The swine and cattle activities are of great economic and social importance in Brazil in the southern region, but generate of large volumes of waste, that when applied to the soil can be mineralized and part of the nutrients released can be absorbed by plants or transferred by runoff or percolation. The aimed of this study was to evaluate the rate of mineralization, availability and transferences of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for the solution runoff and percolation in the profile in a Sandy Typic Hapludalf under application of nutrient sources. Two experiments were carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), in Santa Maria (RS). For the experiment 1, soil samples of a Sandy Typic Hapludalf were collected in October 2010, prepared and carried the following treatments: soil, soil + pig slurry, soil + deep-litter; soil + cattle slurry and soil + mineral fertilizer. These soils were incubated during 0, 20, 35, 58, 73 and 123 days and then, samples were collected and submitted to analysis of mineral-N (N-NH4 + e N-NO3 -), P extracted by exchanged anion resin and K by exchanged cation resin. The experiment 2 was installed in 2004, at the experimental area of the Department of Soils of UFSM. The treatments were: control, pig slurry, deeplitter, cattle slurry and mineral fertilizer. Each source of manure has been applied to provide the N demand of corn (Zea mays L.) and oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.). From May 2010 to February 2011, samples of runoff and percolated in the profile solution were collected; the volume was measured and the content mineral- N (N-NH4 + e N-NO3 -), P e K in the solution was analyzed. The highest rate of N mineralization occurred in soil under the application of pig slurry and increased availability of P and K was observed with the application of litter of pigs. The greatest transfer of N, P and K occurred in the soil under the application of deeplitter / A suinocultura e a bovinocultura são atividades de grande importância econômica e social na região sul do Brasil, mas geram grande volume de dejetos, que quando aplicados ao solo podem ser mineralizados e parte dos nutrientes liberados podem ser absorvidos pelas plantas ou transferidos por escoamento superficial ou percolação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de mineralização, a disponibilidade e a transferência de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K) pela solução escoada na superfície do solo e percolada no perfil do solo, em um Argissolo Vermelho submetido à aplicação de fontes minerais e orgânicas de nutrientes. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), em Santa Maria (RS). No experimento 1, para avaliação da disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, amostras de um Argissolo Vermelho foram coletadas em outubro de 2010, preparadas e aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: solo; solo + dejetos líquidos de suínos; solo + cama sobreposta de suínos; solo + dejetos líquidos de bovinos e solo + adubação mineral. As amostras foram incubadas por 0, 20, 35, 58, 73 e 123 dias, coletadas e submetidas à análise de N-mineral (N-NH4 + e N-NO3 -), de P extraído pela Resina Trocadora de Ânions (RTA) e de K pela Resina Trocadora de Cátions (RTC). No experimento 2, para a avaliação das transferências de nutrientes foi instalado em 2004 na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da UFSM os tratamentos: testemunha, dejetos líquidos de suínos, cama sobreposta de suínos, dejetos líquidos de bovinos e adubação mineral. Cada fonte de nutriente foi aplicada para fornecer a demanda de N do milho e da aveia preta. Entre os meses de maio de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011 foram coletadas amostras da solução escoada na superfície do solo e percolada no perfil e, em seguida foi quantificado o volume e, logo depois foi analisado os teores de N mineral (N-NH4 + e N-NO3 -), P e K na solução. A maior taxa de mineralização de N aconteceu no solo submetido à aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos e a maior disponibilidade de P e K foi observada com a aplicação de cama sobreposta de suínos. As maiores transferências de N, P e K ocorreram no solo submetido à aplicação de cama sobreposta de suínos.

