a lack of qualitative work which may express how these people are affected, 3) there is a lack of documentation of personal bad experiences of online buyers (non-buyers), 4) customer service and complaint handling are not exposed to existential confirmation and research in academic studies, and 5) most of the studies reviewed for this research are based on a ‘special segment’ of students aged 18-34, contributing from 65% to 93% of responses which give biased results. To do the research the theory of Perceived Risks was used as a frame of reference to develop an analysis model with Consumer Behavior Theory in the context for online shopping.This study took on these areas and a Quasi-qualitative approach was used including Quasi-statistics by making a purposeful sample based on convenience and snow-ball techniques to fulfill the purpose of the study. A total of 11 one-on-one interviews were made to conclude seeing saturation level. Study shows that i) buyers and non-buyers are two different units of the population with different but comparable attitudes ii) despite perception of risks, buyers continue to keep shopping online, iii) non-buyers have either a bad subjective experience or have technological problem and they are aged more than 30, iv) the bad experiences of buyers and (currently) non-buyers tell about card hacking, bad product, non-delivery, and theft, v) customer service and complaint handling both, are areas which have poor quality and bad coordination, and vi) a new construct of perceived risks, ‘dream-damage’ is found in the context of online shopping.

As the pandemic of COVID-19 is still affecting peoples’ lives in various ways, it is not surprising that it affects consumer behaviour as well. This paper focuses on the changes in consumer behaviour, more specifically on the changes in consumer shopping channel preferences due to the pandemic. Furthermore, it was of interest whether these changes are likely to be long-term, and influence consumer shopping behaviour in the corona-free future. To answer the research question: “How did the pandemic affect consumers’ preferred shopping channels, and are those changes long-term?” a qualitative study was conducted. The study consisted of ten interviews, five of which were with consumers who spent most of the pandemic in Sweden, and five with respondents who spent most of the pandemic in Slovakia. This way, the study compares the responses and thus changes in consumer shopping behaviour and channel preferences of consumers who have experienced different levels of restrictions and recommendations as a response to the pandemic. Indeed, Slovakia’s response to the corona pandemic was much more severe and included much more, longer-lasting, restrictions affecting/restricting consumer shopping.   The study showed that despite the countries adopting very different responses to the pandemic, the consumers changed their shopping behaviour in a rather similar way. Most of the respondents stated that they started shopping less due to the pandemic and that they shopped more online. The main reasons for these developments were (1) reduced need for new clothing during the corona pandemic, (2) stores being closed, and/or (3) consumers trying to reduce their contact with others and keep their distance. However, when asked whether these changes in their behaviour are going to persist into the far future, the responses differed. A portion of respondents stated they will continue to shop online more than prior to the pandemic, while still shopping in traditional, offline, stores as well. Some other respondents, however, stated that they will return to in-store shopping as soon as possible. From these findings, it is clear that shopping for clothes via offline channels will still be important and preferred by many, despite the rise of technologies and online shopping possibilities.   The study contributes to the literature on the corona pandemic and its effects on consumer behaviour, the field of consumer behaviour in general, consumer shopping channel preferences, channel switching intentions, omnichannel literature, and the online shopping literature.

This study segments grocery shoppers seeking to maximize shopping value and minimize the investment of time, money, and effort. The literature lacks investigations of grocery shoppers based on shopping activities; therefore, this study aims to fill the gap. Data were obtained from 751 respondents who recently made a smart grocery shopping purchase. The cluster analysis to segment grocery shoppers yielded three types: spontaneous smart shoppers, apathetic smart shoppers, and involved smart shoppers. The segments differ across generational cohorts, consumer characteristics, postpurchase evaluations, and shopping values. Conclusions can assist marketers in tailoring their strategies for each segment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to gain a better conceptualization and measurement of smart shopping. The specific objectives are to: investigate consumers' perceptions of the term smart shopping; develop a measure of smart shopping; and validate the measure of smart shopping. Design/methodology/approach: The research includes a comprehensive literature review, focus group interviews, and in-depth interviews for initial item generation and instrument development. Scale development consists of a pilot test (n=100), a pretest (n=237), and main study (n=1,474). Findings: The findings indicate that smart shopping includes consumers seeking to minimize the expenditure of time, money, or energy to gain hedonic or utilitarian value from the experience. Research limitations/implications: In-store shopping was examined based on shopping for clothing, grocery, or electronics; therefore caution must be used when applying the smart shopping scale to other shopping contexts or product categories. Practical implications: Gaining a better understanding of the smart shopper will enable retailers to more accurately target this consumer group. Focus could be placed on saving time or saving energy in addition to the traditional emphasis on saving money. Retailers could also provide a combination of utilitarian and hedonic experiences for consumers. Originality/value: This study conceptualizes and tests the term smart shopping from a broader perspective than previous studies that primarily focused on monetary savings in the grocery shopping context. Smart shopping includes the desire for efficient shopping but emphases on the components of an efficient trip may differ from traditional theories.

