This master thesis is intended as a contribution to the understanding of the influence urban form has on urban life and by extension social structures in society, by focusing on gender relations and their reflections on the use of public space. In addition, the aim of the study is to do so in relation to a comparison between two different types of urban environments; one slum area that can be regarded as formally unplanned with an irregular gradually grown street network and one slum area of more deliberately planned character with a more regular street grid. With the use of quantitative methods, such as space syntax, structured observations and correlations studies, differences in co-presence between women and men, in the form of staying in public space, and between the areas are discovered. With the addition of qualitative methods, such as interviews and unstructured observations, as well as a review of the context in which the study is set and a theoretical discourse the reasons behind the differences is discussed. It is suggested that the blurred distinctions between private and public space often found in slum areas and the division of responsibilities and activities between women and men in the given context results in a certain degree of gender segregation in public space. Women are often restricted to the space in proximity of their homes, why it becomes an extension of their homes as well as a space for interaction which creates semi-public spaces. As men more often socialise further away from home in spaces of more public function, this creates a certain degree of segregation between women and men in public space. The most significant physical difference between the study areas proved to be the hierarchal properties of the street network. The clearer hierarchy in the unplanned area implicates that the spaces where women stays generally is of a lower degree of public function. The regular street grid of the planned area resulted in a more even distribution of public function, why men more often also stays in the semi-public spaces in residential alleys. In this way the built environment in the unplanned area reflects and reproduces gender relations in the use of public space. An implication is that since the correspondence between social structures in society and the use of public space is something that can assumed be effected by design, the urban designer has continuously in the context of development of slum areas in the developing world, and in general, an important role to play.

No description available.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem como finalidade analisar as experiências de mobilizações dos moradores da Favela da Rocinha, a partir do movimento associativo no período da ditadura militar até o final da década de 70. A pesquisa realizada foi de cunho qualitativo e o percurso metodológico adotado voltou-se para a análise bibliográfica, documental e oral, o que possibilitou ampliar o conhecimento sobre as experiências vividas pelos moradores da Rocinha durante o período em estudo, formas de resistência social que tinham como principal estratégia as mobilizações organizadas pelos moradores, por meio das associações de moradores, com vistas às reivindicações por acesso aos direitos em torno de melhores condições de moradia, bem como a luta contra as eminentes ameaças de remoções e outras formas de repressão características da relação Estado-favela nesse período. Baseado nos estudos da história oral, durante a pesquisa de campo foi possível a aproximação com os sujeitos da pesquisa, a partir da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, o que possibilitou o resgate de novos elementos da memória social de moradores que tiveram participação direta no movimento associativo e em outros espaços onde as mobilizações foram sendo organizadas no interior da favela, em resposta ao forte controle social exercido pelo Estado, sob a ótica dos militares. Um conjunto de instrumentos foram utilizados para o levantamento de dados da pesquisa, tendo como principais fontes o Sistema de Informações do Arquivo Nacional, o acervo do Museu Sankofa de História e Memória da Rocinha e a consulta de Jornais da época. Os dados documentais e orais permitiram uma melhor compreensão acerca das lutas faveladas, da dinâmica de controle adotada pelos militares nas diferentes esferas estatais e de suas ações como respostas ao dito problema das favelas no espaço urbano da Cidade, identificadas pela execução dos programas de remoções em grande escala direcionados a esses espaços. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para a preservação das memórias faveladas da Rocinha, da dinâmica de organização das estratégias de mobilizações e das lutas coletivas enquanto componente histórico. A pesquisa revela formas de resistência social e as reinvindicações de direitos historicamente negados aos favelados, pois o movimento de voltar ao passado nos permite uma melhor compreensão do presente e da possibilidade de construção de uma agenda política que nos ajuda a pensar a favela que queremos no futuro, onde a prioridade é o direito por meio de políticas públicas efetivas, nas quais sejam garantidos espaços de participação popular e de escuta dos saberes e conhecimentos produzidos pela favela. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the experiences of mobilizations of the residents of Favela da Rocinha, from the associative movement in the period of the Military Dictatorship until the end of the 70s. for bibliographical, documentary and oral analysis, which made it possible to increase knowledge about the experiences lived by Rocinha residents during the study period, forms of social resistance whose main strategy was the mobilizations organized by the residents, through the residents associations. , with a view to the demands for access to rights around better housing conditions, as well as the fight against the imminent threats of removals and other forms of repression characteristic of the State-slum relationship in this period. Based on studies of oral history, during the field research, it was possible to approach the research subjects, through semi-structured interviews, which enabled the rescue of new elements of the collective memory of residents who had direct and/or indirect in the associative movement and in other spaces where favela mobilizations were being organized inside the favela, in response to the strong control exercised by the State, from the perspective of the military. A set of instruments were used to collect research data, having as main sources the Information System of the National Archives, the collection of the Sankofa Museum of History and Memory of Rocinha and the consultation of newspapers of the time. Documentary and oral data allowed a better understanding of favela struggles, the control dynamics adopted by the military in different state spheres and their actions as responses to the so-called problem of favelas in the urban space of the City, identified by the execution of programs for large-scale removals directed to these spaces. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the preservation of Rocinha s favela memories, the organizational dynamics of mobilization strategies and collective struggles as a historical component. The research reveals forms of social resistance and the claims of rights historically denied to favelados, as the movement to go back to the past allows us a better understanding of the present and the possibility of building a political agenda that helps us think about the favela we want in the future, where the priority is the right through effective public policies, where spaces for popular participation and listening to the knowledge and knowledge produced by the favela are guaranteed.