Emission of greenhouse effect gases due to the agricultural use of the dejections of animals as fertilizers, as well as the mineralization of the carbon of those materials in the soil healthy aspects are still relatively a little studied in Brazil. This work was accomplished to evaluate: 1) the annual emission of nitrous oxide with the use, in the corn, of mineral and organic manuring (pig and cattle slurry and pig deep-bedding); 2) the mineralization of the carbon of pig slurry and of the corn straw, with and without incorporation to the soil. For that two experiments were driven in field conditions, in the period of October of 2007 to September of 2008, in the experimental area of the Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) in typic Hapludalf soil. In the first, it was evaluated the emission of N2O periodically for 342 days in the following treatments: T1: without dejections (control); T2: pig slurry in single application; T3: pig deep-bedding; T4: pig deep-bedding + urea; T5: cattle slurry; T6: pig slurry in parceled out application; T7: without slurry and with mineral fertilizer (NPK) recommended to the corn. Approximately 2/3 of the annual emission of N2O happened during the first 15 days after the application of the organic materials, and all of them provoked increase in the emission of N2O in relation to the control treatment, without use of fertilizers and also in relation to the treatment with the use of N-urea. With the parceled out application of the pig slurry the emission of N2O was inferior to the single application. At the end of approximately one year the factor of emission of N2O in the treatments with application of organic residues varied of 2.1% of applied N with the cattle slurry to 3.4% of applied N with the pig slurry. In the second experiment the effect of the addition of pig slurry was evaluated on the decomposition of corn straw, with and without incorporation to the soil. For such, the continuous C-CO2 emission was quantified for a period of 158 days in the following treatments: T1: soil without mobilization, T2: mobilized soil, T3: pig slurry in soil surface, T4: pig slurry incorporated, T5: corn straw in surface, T6: incorporate straw, T7: straw + pig slurry in surface and T8: straw + incorporate pig slurry. The incorporation of the corn straw to the soil favored the C mineralization of the straw while in the pig slurry his maintenance in the soil surface favored the C mineralization. The application of pig slurry increased the mineralization straw C in surface in 12% (320 kg ha-1 of added C) and of the incorporate straw in 1.3% (34 kg ha-1 of added C). / A emissão de gases de efeito estufa decorrente do uso agrícola dos dejetos de animais como fertilizantes, bem como a mineralização do carbono desses materiais no solo são aspectos ainda relativamente pouco estudados no Brasil. Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar: 1) a emissão anual de óxido nitroso com o uso, no milho, de adubação mineral e orgânica (dejetos líquidos de suínos e de bovinos e cama sobreposta de suínos); 2) a mineralização do carbono dos dejetos líquidos de suínos e da palha de milho, com e sem incorporação ao solo. Para isso foram conduzidos dois experimentos em condições de campo, no período de outubro de 2007 a setembro de 2008, na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. No primeiro, avaliou-se periodicamente a emissão de N2O durante 342 dias nos seguintes tratamentos: T1: sem dejetos (testemunha); T2: dejetos líquidos de suínos em aplicação única; T3: cama sobreposta de suínos; T4: cama sobreposta + uréia; T5: dejetos líquidos de bovinos; T6: dejetos líquidos de suínos em aplicação parcelada; T7: sem dejetos e com adubação mineral (NPK) recomendada ao milho. Aproximadamente 2/3 da emissão anual de N2O ocorreu durante os primeiros 15 dias após a aplicação dos materiais orgânicos, sendo que todos eles provocaram aumento na emissão de N2O em relação ao tratamento testemunha, sem uso de fertilizantes e também em relação ao tratamento com o uso de N-uréia. Com a aplicação parcelada dos dejetos de suínos a emissão de N2O foi inferior à aplicação dos dejetos em dose única. Ao final de aproximadamente um ano o fator de emissão de N2O nos tratamentos com aplicação de resíduos orgânicos variou de 2,1 % do N aplicado com os dejetos líquidos de bovinos a 3,4 % do N aplicado com os dejetos líquidos de suínos. No segundo experimento foi avaliado o efeito da adição de dejetos sobre a decomposição de palha de milho, com e sem incorporação ao solo. Para tal, foi quantificada a emissão contínua de C-CO2 por um período de 158 dias nos seguintes tratamentos: T1: solo sem mobilização, T2: solo mobilizado, T3: dejetos líquidos de suínos em superfície, T4: dejetos incorporados, T5: palha de milho em superfície, T6: palha incorporada, T7: palha + dejetos em superfície e T8: palha + dejetos incorporados. A incorporação da palha de milho ao solo favoreceu a mineralização do C da palha enquanto nos dejetos de suínos a sua manutenção na superfície do solo favoreceu a mineralização do C. A aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos aumentou a mineralização do C da palha em superfície em 12% (320 kg ha-1 do C adicionado) e da palha incorporada em 1,3% (34 kg ha-1 do C adicionado).