As the retail apocalypse is increasing, it is common to face stores without consumers in citycenters. E-commerce is one of the factors that has had a negative impact on physical stores,both in city centers and in shopping malls. It has been easier for shopping malls than forcity centers to fight the increased competition.The purpose of this thesis was to explore who the typical shopping mall consumer was andif this consumer felt excluded from city centers. Four concepts were investigated; consumerstereotype, place image, shopping experience and place attractiveness. A qualitative,method and an exploratory approach were applied, and the data was collected through anonline focus group and interviews.The findings showed that the perceived typical shopping mall consumer had seven traits;social, fun, curious, open, flexible, time thrifty, calm and patient, and four characteristics;young, families with children, females and formal styles/ fashion oriented. Furthermore,this consumer felt excluded as a shopper because of the limited supply and divided citycenter.The implication of this study was to understand who the typical shopping mall consumeris and, if and why he/she felt excluded. Hence, this can provide retailers in city centers withunderstanding of what factors affect the perceived typical shopping mall consumer’s choiceand thus will enable them to make their stores more welcoming also to the typical shoppingmall customer.The original value of this study is an understanding of the perceived typical shopping mallconsumer and if this consumer feels excluded from city centers, which has previously notbeen explored.

The aim of the study is to see if a digital tool can combine the benefits of shopping online, with the perks of purchasing groceries in a physical store. Previous research in the area has found that grocery shopping online isn’t growing at the same pace as normal retail shopping online. The previous studies have narrowed this down to mainly being because consumers want the touch, feel and inspect groceries with an expiry date. Previous research has also found that consumers don’t want to wait for the delivery of groceries, and that some consumers consider the process of walking around in a grocery store relaxing and enjoyable. There’s also been previous research made around the concept of cross-shopping, something this study made use of, as well as consumers' different transportation methods in conjunction with shopping.The study first conducted a survey, which gathered input from 140 consumers, from different demographics. The survey was aimed to be used as a foundation for the app that was developed. The initial survey was also inline with both the hypothesis of the researchers, as well as previous work in the area. The app was then pushed out as an alpha release to 16 testers, who gave their input on what was working well, what wasn’t working, and which features they could see giving a better experience. Already here, the result was positive, showing several good effects of the app, with a vast majority of users both finding it useful and money saving. Based on the input gathered from the alpha testing, the app was further developed and pushed out in a beta release to three testers of different age groups, with whom more in-depth interviews were conducted. The main purpose of the interviews was to get an overview of how different generations used the application and if it changed their behavior somehow while testing it. 75% of the Alpha testers responded that they managed to save money while testing the app and 95% felt that it had in some form helped them plan their grocery shopping. The beta interviews showed a shift in store loyalty and a change for the better in their shopping behaviour. Features such as collaborative shopping lists were shown to be very useful during the COVID-19 pandemic as it helped families carrying out the shopping for their elders. Participants also stated that the app helped them become more conscious about both cost and the environmental effects their shopping can have.The data gathered from the surveys and interviews indicate that a majority of consumers are more interested in features that involve planning and price comparing and not so much the buying or ordering of products itself. A digital tool developed for grocery shopping should focus on being a part of a consumers shopping journey and not replace it. Key features that this study has deemed to be essential are primarily the ability to create and share shopping lists containing real time information from handpicked stores and displayal of promotions and price comparison in a highlighted manner.

