A ausência de consenso a nível mundial sobre o que é uma Smart City abre margem para a apropriação do termo por uma retórica de consumo tecnológico que pode não ter compromisso algum com melhorias sociais e urbanas. Em um cenário em que estudos de caso e soluções-padrão são amplamente utilizados, torna-se problemático o fato de que muitos dos casos estudados na literatura foram pensados para cidades europeias, asiáticas e norte-americanas, que apresentam uma dinâmica social signifi cativamente diferente das brasileiras e latino-americanas. A presente pesquisa visa, portanto, contribuir com uma abordagem crítica e sistemática para o entendimento do discurso Smart City e seus desdobramentos práticos no contexto de metrópoles latino-americanas. Por meio de um panorama geral sobre o fenômeno Smart City, é feita uma revisão da literatura científi ca, documentos, notícias e projetos para compreender o discurso em torno da Smart City e sua evolução nos últimos vinte anos. Esse discurso é então confrontado com as práticas e fenômenos tipicamente encontrados nas metrópoles latino-americanas, tendo como referência a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Em seguida, são levantadas diversas fragilidades conceituais e fantasias em torno da Smart City e da atribuição da inteligência à cidade e outros objetos da técnica. Parte-se para um questionamento à própria validade do termo Smart City e coloca-se a importância de qualifi car a discussão em torno dos cenários urbanos futuros. Dada a própria natureza plural e complexa do ambiente urbano, defende-se a necessidade de uma refl exão capaz de abrir margem para novas possibilidades de discurso e prática projetual. São elencados os pilares essenciais ao sustento de tal refl exão, assim como algumas diretrizes e considerações visando a incorporação desta ao projetar do urbano. Por fi m, são sugeridas novas dimensões de análise que permitam reconhecer os aspectos problemáticos levantados ao longo deste trabalho. / The worldwide lack of consensus regarding what constitutes a Smart City leaves the concept vulnerable to being seized by a rhetoric of technological consumption, to which urban and social improvements might not be of concern. In a scenario where case studies and off-the-shelf solutions are widely used, a troubling fact arises: many of said cases and solutions where designed for North-American, European and Asian cities, which have social dynamics signifi cantly different from the ones seen in Brazilian and Latin-American cities. This research aims to contribute to systematic critical approaches seeking to comprehend Smart City discourse and it\'s practical developments in the context of Latin-American metropolises. By way of a panoramic view of the phenomena and the comparison of different academic and non-academic sources, an attempt is made to understand the evolution of Smart City discourse over the last twenty years. This discourse is them compared to the practices and phenomena typically present in Latin American metropolises, with São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Region as a reference. Several conceptual frailties and fantasies surrounding the Smart City and the general attribution of knowledge to cities - or any other technical object - are raised. The very validity of the term Smart City is put into question and the importance of qualifying the discussion on future urban scenarios is made evident. The plural and complex nature of the urban environment calls for a refl ection capable of producing new possibilities of discourse and design practices. The essential pillars for such a refl ection are proposed, as well as a few directives and remarks in an attempt to incorporate it into the design of urban spaces. Finally, new dimensions are proposed to guide analytical attempts towards recognizing the troublesome aspects outlined in this research.