En raison de la raréfaction des ressources de pétrole et des variations des prix avec le contexte géopolitique, la réaction de catalyse de Fischer-Tropsch qui permet la production d’hydrocarbures à partir du mélange syngas des gaz CO et H2 en présence d’un catalyseur à base de fer ou de cobalt, présente aujourd’hui un regain d’intérêt tant de la part des industriels que des académiques. Bien que découverte en 1923 par les allemands Franz Fischer et Hans Tropsch, les mécanismes qui entrent en jeu lors de cette réaction et les paramètres importants des propriétés des catalyseurs demeurent encore incertains. Dans ce contexte, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à étudier l’impact de paramètres tels que la structure cristallographique et la forme de nano-objets de cobalt, phase active du catalyseur pour cette réaction. Ceci passe par la synthèse de catalyseurs modèles à base de nano-objets de cobalt et l’étude de leurs propriétés catalytiques. Dans un premier temps, la préparation d’un catalyseur à base de cobalt présentant une structure cristallographique hcp et une morphologie anisotrope a été réalisée, via une voie de synthèse par décomposition d’un précurseur organométallique de cobalt, conduisant à la formation de nano-objets de cobalt anisotropes. Puis, des tests catalytiques ont été réalisés en réacteur slurry, en collaboration avec un partenaire industriel, l’IFP-EN. Cela a permis la réalisation de tests Fischer-Tropsch en conditions proches des conditions industrielles réelles. Ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence la très grande stabilité de ces catalyseurs en comparaison à des catalyseurs de référence.Enfin, différents catalyseurs à base de cobalt, supportés sur des supports originaux de type macrostructurés permettant une meilleure gestion des échanges thermiques de la réaction, ont été préparés et leurs propriétés catalytiques étudiées sur un réacteur de type lit-fixe, mis en œuvre durant cette thèse. / Due to the decreasing the oil resources, and because of the the fluctuations of the price as a result of the geopolitical context, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, that enables the production of hydrocarbons form the syngas mixture (CO and H2) in the presence of a catalyst based on cobalt or iron, has recently gained a renewed interest from industrial as well as form the academic communities. Although this reaction was discovered in 1923 by the Germans Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch, the mechanisms that come into play during this reaction and the crucial properties of the catalyst properties remain uncertain. In this context, the work presented in this thesis, aims to investigate the impact of parameters such as the crystallographic structure and the shape of the cobalt nano-objects, which is the active phase of the catalyst for this reaction. For this purpose, model cobalt nano-objects were synthetized and their catalytic properties were studied. As a first step, a cobalt based catalyst exhibiting an hcp crystallographic structure and an anisotropic shape was prepared via a synthetic route involving the decomposition of an organometallic precursor of cobalt and leading to the formation of anisotropic cobalt nano-objects. Catalytic tests were then conducted in a slurry reactor, in collaboration with an industrial partner, IFP-EN. This collaboration allowed performing catalytic studies under conditions that are very close to the actual industrial conditions. These studies revealed an increased stability of these catalysts compared to reference catalysts that deactivate with time. Finally, several cobalt-based catalysts, supported on innovative supports, such as macrostuctured supports, allowing a better control of the exothermicity, were prepared and their catalytic properties studied on a fixed-bed reactor that was set up during the course of this thesis work.

No description available.

This dissertation examines the contestations over the politics of knowledge, risk, and environmental justice in three fenceline sites. Mobilizing the fenceline standpoint to study risk strengthens our objective understanding of the social situatedness of risk. To illustrate how a fenceline standpoint contributes to stronger objectivity of risk contestations, I survey public discourse of coal slurry extraction in Black Mesa, Arizona using an environmental justice framework. Discursive justifications for the construction of the slurry pipeline reveal how environmental injustice in the fenceline community emerged through urban controversies over water and power generation that excluded a fenceline standpoint. Insights from Black Mesa frame the next two cases: open burning hazardous waste at Radford Army Ammunition Plant, and M6 Disposal at Camp Minden, Louisiana. At Radford, scholar-activist research examines the contestations of risk at one of the most hazardous waste facilities in the nation. I analyze the construction of risk from open burning of hazardous waste from a fenceline standpoint. I discursively situate the controversy over fenceline community risk from open burning, by showing the inadequacies of official risk assessments. Critical discourse analysis of risk shows the extant contestations over the practice of open burning. In juxtaposition to Radford, the Camp Minden open burn controversy demonstrates how a fenceline movement successfully constructed alternatives to open burning. Fenceline success in Minden is forcing scrutiny over the risks produced by the practice of open burning explosives across the United States. The activation of fenceline knowledge and expertise, through grassroots organizing, is propelling inquiry from scientific and technical experts of the American Chemical Society who are questioning why the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency have approved the use of open burning at other sites despite safer alternative technology. Synthetically, each case illustrates the importance of fenceline knowledge as a crucial site of expertise. I present an argument for how a fenceline standpoint can challenge regulatory and producer constructions of fenceline risk. The creation of a program of research: Critical Risk Analysis, offers a model for scholar-activist intervention on the fenceline. The Camp Minden Dialogue demonstrates a successful example of how fenceline expert-activists can influence the construction of risk. Normatively, I build the argument that environmental justice research within Science and Technology Studies ought to situate the fenceline standpoint as equal to the competing epistemological claims of production and regulatory experts in order to strengthen the objectivity of our research in contested fenceline sites. / Ph. D.