[pt] Esse estudo analisa as mudanças sociourbanas no contexto da favela do Vidigal sobre o foco da gentrificação, uma vez que essa localidade se tornou o principal exemplo do fenômeno, no cenário carioca, desde a década de 2010. Para isso, o plano de estudo buscou resgatar os eventos antecedentes à gentrificação para uma melhor compreensão e análise da localidade estudada. Desse modo, o levantamento histórico do contexto urbano inglês, com foco na Londres do século XVII e XIX mostra como foi ocorreu a constituição da urbe industrial e da classe trabalhadora, bem como se deu a promoção de habitações para essa classe. Em seguida apresentação de quem foi Ruth Glass e de suas obras revela a forma de atuação da autora e seu posicionamento frente às mudanças urbanas que vivenciava, o que mostra o que ela quis mostrar com a criação do neologismo. O detalhamento dado às principais categorias de análise utilizadas nas argumentações teóricas sobre a gentrificação promove um esclarecimento ampliado e proporciona uma autonomia reflexiva para qualquer leitor. No segundo capítulo, o destaque dado às diferentes formas de remoção habitacional, direcionadas para as populações de baixa renda, as quais sempre ocorrem para favorecer a apropriação fundiária pelas classes com maior poder econômico, busca integrar a gentrificação como uma nova forma de remoção, ainda que apresentada a partir da mudança populacional que definitivamente não inclui a anterior, e por isso, se enquadra como remoção e não transformação. entendo-a como uma forma de remoção de populações pobres do meio urbano valorizado. São explanadas concepções sobre remoção branca, remoção por cor e raça, e filtragem habitacional. E, no terceiro capítulo, o resgate da história do Vidigal traz seu diferencial no meio urbano carioca e mostra como as transformações espaciais ocorridas desde a década passada servem de base para discursos gentrificadores. E, os surveys realizados enfatizam a compreensão plural sobre o fenômeno. / [en] This study analyzes the socio-urban changes in the context of the Vidigal favela under the focus of gentrification, since this location has become the main example of the phenomenon, in the Rio de Janeiro scenario, since the 2010s. For this, the study plan sought to rescue the events prior to gentrification for a better understanding and analysis of the studied location. Thus, the historical survey of the English urban context, focusing on London in the 17th and 19th centuries, shows how the constitution of the industrial city and the working class took place, as well as the promotion of housing for this class. Afterwards, the presentation of who Ruth Glass was and of her works reveals the author s way of acting and her position in the face of the urban changes she was experiencing, which shows what she wanted to show with the creation of the neologism. The details given to the main categories of analysis used in the theoretical arguments about gentrification promote a broader clarification and provide a reflective autonomy for any reader. In the second chapter, the emphasis given to different forms of housing removal, aimed at low-income populations, which always occur to favor land appropriation by classes with greater economic power, seeks to integrate gentrification as a new form of removal, still that presented from the population change that definitely does not include the previous one, and therefore, fits as removal and not transformation. I understand it as a way of removing poor populations from the valued urban environment. Conceptions about white removal, removal by color and race, and housing filtration are explained. And, in the third chapter, the rescue of Vidigal s history brings its differential in the Rio de Janeiro urban environment and shows how the spatial transformations that have taken place over the past decade serve as a basis for gentrifying discourses. And, the surveys carried out emphasize the plural understanding of the phenomenon.