A ausência de consenso a nível mundial sobre o que é uma Smart City abre margem para a apropriação do termo por uma retórica de consumo tecnológico que pode não ter compromisso algum com melhorias sociais e urbanas. Em um cenário em que estudos de caso e soluções-padrão são amplamente utilizados, torna-se problemático o fato de que muitos dos casos estudados na literatura foram pensados para cidades europeias, asiáticas e norte-americanas, que apresentam uma dinâmica social signifi cativamente diferente das brasileiras e latino-americanas. A presente pesquisa visa, portanto, contribuir com uma abordagem crítica e sistemática para o entendimento do discurso Smart City e seus desdobramentos práticos no contexto de metrópoles latino-americanas. Por meio de um panorama geral sobre o fenômeno Smart City, é feita uma revisão da literatura científi ca, documentos, notícias e projetos para compreender o discurso em torno da Smart City e sua evolução nos últimos vinte anos. Esse discurso é então confrontado com as práticas e fenômenos tipicamente encontrados nas metrópoles latino-americanas, tendo como referência a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Em seguida, são levantadas diversas fragilidades conceituais e fantasias em torno da Smart City e da atribuição da inteligência à cidade e outros objetos da técnica. Parte-se para um questionamento à própria validade do termo Smart City e coloca-se a importância de qualifi car a discussão em torno dos cenários urbanos futuros. Dada a própria natureza plural e complexa do ambiente urbano, defende-se a necessidade de uma refl exão capaz de abrir margem para novas possibilidades de discurso e prática projetual. São elencados os pilares essenciais ao sustento de tal refl exão, assim como algumas diretrizes e considerações visando a incorporação desta ao projetar do urbano. Por fi m, são sugeridas novas dimensões de análise que permitam reconhecer os aspectos problemáticos levantados ao longo deste trabalho. / The worldwide lack of consensus regarding what constitutes a Smart City leaves the concept vulnerable to being seized by a rhetoric of technological consumption, to which urban and social improvements might not be of concern. In a scenario where case studies and off-the-shelf solutions are widely used, a troubling fact arises: many of said cases and solutions where designed for North-American, European and Asian cities, which have social dynamics signifi cantly different from the ones seen in Brazilian and Latin-American cities. This research aims to contribute to systematic critical approaches seeking to comprehend Smart City discourse and it\'s practical developments in the context of Latin-American metropolises. By way of a panoramic view of the phenomena and the comparison of different academic and non-academic sources, an attempt is made to understand the evolution of Smart City discourse over the last twenty years. This discourse is them compared to the practices and phenomena typically present in Latin American metropolises, with São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Region as a reference. Several conceptual frailties and fantasies surrounding the Smart City and the general attribution of knowledge to cities - or any other technical object - are raised. The very validity of the term Smart City is put into question and the importance of qualifying the discussion on future urban scenarios is made evident. The plural and complex nature of the urban environment calls for a refl ection capable of producing new possibilities of discourse and design practices. The essential pillars for such a refl ection are proposed, as well as a few directives and remarks in an attempt to incorporate it into the design of urban spaces. Finally, new dimensions are proposed to guide analytical attempts towards recognizing the troublesome aspects outlined in this research.

El desarrollo de la presente investigación, tiene como objetivo en determinar de qué manera influye el Smart Grid en la reducción de costos de energía eléctrica, particularmente en el sistema de distribución, de la Unidad Minera Julcani, Huancavelica 2017, cabe mencionar que dicho estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, explicativo, bajo el diseño no experimental, de corte transversal, lo cual se realizó procedimiento de recolección de información contando con una población y a la vez el mismo tamaño de muestra de 24 oficinas administrativas de la Unidad Minera Julcani, por estar en constante actividad en cuanto a su consumo de energía eléctrica,

The issue of energy shortage has arisen in recent years. All countries must discuss the manner to reduce energy consumption, and smart grid is a better one of the solutions. According to related researches, energy consumption can be effectively reduced using energy management information of smart grids. By using smart grids, electricity suppliers can learn about the current energy consumption of neighborhoods, and control the electrical energy generation and price of electrical energy. Users can learn the current price of electrical energy and obtain energy management information from smart meters for energy management and device control. However, electricity consumptions of users may divulge the privacy information of users. Therefore, privacy of users and communication security of smart grid become crucial security issues. In this thesis, we propose a provably secure power usage data aggregation scheme for smart grids. Electricity suppliers can learn about the current power usage of neighborhoods without knowing the individual electricity consumption of each user, and use the current power usage of neighborhoods to arrange energy distribution. Therefore, electricity suppliers cannot use the data to reveal lifestyles of each user. In our scheme, the transmission information is encrypted and signed to prevent theft or tampering of data. Finally, we also provide formal proofs for our scheme in this thesis.