Akamu is a lactic acid bacteria fermented cereal-based food that complements infant diets in most African countries. Uncontrolled fermentation increases the variability in quality and safety of akamu. This study was aimed at the controlled fermentation of akamu with selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB), investigation of the probiotic potential of the LAB and the effect of variation in production method on the product quality and sensory properties. PCR-DGGE analysis of traditional akamu samples revealed LAB community dominated by Lactobacillus fermentum, L. plantarum, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and L. helveticus. Isolated yeasts were Candida tropicalis, C. albicans, Clavispora lusitaniae and Saccharomyces paradoxus. The isolated Lactobacillus plantarum strains (NGL5 and NGL7) fermented irradiated ground maize slurries and produced significant levels of lactic acid (>73 mmol L-1) and low pH ≤3.63 displaying inhibitory activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis NCTC 5188, Escherichia coli 1077 (NCTC 11560), Bacillus cereus NCIMB 11925, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 3750 and Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 7973 in MRS agar and E. coli 1077 in maize slurry fermentation. Viability of both strains of L. plantarum at pH 2 after 3 h was reduced from ≥8.26±0.05 to ≤4.94±0.49 Log10 CFU mL-1 while incubation in 0.3% bile allowed growth to 5.73±0.13 and 7.93±0.12 Log10 CFU mL-1 after 6 h for NGL5 and NGL7 respectively. Auto-aggregation of the L. plantarum strains at 37oC (≥25 after 5 h) correlated with adhesion to hydrocarbons (<15, 26, 33 and 64% for Hexane, Hexadecane, Ethyl acetate and Chloroform respectively). The strains failed to exhibit gelatinase or haemolytic activity but adhered to porcine mucin (OD403 nm ≥0.63 with viability ≥6.52 Log10 CFU mL-1) and Caco-2 cells (≥5.13 Log10 CFU mL-1). The ash, mineral (Ca, K, Mg, Na, S and Zn), IDF, SDFP and TDF content of the L. plantarum fermented ground maize slurries were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than that of the traditional akamu but the peak and final viscosities (139.5 and 68.5 cP respectively) were significantly (p≤0.05) the least. The aroma, appearance, colour, flavour and texture of the resultant porridges were liked moderately by 75% of the assessors. This study demonstrated that fermentation with the L. plantarum strains would contribute towards product safety and the L. plantarum strains possessed some probiotic potential that could be beneficial to the consumers particularly in those developing countries were the main staple foods are fermented cereals.