Abstract  Peter Gröning: Det svenska Slum- och räddningsverket: En kunskapshistorisk undersökning av Frälsningsarméns sociala hjälparbete 1890–1914. Uppsala universitet: Inst. för idé- och lärdomshistoria, C-uppsats, vårtermin, 2023.  Undersökningen belyser den svenska Frälsningsarméns tidiga historia ur ett idé- och kunskapshistoriskt perspektiv. Med huvudfokus på det sociala hjälparbete som organisationen under senare delen av 1800-talet, enligt brittisk manér, initierar och bedriver under namnet Slum- och räddningsverket, granskar studien hur idéer och praktiker för hjälparbete från den brittiska Frälsningsarmén överförs till en svensk kontext.  Stor tonvikt läggs på de praktiska delarna av verksamheten och hur dessa utvecklas över tid. Likaså syftar studien till att utröna vilka motiv som ligger till grund för verksamheten, i synnerhet de religiösa inslagens relativa betydelse — balansen mellan religiositet och filantropi — och hur dessa inslag påverkar och formar verksamheten.  Studien genomförs med en närläsning av primära och sekundära källor, som självbiografier och Frälsningsarméns egna organ Stridsropet och Ljus i mörker, och bidrar därmed till en fördjupad förståelse för utvecklingen av Slum- och räddningsverket inom den svenska Frälsningsarmén, liksom för överföringen och anpassningen av hjälparbetets idéer och praktiker den svenska kontexten.

BACKGROUND: The World Bank report warns that the poor living in informal settlements and slum conditions are the most likely to be killed or harmed by extreme weather. They are morevulnerable to disasters often due to clogged drains, land subsidence, heat waves, and increased health risks. Disaster management (DM) in slums is part of a larger development problem in developing countries. However, analytical literature on the exact link and nature of problemsfaced by slum dwellers due to climate change and disasters is scarce. More research is needed to address the gap in literature between increasing urbanisation and the implications for the urban poor in disaster management plans (DMPs). METHODOLOGY: This research was granted approval by the Hamilton Health Sciences ResearchEthics Board on May 28, 2014. In June 2014, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted, including 24 interviews and 9 focus groups with community members (CMs), 12 interviews with key informants from organisations in the civil society (CSOs), and 3 interviews with Government officials (GOs). The interviews and focus groups were transcribed verbatim (to the extent possible) and imported into NVivo 10 (QSR International) for qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Five key points were made by participants in the focus groups and interviews: 1.) Some physical and non-physical infrastructure needs were not considered by GOs and CSOs for slum upgrading, such as the repair of shelter roofs and the creation of self-formed slum groups, 2.) Bottom-up participation and citizen engagement needed to be improved during the design and implementation of DMPs, 3.) Communication was pertinent during all phases of the DM cycle, including multisectorial involvement from all three stakeholder groups, 4.) Different barrierswere raised, including urbanization and planning, which affected the required participation and communication in DM, and 5.) Even substantial levels of water in the home at 3-4 inches high were described as waterlogging rather than flooding, suggesting that disasters were being normalised. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: By describing different measures and approaches that are used for and by the urban poor, new DM strategies are suggested (such as scaling up and including new components in Slum Upgrading Programs). Several recommendations were made to improve DM planning, including the need to overcome several barriers and the potential of formulating contextual DMPs (such as an Earthquake Action Plan). A novel finding was the apparent normalisation of disasters. This raises important questions about how disasters are framed in Ahmedabad and the policy solutions that result from it. Climate change was seldom noted, even though it is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of future disasters. These findings can be considered for policy makers in megacities around the world and in the post-2015 Millennium Development Goals and Hyogo Framework of Action. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Die städtische Umwelt ist in steter Veränderung, vor allem durch den Bau, aber auch durch die Zerstörung von städtischen Elementen. Die formelle Entwicklung ist ein Prozess mit langen Planungszeiträumen und die bebaute Landschaft wirkt daher statisch. Dagegen unterliegen informelle oder spontane Siedlungen aufgrund ihrer stets unvollendeten städtischen Form einer hohen Dynamik – so wird in der Literatur berichtet. Allerdings sind Dynamik und die morphologischen Merkmale der physischen Transformation in solchen Siedlungen, die städtische Armut morphologisch repräsentieren, auf globaler Ebene bisher kaum mit einer konsistenten Datengrundlage empirisch untersucht worden. Hier setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an. Unter der Annahme, dass die erforschte zeitliche Dynamik in Europa geringer ausfällt, stellt sich die generelle Frage nach einer katalogisierten Erfassung physischer Wohnformen von Armut speziell in Europa. Denn Wohnformen der Armut werden oft ausschließlich mit dem ‚Globalen Süden‘ assoziiert, insbesondere durch die Darstellung von Slums. Tatsächlich ist Europa sogar die Wiege der Begriffe ‚Slum‘ und ‚Ghetto‘, die vor Jahrhunderten zur Beschreibung von Missständen und Unterdrückung auftauchten. Bis heute weist dieser facettenreiche Kontinent eine enorme Vielfalt an physischen Wohnformen der Armut auf, die ihre Wurzeln in unterschiedlichen Politiken, Kulturen, Geschichten und Lebensstilen haben. Um über diese genannten Aspekte Aufschluss zu erlangen, bedarf es u.a. der Bildanalyse durch Satellitenbilder. Diese Arbeit wird daher mittels Fernerkundung bzw. Erdbeobachtung (EO) sowie zusätzlicher Literaturrecherchen und einer empirischen Erhebung erstellt. Um Unsicherheiten konzeptionell und in der Erfassung offenzulegen, ist die Methode der manuellen Bildinterpretation von Armutsgebieten kritisch zu hinterfragen. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine bessere Wissensbasis über Armut zu schaffen, um Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Armut entwickeln zu können. Die Arbeit dient dabei als eine Antwort auf die Nachhaltigkeitsziele der Vereinten Nationen. Es wird Grundlagenforschung betrieben, indem Wissenslücken in der Erdbeobachtung zu physisch-baulichen bzw. morphologischen Erscheinungen von Armut auf Gebäude-Ebene explorativ analysiert werden. Die Arbeit wird in drei Forschungsthemen bzw. Studienteile untergliedert: Ziel des ersten Studienteils ist die globale raumzeitliche Erfassung von Dynamiken durch Anknüpfung an bisherige Kategorisierungen von Armutsgebieten. Die bisherige Wissenslücke soll gefüllt werden, indem über einen Zeitraum von etwa sieben Jahren in 16 dokumentierten Manifestationen städtischer Armut anhand von Erdbeobachtungsdaten eine zeitliche Analyse der bebauten Umwelt durchgeführt wird. Neben einer global verteilten Gebietsauswahl wird die visuelle Bildinterpretation (MVII) unter Verwendung von hochauflösenden optischen Satellitendaten genutzt. Dies geschieht in Kombination mit in-situ- und Google Street View-Bildern zur Ableitung von 3D-Stadtmodellen. Es werden physische Raumstrukturen anhand von sechs räumlichen morphologischen Variablen gemessen: Anzahl, Größe, Höhe, Ausrichtung und Dichte der Gebäude sowie Heterogenität der Bebauung. Diese ‚temporale Analyse‘ zeigt zunächst sowohl inter- als auch intra-urbane Unterschiede. Es lassen sich unterschiedliche, aber generell hohe morphologische Dynamiken zwischen den Untersuchungsgebieten finden. Dies drückt sich in vielfältiger Weise aus: von abgerissenen und rekonstruierten Gebieten bis hin zu solchen, wo Veränderungen innerhalb der gegebenen Strukturen auftreten. Geographisch gesehen resultiert in der Stichprobe eine fortgeschrittene Dynamik, insbesondere in Gebieten des Globalen Südens. Gleichzeitig lässt sich eine hohe räumliche Variabilität der morphologischen Transformationen innerhalb der untersuchten Gebiete beobachten. Trotz dieser teilweise hohen morphologischen Dynamik sind die räumlichen Muster von Gebäudefluchten, Straßen und Freiflächen überwiegend konstant. Diese ersten Ergebnisse deuten auf einen geringen Wandel in Europa hin, weshalb diese europäischen Armutsgebiete im folgenden Studienteil von Grund auf erhoben und kategorisiert werden. Ziel des zweiten Studienteils ist die Erschaffung einer neuen Kategorisierung, speziell für das in der Wissenschaft unterrepräsentierte Europa. Die verschiedenen Formen nicht indizierter Wohnungsmorphologien werden erforscht und kategorisiert, um das bisherige globale wissenschaftliche ontologische Portfolio für Europa zu erweitern. Hinsichtlich dieses zweiten Studienteils bietet eine Literaturrecherche mit mehr als 1.000 gesichteten Artikeln die weitere Grundlage für den folgenden Fokus auf Europa. Auf der Recherche basierend werden mittels der manuellen visuellen Bildinterpretation (engl.: MVII) erneut Satellitendaten zur Erfassung der physischen Morphologien von Wohnformen genutzt. Weiterhin kommen selbst definierte geographische Indikatoren zu Lage, Struktur und formellem Status zum Einsatz. Darüber hinaus werden gesellschaftliche Hintergründe, die durch Begriffe wie ‚Ghetto‘, ‚Wohnwagenpark‘, ‚ethnische Enklave‘ oder ‚Flüchtlingslager‘ beschrieben werden, recherchiert und implementiert. Sie sollen als Erklärungsansatz für Armutsviertel in Europa dienen. Die Stichprobe der europäischen, insgesamt aber unbekannten Grundgesamtheit verdeutlicht eine große Vielfalt an physischen Formen: Es wird für Europa eine neue Kategorisierung von sechs Hauptklassen entwickelt, die von ‚einfachsten Wohnstätten‘ (z. B. Zelten) über ‚behelfsmäßige Unterkünfte ‘ (z. B. Baracken, Container) bis hin zu ‚mehrstöckigen Bauten‘ - als allgemeine Taxonomie der Wohnungsnot in Europa - reicht. Die Untersuchung zeigt verschiedene Wohnformen wie z. B. unterirdische oder mobile Typen, verfallene Wohnungen oder große Wohnsiedlungen, die die Armut im Europa des 21. Jahrhunderts widerspiegeln. Über die Wohnungsmorphologie hinaus werden diese Klassen durch die Struktur und ihren rechtlichen Status beschrieben - entweder als geplante oder als organisch-gewachsene bzw. weiterhin als formelle, informelle oder hybride (halblegale) Formen. Geographisch lassen sich diese ärmlichen Wohnformen sowohl in städtischen als auch in ländlichen Gebieten finden, mit einer Konzentration in Südeuropa. Der Hintergrund bei der Mehrheit der Morphologien betrifft Flüchtlinge, ethnische Minderheiten und sozioökonomisch benachteiligte Menschen - die ‚Unterprivilegierten‘. Ziel des dritten Studienteils ist eine kritische Analyse der Methode. Zur Erfassung all dieser Siedlungen werden heutzutage Satellitenbilder aufgrund der Fortschritte bei den Bildklassifizierungsmethoden meist automatisch ausgewertet. Dennoch spielt die MVII noch immer eine wichtige Rolle, z.B. um Trainingsdaten für Machine-Learning-Algorithmen zu generieren oder für Validierungszwecke. In bestimmten städtischen Umgebungen jedoch, z.B. solchen mit höchster Dichte und struktureller Komplexität, fordern spektrale und textur-basierte Verflechtungen von überlappenden Dachstrukturen den menschlichen Interpreten immer noch heraus, wenn es darum geht einzelne Gebäudestrukturen zu erfassen. Die kognitive Wahrnehmung und die Erfahrung aus der realen Welt sind nach wie vor unumgänglich. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt die Arbeit methodisch darauf ab, Unsicherheiten speziell bei der Kartierung zu quantifizieren und zu interpretieren. Kartiert werden Dachflächen als ‚Fußabdrücke‘ solcher Gebiete. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Übereinstimmung zwischen mehreren Bildinterpreten und welche Aspekte der Wahrnehmung und Elemente der Bildinterpretation die Kartierung beeinflussen. Um letztlich die Methode der MVII als drittes Ziel selbstkritisch zu reflektieren, werden Experimente als sogenannte ‚Unsicherheitsanalyse‘ geschaffen. Dabei digitalisieren zehn Testpersonen bzw. Probanden/Interpreten sechs komplexe Gebiete. Hierdurch werden quantitative Informationen über räumliche Variablen von Gebäuden erzielt, um systematisch die Konsistenz und Kongruenz der Ergebnisse zu überprüfen. Ein zusätzlicher Fragebogen liefert subjektive qualitative Informationen über weitere Schwierigkeiten. Da die Grundlage der hierfür bisher genutzten Kategorisierungen auf der subjektiven Bildinterpretation durch den Menschen beruht, müssen etwaige Unsicherheiten und damit Fehleranfälligkeiten offengelegt werden. Die Experimente zu dieser Unsicherheitsanalyse erfolgen quantifiziert und qualifiziert. Es lassen sich generell große Unterschiede zwischen den Kartierungsergebnissen der Probanden, aber eine hohe Konsistenz der Ergebnisse bei ein und demselben Probanden feststellen. Steigende Abweichungen korrelieren mit einer steigenden baustrukturellen (morphologischen) Komplexität. Ein hoher Grad an Individualität bei den Probanden äußert sich in Aspekten wie z.B. Zeitaufwand beim Kartieren, in-situ Vorkenntnissen oder Vorkenntnissen beim Umgang mit Geographischen Informationssystemen (GIS). Nennenswert ist hierbei, dass die jeweilige Datenquelle das Kartierungsverfahren meist beeinflusst. Mit dieser Studie soll also auch an der Stelle der angewandten Methodik eine weitere Wissenslücke gefüllt werden. Die bisherige Forschung komplexer urbaner Areale unter Nutzung der manuellen Bildinterpretation implementiert oftmals keine Unsicherheitsanalyse oder Quantifizierung von Kartierungsfehlern. Fernerkundungsstudien sollten künftig zur Validierung nicht nur zweifelsfrei auf MVII zurückgreifen können, sondern vielmehr sind Daten und Methoden notwendig, um Unsicherheiten auszuschließen. Zusammenfassend trägt diese Arbeit zur bisher wenig erforschten morphologischen Dynamik von Armutsgebieten bei. Es werden inter- wie auch intra-urbane Unterschiede auf globaler Ebene präsentiert. Dabei sind allgemein hohe morphologische Transformationen zwischen den selektierten Gebieten festzustellen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf einen grundlegenden Kenntnismangel in Europa hin, weshalb an dieser Stelle angeknüpft wird. Eine über Europa verteilte Stichprobe erlaubt eine neue morphologische Kategorisierung der großen Vielfalt an gefundenen physischen Formen. Die Menge an Gebieten erschließt sich in einer unbekannten Grundgesamtheit. Zur Datenaufbereitung bisheriger Analysen müssen Satellitenbilder manuell interpretiert werden. Das Verfahren birgt