The environmental issues in the world are critical and sustainability becomes more important. There is a certain lack in the textile industry, where the production of clothes is responsible for water pollution, landfill waste and greenhouse gas emission. A more sustainable way of consumption is required, and one way is to shop for pre-owned and pre-used clothes. The demand for second-hand goods rapidly increases and the market is expected to continue to grow the next coming years. Internet has opened up for a new marketplace and the number of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) platforms increases and become more and more popular to buy and sell second-hand through. Generation Z are the young consumers that were born with technology, and this has led to a change in young people’s behavior, and attitudes and lifestyle which need to be perceived differently from previous generations. However, there is still a lack of research regarding Gen Z as consumers and no previous research has focused on their behavior when it comes to Online Second-hand Shopping Clothes (OSSC) using digital P2P platforms. Hence, this led us to our research question “What are the motives for Generation Z to shop second-hand clothes on digital P2P platforms?”. The aim is to give important insights to managers who are developing marketing strategies in the environment of OSSC, through exploring motivations and dimensions that could impact the behavior of this amongst Gen Z. We also want to give insights of OSSC through not only incorporating theories on shopping motivations, but also include Impulsive Buying Tendency and Perceived Risk. Based on theories of motivations towards Second-Hand shopping such as economical, ideological, fashionability, convenience, ethical and theories of Impulse Buying Tendency and Perceived Risk we constructed a conceptual framework with several hypotheses. To answer our research question and achieve our research purpose we conducted a deductive quantitative study where we through a web survey targeted people born in Gen Z who had experience of OSSC. The findings revealed that as a motive in our baseline regression analysis, ideological and convenience was significant. In our analysis on bivariate correlation, convenience and ethical motives was significant. In the multiple regression with multiple-items measures, convenience was the only significant motivation. Perceived Risk was only significant in our alternative model where it would affect the consumers perception of monetary spending on OSSC. We found no support that fashionability and impulse buying traits are motives for OSSC. Economical motives were not found to be significant as a motivation, but it can be considered a hygiene factor for OSSC. In conclusion, the findings reveal that all motives are important in different aspects, but convenience and ethical motives are strongly supported to be important drivers towards OSSC amongst Gen Z.

As the world is speeding towards the future that is perceived as desirable, this project looks into trends of shaping the future of consumerism. With the growth of capitalism, particularly after First Industrial Revolution,

This thesis is a historical examination of the shopping space Gallerian in Stockholm, which opened in October of 1976. The text analyzes how Gallerian’s affective environment was staged. I show how the developers sought to use Gallerian to shape the space of the inner city to increasingly provide for movements through which spontaneous consumption arose as a natural affective response. By analyzing this ambition, I point to the relevance of studying this specific form of consumption space, an indoor street, as a space that differs from a department store or a shopping center outside of the city. The indoor street was motivated by historical actors precisely because it offered possibilities of affect-governance that a department store or a shopping center outside of the city could not. Furthermore, the text examines the affective culture created in the interior space of Gallerian. I show how escalators, vegetation embellishments and air- and temperature regulation became relevant in Gallerian’s ambition to create a certain affective pull into its space. This affective pull is similar to what Walter Benjamin examined in 19th Century Paris, but, as shown in the thesis, the affective pull of Gallerian was aiming to capture a broader crowd of flaneurs. Gallerian was marketed as an enabler of an inclusive and democratic flaneurship. Gallerian also worked on dissociating itself from consumption, by incorporating symbols and places into the shopping space which read as non-commercial, and by framing the space as a non-commercial experience in public discourse. I argue that Gallerian’s affective environment provided for a consumer subjectivity that was potential, by staging an indoor street that naturalized shopping as part of the walk-about through the city as well as providing an interior environment with a certain affective pull. Lastly, I analyze how Gallerian achieved symbolic meaning as a place in the city. It became a “thing- world”, in Adorno’s and Benjamin’s sense, in that it was filled with desire for commodities, but also through a voyeuristic experience of other people as a conjurer of fantasies. I also argue that Gallerian, as a lived place-based experience, became a place where historical consciousness could be conjured and a longing for a city of the past could be enacted in the space.