Devant l’augmentation constante de la demande énergétique mondiale, la protection des installations électriques contre les effets de la foudre ou des instabilités du réseau nécessite des équipements toujours plus performants et adaptés. La technologie céramique apporte une solution à ce problème grâce à des dipôles à base d’oxyde de zinc possédant des propriétés électriques non linéaires se traduisant par une décroissance de leur résistance à mesure que la tension augmente. La tendance actuelle dictée par des défis technico-économiques et les nouvelles normes européennes conduit à réduire le poids et les dimensions de ces dipôles ou varistances : L’objectif et les principaux résultats de cette thèse sont : 1- Transfert à l’échelle pilote (100kg) de varistances miniaturisées à très haute tenue énergétique pouvant supporter plus de 300J.cm-3 en onde rectangulaire de courant de 800A en conformité avec la norme CEI 600 99-4 de 2006 [Classe III 10kA-5kV] 2- Pour atteindre les objectifs, il a été nécessaire d’abaisser les tensions d’écrêtage de 3%±0.2%. Ce fléchissement est apparemment modeste mais il est associé à une augmentation de la densité de courant traversant la céramique de plus de 30% / With the constant increase of world energy demand, the protection of electrical installations against the effects of lightning or network's instabilities, requires equipment more powerful and adapted. Ceramic technology brings a solution to this problem thanks to zinc oxide dipoles having nonlinear electric properties resulting in a decrease of their resistance as the tension increases. The current trend driven by technico-economic challenges and new European standards results in reducing the weight and dimensions of these dipoles or varistors: The objective and the principal results of this thesis are: 1- Transfer on the semi-industrial scale (100kg) of miniaturized varistors with very high energy capability being able to support more 300J.cm-3 in rectangular wave of current of 800A in conformity with standard CEI 600 99-4 of 2006 [Class III 10kA-5kV] 2- To achieve these goals, it was necessary to lower the clamping voltage of 3%±0.2%. This bending is apparently modest but it is associated with an increase of current density crossing the ceramics of more than 30%

MSc (Eng) dissertation - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / Fertilizers are defined in the broadest sense as products that improve the levels of available plant nutrients or chemical and physical components that directly or indirectly enhance plant growth, yield and quality. The aim of this study was to produce slow controlled release fertilizers from oxidised coal. Two types of coals namely, Waterberg and Twistdraai (products, middlings) were utilised for the production of humic acids through slurry phase oxidation. The highest yields of humic acids were obtained in Waterberg and Twistdraai products samples. Subsequent to that, a nitrogen element was successfully inserted into the humic acid substrate. Humic acids are potential feedstock for modern manufacturing of organic fertilizers. The chemical substances regarded as hazardous to human consumption or those elements that negatively impact on the soil were significantly less detectable.

Os processos de erosão-corrosão são comumente encontrados em tubulações, válvulas e outros componentes usados na indústria química, petroquímica e na exploração de minérios. Quando a corrosão e a erosão atuam conjuntamente, os mecanismos de dano são complexos e em geral as perdas de massa associadas com esta combinação de processos são maiores do que a soma das perdas geradas pela erosão ou a corrosão atuando separadamente. Os aços inoxidáveis são materiais amplamente usados neste tipo de indústrias. A série martensítica é usada quando se necessita de boas propriedades mecânicas e moderada resistência à corrosão, enquanto que a austenítica é usada para condições onde é necessária uma boa resistência à corrosão, ainda que as propriedades mecânicas deste tipo de aço não sejam muito altas. Adições de nitrogênio aos aços inoxidáveis melhoram tanto a resistência à corrosão quanto a resistência mecânica, no entanto, poucos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos sobre o sinergismo erosão-corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis de alto nitrogênio. Neste trabalho, estuda-se o efeito da adição de nitrogênio, em solução sólida, na resistência à erosão-corrosão de um aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 410 e um austenítico AISI 304L em lama composta por 3,5% de NaCl e partículas de quartzo. Para tanto foram nitretadas, em alta temperatura, amostras destes aços sob diferentes pressões. Foram obtidas amostras martensíticas com 0,2 e 0,4% de nitrogênio e austeníticas com 0,25 e 0,55% de nitrogênio em solução sólida. Amostras sem nitrogênio foram usadas como material de referência. Foram desenvolvidos dois tipos de ensaios em dispositivo tipo jato: medidas de perda de massa e de polarização potenciodinâmica. A topografia das superfícies testadas foi observada usando microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Essa informação, conjuntamente com os resultados de perda de massa e dos ensaios eletroquímicos, foi usada para estabelecer os mecanismos de degradação dos materiais estudados, nas diferentes condições de ensaio, e os efeitos da introdução de nitrogênio na estrutura dos aços. Dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, observa-se que as curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica são sensíveis às variações nas condições de ensaio, como a presença de fluxo e a introdução de partículas. Em geral, o potencial de corrosão e de pite diminuíram e a densidade de corrente passiva aumentou com o aumento da agressividade do ensaio, deslocando as curvas para potenciais menos nobres e densidades de corrente maiores. A introdução de nitrogênio aumentou a dureza da superfície em ambos os aços inoxidáveis. A adição de nitrogênio melhorou a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 410, para as duas condições de nitretação usadas, medida através de polarização potenciodinâmica. Esse