Unsicherheiten. Als kritische Selbstreflexion zeigt eine Reihe von Experimenten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Ergebnissen der Probanden auf, verdeutlicht jedoch bei ein und derselben Person Beständigkeit. / Through construction as well as destruction of urban elements, the morphological manifestation of cities is in constant change. As reported in literature, there is a difference between formal and informal development: Whereas formal planning periods lead to a built landscape that appears static, unfinished informal urban forms reflect high dynamics leading to informal or spontaneous settlements. With respect to data base and scale, these kinds of settlements, which morphologically represent urban poverty, have hardly been subject to empirical studies that analyze their dynamics and morphological characteristics of physical transformation consistently. This is where the present work begins. Assuming that the temporal dynamics explored are less pronounced in Europe, the general question of indexing physical housing forms of poverty arises specifically in Europe. This is because housing forms of poverty are often exclusively associated with the 'Global South', especially through the representation of slums. In fact, Europe is even the cradle of the terms 'slum' and 'ghetto', which emerged centuries ago to describe grievances and oppression. To this day, this multifaceted continent exhibits a tremendous variety of physical housing forms of poverty that have their roots in different histories, cultures, policies and lifestyles. To gain insight into these aforementioned aspects requires, among other things, image analysis through satellite imagery. Therefore, this work is done through remote sensing or Earth Observation (EO) as well as additional literature review and an empirical survey. In order to reveal uncertainties conceptually and in the coverage, the method of manual image interpretation of poverty areas has to be critically questioned. The overall goal of this work is to create a better knowledge base about poverty in order to be able to develop measures to reduce poverty. The work serves as a response to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Basic research is carried out by exploratively analyzing knowledge gaps in Earth observation on physical-structural or morphological manifestations of poverty at the building level. The work is divided into three research themes or study parts: The aim of the first part of the study is to capture global spatiotemporal dynamics by linking to established categorizations of poverty areas. The knowledge gap will be filled by conducting a temporal analysis of the built environment over a period of seven years, in 16 documented manifestations of urban poverty using earth observation data. In addition to a globally distributed area selection, visual image interpretation (MVII) and very high-resolution optical satellite data are used. In order to derive 3D city models, MVII is applied combining in-situ and Google Street View imagery. Six spatial morphological variables are applied: number, size, height, orientation and density of buildings as well as heterogeneity of the built-up pattern. In this way, physical spatial structures are measured. Inter-urban and intra-urban differences are demonstrated in the temporal analysis. Findings show different, yet generally high morphological dynamics across the study areas. The variety comprises demolished and reconstructed areas as well as such, where changes occur within the given structures. Results demonstrate increased dynamics, especially in areas of the Global South. At the intra-urban scale, morphological transformations show a high spatial variability simultaneously. However, in spite of these findings of high dynamics, the spatial patterns are mostly constant, including building alignments, streets and open spaces. These initial results indicate little change in Europe, which is why these European poverty areas are surveyed and categorized from scratch in the following part of the study. The aim of the second part of the study is to create a new categorization, specifically for Europe, which is underrepresented in science. In order to expand the existing global scientific ontological inventory for Europe, different forms of non-indexed residential morphologies are detected and categorized. Regarding this second part of the study, a literature search with more than 1,000 articles reviewed provides the further basis for the following focus on Europe. Based on the research, satellite data are again used by means of manual visual image interpretation (MVII) to obtain the physical morphologies of housing types. Furthermore, self-defined geographical indicators of location, structure and formal status are used. Additionally, social backgrounds described by terms like 'ghetto', 'trailer park', 'ethnic enclave' or 'refugee camp' are researched and implemented. They are intended to serve as an explanatory approach to poverty neighborhoods in Europe. The sample for Europe, however is an overall unknown basic population and illustrates a wide variety of physical forms: A new categorization of six main classes is developed for Europe, ranging from 'simplest dwellings' (e.g., tents) to 'makeshift shelters ' (e.g., shacks, containers) to 'multi-story structures' - as a general taxonomy of housing deprivation in Europe. The study discloses different housing types such as underground or mobile types, dilapidated dwellings or large housing estates that reflect poverty in 21st century Europe. Next to housing morphology, these classes are described by structural settlement patterns and their legal status - either as planned or organic-grown, or further as formal, informal or hybrid (semi-legal) forms. From a geographic point of view, a concentration of these poor housing forms can be found in Southern Europe and all across Europe in urban and rural areas. The societal background of the most morphologies concern the 'underprivileged' who are represented, by refugees, ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged people. The aim of the third part of the study is a critical analysis of the method. To capture all these settlements and due to the advances in image classification methods, satellite images are typically analyzed automatically nowadays. Still, MVII is important, e.g., for the purpose of validation or to generate training data for machine learning algorithms. Thus, cognitive perception and real-world experience are still unavoidable. Nevertheless, such urban environments with highest density and structural complexity challenge the human interpreter, when it comes to detecting individual building structures because spectral and texture-based restrictions of overlapping roof structures encounter building delineation. Considering that, the aim of this work is to quantify and interpret uncertainties methodologically specifically in mapping. Roof areas are mapped as 'footprints' of such areas. One focus is the agreement between multiple image interpreters. The other focus explores influences by interpreter perception and different elements of image interpretation. Finally, to reflect self-critically on the method of MVII as a third goal, experiments are created as a so-called 'uncertainty analysis'. In these experiments, ten test persons respectively interpreters map six complex areas and produce quantitative data of spatial variables of buildings. This data allows to assess the consistency and congruence of the results in a systematical way. Additionally, a questionnaire provides subjective qualitative information about further difficulties. Since the basis of the categorizations used for this purpose so far is based on subjective image interpretation by humans, any uncertainties and thus error-proneness have to be revealed. The experiments for this uncertainty analysis are quantified and qualified. On the one hand results show remarkable differences between the mapping results of the interpreters. On the other hand, the results for one and the same interpreter reveal high consistency. Another finding demonstrates a correlation between increasing deviations among interpreters and increasing structural (morphological) complexity of the selected areas. Considering the qualitative responses, aspects such as time spent for mapping, prior in-situ knowledge, or prior knowledge of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) reveal a high degree of individuality among the interpreters. It is noteworthy that particularly ‘data source’ usually influences the mapping procedure. Thus, this study also aims to fill another knowledge gap at the point of applied methodology. Uncertainty analyses often are neither part of research studies of complex urban areas using MVII, nor quantification of mapping errors. In future, remote sensing studies should not only be able to rely on MVII without doubt for validation, but rather data and methods are needed to rule out uncertainty. In summary, this work contributes to the hitherto little researched morphological dynamics of poverty areas. Inter- as well as intra-urban differences on a global scale are presented. Generally, high morphological transformations between the selected areas can be observed. The results indicate a fundamental lack of knowledge in Europe, which is why this work continues at this point. A sample distributed all across Europe allows a new morphological categorization of the large variety of physical forms found. The number of areas opens up in an unknown basic population. For data preparation of previous analyses, satellite images have to be interpreted manually. The procedure involves uncertainties. As a critical self-reflection, a series of experiments reveal significant differences between interpreters’ results, but illustrates consistency in the same subject.