efeito foi avaliado através de um novo parâmetro chamado ?, dado pela diferença entre as densidades de corrente com erosão-corrosão e na condição estática (iCE-iS), para o aço nitretado, e essa mesma diferença para a condição de referência (aço solubilizado ou temperado e revenido). A adição de 0,2% de nitrogênio diminuiu em 88% a corrosão aumentada por erosão. Aumentando a 0,4% o teor de nitrogênio, esta diminuição também ocorre, sendo de 87%. O processo de remoção de material da superfície do aço inoxidável martensítico temperado e revenido é dominado pela corrosão aumentada por erosão, enquanto que no aço nitretado, o nitrogênio promove a mudança de regime para uma condição de erosão aumentada por corrosão. Observou-se que a adição de nitrogênio melhorou a resistência à corrosão, a resistência à erosão e a resistência à erosão-corrosão do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304L. Notou-se, também, o aumento significativo do potencial de pite com a elevação do teor de nitrogênio. As superfícies das marcas de desgaste das amostras nitretadas mostraram-se menos rugosas, mostrando o efeito benéfico do nitrogênio na resistência à corrosão do aço austenítico. A adição de 0,25% de nitrogênio diminuiu em 25% a corrosão aumentada por erosão. Aumentando o teor de nitrogênio para 0,55%, esta diminuição também foi observada, sendo de 56%. O processo de remoção de material da superfície do aço inoxidável austenítico é dominado pelo desgaste erosivo. Finalmente, a introdução de nitrogênio parece não ter influência notável no potencial de corrosão para nenhum dos aços aqui estudados. O mecanismo fundamental para a melhora na resistência à corrosão com a introdução de nitrogênio na estrutura dos aços inoxidáveis estudados, está relacionado com a produção de íons amônio durante a dissolução da superfície, produzindo um aumento de pH da solução e possibilitando uma repassivação mais fácil da superfície. / Corrosion-erosion processes are commonly found in pipes, valves and many other components for chemical, petrochemical and marine applications. When corrosion and erosion act together the damage mechanisms are complex and usually the mass losses are higher than the sum of the separate material losses due to corrosion and erosion. Stainless steels have been widely used in different components working in systems under combined corrosive and erosive effects. Martensitic stainless steels are suitable for manufacturing components with high mechanical properties and moderate corrosion resistance, while austenitic stainless steels are chosen for conditions where a better corrosion resistance is needed, even though their mechanical properties are poor. It has been shown that nitrogen addition to conventional stainless steels can improve both mechanical and corrosion properties. Very few research papers have been published about the corrosion-erosion synergism of high nitrogen stainless steels. In this research, the effect of nitrogen, introduced by solid state alloying, on the corrosionerosion resistance of a martensitic and an austenitic stainless steel tested in 3.5% NaClquartz slurry was studied. For this purpose, AISI 304L and AISI 410 samples were high temperature gas nitrided under different nitrogen pressures. 0.2 and 0.4% N martensitic samples and 0.25 and 0.55% N austenitic samples were obtained. Samples without nitrogen, but submitted to the same thermal cycle, were used as comparison materials in the tests. Corrosion, erosion and corrosion-erosion tests were conducted in a jet-like device. Two kinds of tests were developed: mass loss measurements and electrochemical polarization. The topography of the surface was observed after the wear tests using optical and scanning electron microscopy. This information, together with the results of mass losses and electrochemical tests were used to establish the degradation mechanisms of the tested materials under the different testing conditions and the effect of the introduction of nitrogen in the steel structure. The results showed that the polarization curves change a lot with the testing conditions. The corrosion and pitting potential decreased and the passive current density increased with the increase of aggressiveness of the testing conditions, shifting the curves to less noble potentials and higher current densities. Nitrogen additions increased the hardness of the nitrided surfaces in both steels. Nitrogen also improved the corrosion resistance of the AISI 410 stainless steel for both nitriding conditions. The effect of nitrogen was analyzed through a new parameter ?, given by the difference between the current densities under erosion-corrosion and the static condition (iCEiS), for the nitrided steels and the same difference for the standard condition (solubilized or quenched and tempered steels). The increase of the nitrogen content of the martensitic surface up to 0.2% reduced 88% the corrosion augmented by erosion. When the nitrogen content at the surface is 0.4%, the reduction of the corrosion augmented by erosion term was 87%. The mass removal process for the quenched and tempered condition is controlled by corrosion assisted by erosion, while for the nitrided surface is erosion assisted by corrosion. Nitrogen additions improved the corrosion, erosion and erosion-corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L. The pitting potential noticeably increased with the increase of the nitrogen content. Smoother wear mark contours on the nitrided surface indicate a favorable effect of nitrogen on the corrosion-erosion synergism. Adding 0.25% N to the alloy decreased the corrosion augmented by erosion in the passive region by 25%, and adding 0.55% N reduced it by 56%. The mass removal process, in this case, was controlled by erosion. Finally, nitrogen addition does not seem to affect the corrosion potential of both steels studied in this work. The main mechanism to increase the corrosion resistance of the studied steels with the introduction of nitrogen is related to production of ammonia during the dissolution of the steel surface. The pH of the solution increases, and the surface can easily repassivate.

Na indústria hidrometalúrgica, diversos materiais são utilizados para a construção dos equipamentos, a fim de satisfazer as necessidades dos processos que estão sujeitos, tendo em conta a importância deles em condições complexas, tais como erosão e a corrosão. Neste trabalho é avaliado o comportamento de um aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 410 tratado termicamente com têmpera e revenimento, frente aos revestimentos Carbeto de Tungstênio (86WC-10Co4Cr) obtido por aspersão térmica (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel-HVOF), e um elastômero PUR comercial MetaLine 785 em condições de desgaste do tipo lama, analisando a perda de volume, a determinação da área e profundidade erodida das amostras, para os ângulos de incidência de 30∘ e 90∘ entre o eixo de simetria do fluxo do fluido e a superfície das amostras. Os ensaios foram realizados para os diferentes tipos de materiais em um equipamento para ensaios simulados de lama, desenvolvido como parte da pesquisa no LACER (Laboratório de Materiais Cerâmicos) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), sob controle de parâmetros como ângulo de impacto e sua velocidade, temperatura de ensaio e concentração de partículas erosivas na suspensão, neste caso foi usada alumina eletrofundida ALO marrom da companhia Treibacher. Realizou-se a caracterização dos materiais, na sua microestrutura Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia Óptica (M.O), espessura, rugosidade, porosidade, microdureza e estruturalmente na identificação de fases Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva (EDS), o analise térmico Perda ao Fogo (LOI) para o caso do elastômero PUR, e a distribuição de tamanho de partícula (LG) e morfologia para o erodente. Com a pesquisa conseguiu-se estabelecer as relações entre o desgaste erosivo por lama e as propriedades físicas relacionadas aos materiais avaliados, nas condições estabelecidas no ensaio de erosão do equipamento, e concluiu-se que o revestimento de 86WC-10Co4Cr carbeto de Tungstênio apresentou uma melhor resistência ao desgaste erosivo tipo lama, em comparação com o aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 410 e o elastômero PUR comercial MetaLine 785. / In the hydrometallurgical industry, many materials are used in the construction of the equipment in order to satisfy the needs of the processes to which they are subjected, taking into account their importance in complex conditions such as erosion and corrosion. In this work, the behavior of a quenched and tempered AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel is compared to tungsten carbide (86WC-10Co4Cr) obtained by thermal spray (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel - HVOF) and to a commercial elastomer PUR MetaLine 785 under slurry erosion conditions. Volume loss, area determination and eroded depth of the samples were analyzed at angles of incidence of 30∘ and 90∘ between the axis of symmetry of the fluid flow and the surface of the samples. The tests were carried out for the different types of materials in a slurry erosion simulation device, developed as part of the research in LACER (Laboratory of Ceramic Materials) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), via the control of parameters such as angle and speed of impact, test temperature and concentration of erosive particles in the suspension. In this case, electrofused brown ALO alumina (Treibacher) was used. The materials were characterized with regard to their microstructure (SEM), thickness, roughness, porosity, microhardness, structure in the phase identification (DRX) (EDS), thermal analysis (LOI) in the case of the PUR elastomer and the particle size distribution (LG) and morphology for the erodent. The research was able to establish the relationships between the slurry erosive wear and the physical properties related to the evaluated materials, under the conditions established in the erosion test of the equipment. It was concluded that the coating 86WC-10Co4Cr tungsten carbide presented better resistance to the slurry erosion wear when compared to AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel and the PUR commercial elastomer MetaLine 785.