[pt] A Rocinha se apresenta nos dias de hoje como uma das favelas de maior visibilidade do Rio de Janeiro, tanto pela densa aglomeração de moradias que a constitui quanto por sua localização na valorizada zona sul carioca. Apesar disso, poucos foram os estudiosos que se preocuparam em investigar seu processo histórico de formação. Como resultado, a história daquela comunidade acabou por se afirmar através de explicações exteriores às experiências e concepções dos próprios moradores da localidade. Em sentido contrário, esta tese busca, a partir da interseção entre as preocupações da história urbana e da história social, compreender o processo de ocupação e consolidação do espaço que ficou conhecido como a favela da Rocinha através das experiências, lógicas e estratégias daqueles que efetivamente fizeram do local o seu lugar de moradia. Relacionando-se permanentemente tanto com o poder público quanto com os diferentes interesses e grupos sociais ligados direta ou indiretamente à constituição daquele núcleo de habitações, esses moradores são pensados como sujeitos ativos desse processo. É a partir de sua perspectiva que se persegue aqui uma história que, iniciada nos primeiros anos do século XX, quando a localidade estava ainda distante das características hoje em dia a ela associadas, se encerra no final da década de 1950, quando passou a se afirmar para a Rocinha muitas das imagens que marcam ainda hoje sua definição como favela. / [en] Rocinha is nowadays one of the most visible favelas in Rio de Janeiro, both due to the dense agglomeration of houses that constitute it and its location in the valued southern area of Rio de Janeiro. Few scholars have bothered to investigate this historical process of formation. As a result, the history of that community came to be affirmed through explanations outside the experiences and conceptions of the local residents themselves. Conversely, this thesis seeks, from the intersection between the concerns of urban history and social history, to understand the process of occupation and consolidation of space that became known as the Rocinha favela through the experiences, logic and strategies of those who effectively made the place their residences. Being permanently related both to the public power and to the different interests and social groups linked directly or indirectly to the constitution of that nucleus of dwellings, these residents are thought as active subjects of this process. It is from their perspective that a history is pursued here, which began in the early years of the twentieth century, when the locality was still far from the characteristics associated with it, ends in the late 1950s, when it began to affirm for Rocinha many of the images that still mark its definition as a favela.

[pt] O que (também) se pode esperar de nossas favelas, se desrespeitadas em suas particularidades elas têm sido vistas sob um único prisma: território de aglomeração de camadas pobres? Esse modelo hegemonicamente construído de olhar a favela surge identificando seus moradores como classes perigosas, a por em risco nosso mundo ilusoriamente portador de uma realidade coerente. No universo acadêmico, nosso discurso especializado costuma remeter nossas ações mais para a situação de risco da comunidade assistida do que para suas capacidades e seu potencial. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender o morador da favela como quem, ao olhar a cidade, pode se inserir na construção de uma proposta coletiva para o viver em sociedade e pode elaborar criativamente para si sua experiência de pertencimento. Metodologicamente, foi tomada por base a pesquisa-ação. A partir das categorias centrais evidenciadas na prévia leitura bibliográfica e das que emergiram do material empírico, procedeu-se um exame qualitativo dos discursos e das informações recolhidas através de diário de campo. Foi escolhido o Grupo Eco/adolescente, formado por jovens moradores da favela de Santa Marta, em Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro. A dissertação discute como esse espaço contribui na busca pele realização do ideal da cidade cerzida e no resgate da singularidade dos atores envolvidos. / [en] What can we (also) get from our slums, if they are not respected in their singularities? They had been contemplated under only one aspect: poor classes territory of agglomeration. This hegemonic approach about the slums emerges classifying their people as dangerous classes, which bring a risk to our world that is an illusory way to possess a coherent reality. In the academical universe, our specialized speeches use to focus our actions on the risk situation of the helped people instead of doing so on their capacities and their potential. The aim of this work is to understand - by the whole city point of view - the slum inhabitant as someone who can be part of the construction of a collective proposal of living in a single society and who can develop for himself, in a creative way, his own experience of taking part of it. The methodology applied here was the research-action approach (field trip). From the central categories that were taken as relevant in the previous bibliography reading material and from which the empirical material was collected, we proceeded into a qualitative examination of the speeches and information we got from a campfield diary work. The ECO/adolescents Group, composed of young inhabitants from Santa Marta slum, in Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, was chosen as this field for our investigation. This work analyses how the mentioned group contributes to make real the ideal of the darned city and to rescue the identity of the actors involved on this.

[pt] Dez e Mais Vezes favela: Estética, Política e Representação trata-se de uma análise comparativa entre os dois filmes brasileiros com o título comum cinco vezes favela, o primeiro do ano de 1964 e o segundo, com o adendo agora por nós mesmos, do ano de 2010. Busca-se observar como ambos desenvolvem suas propostas formais e estéticas e como esta realização articula-se com os objetivos de ação política de seus respectivos realizadores, tendo como fio condutor teórico principal as contribuições de Gilles Deleuze e Jacques Rancière. / [en] Ten and more times favela: Aesthetics, politics and Representation is a comparative analysis of two brazilian movies that share the title cinco vezes favela, the first one being released in 1964 and the second one, with the added title agora por nós mesmos (now by ourselves), from the year 2010. The aim is to observe how both movies develop their formal and aesthetic projects and how such production articulates their respective makers’ political action goals, having as the main theoretical thread the works of Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Rancière.