Since smart homes will be more and more popular in the future, the needs of finding a friendly, comfortable and smart interface between users and home environments are growing. However, conventional interfaces have reached their limits. So, this paper describes a new concept of interface in a home environment. This work is distinguished by building a separable smart robot. A smart phone is used as a brain, and a robot car is used as a body. With the system, people will be allowed to carry the robot's brain when they are out of their home. In this case, the brain can not only be a normal smart phone, but also can monitor parameters such as the temperature at home. On the other hand, when people are at home, they will be allowed to put their phones on the robot car. By invoking the system, they will have an assist-robot. This assist-robot will act as a new interface in the smart home by following people and recognizing their voice commands in order to take notes, to read notes and to control smart home devices. This thesis also implements face recognition to improve the communication between users and the interface. Test results show that our proposed system is well accepted.

Vor dem Hintergrund aktueller bildungswissenschaftlicher Diskussionen zur digitalen Transformation setzt sich der Beitrag mit der Rolle von Smart Learning Environments (SLEs) in der betrieblichen Weiterbildung und der Notwendigkeit deren interdisziplinärer Gestaltung auseinander. Für eine taugliche, auf den Nutzer fokussierte Gestaltung von SLEs müssen neuartige Konzepte und Modelle entwickelt werden, die den komplexen Anforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts entsprechen. Der Beitrag beschreibt einen interdisziplinären Forschungszugang zur Gestaltung von SLEs und diskutiert aufbauend ein ganzheitliches, sozio-technisches Framework, das interdisziplinäre Kriterien für eine pädagogisch fundierte Entwicklung von SLEs bündelt. Die Darstellung des Themas erfolgt anhand von aktuellen Befunden aus einer quantitativen Teilstudie eines Forschungsvorhabens der TU Dresden am Fachbereich Bildungstechnologie. Der Beitrag gibt Einblick in den aktuellen Arbeitsstand, wobei die Auswertung der Gesamtstudie umfassendere Befunde erzielen wird.

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier l’impact du retour d’information (feedback) vers les ménages sur leur capacité de maîtrise de leur consommation d’électricité et s’est appuyée sur une expérimentation menée sur le terrain, dans le cadre d’un projet intitulé TicElec, réalisé dans la commune de Biot, dans les Alpes-Maritimes (un département marqué par des contraintes d’approvisionnement en électricité, en périodes froides) et associant l’Université, les Autorités locales et un Bureau d’études. Notre problématique qui a porté sur l’impact de plusieurs types de feedback (inspirée par la typologie des feedback développée par Darby (2006a)) appliqués à trois groupes de consommateurs, sur une durée supérieure à six mois, a montré l’existence de différents comportements de consommation et de maîtrise de la demande d’électricité des ménages étudiés, plus ou moins marqués par le manque d’information sur leurs modes de consommation, c'est-à-dire le maillon faible des stratégies de maîtrise de l’énergie. Nous avons également montré que les résultats varient selon le type d’information transmis, la nature et la durée du feedback, mais que de manière générale, le feedback sur consommation (direct ou indirect) a été efficace pour la maîtrise de la demande d’électricité (par réduction et effacement en pointe), même si la réduction était plus grande chez les groupes à feedback direct, par action sur les comportements de restriction (Curtailment behavior), sans toutefois déclencher les comportements d’efficience (Efficiency behavior) et de maintenance (Maintenance behavior), compte tenu des coûts et des délais de leur mise en œuvre. / This thesis aims to study the impact of feedback to households on their ability to control their electricity consumption and was based on an experiment conducted in the field, as part of a project called TicElec (Technologies de l'Information pour une Consommation Electrique Responsable), produced in the town of Biot, in Alpes-Maritimes (a department marked by power supply constraints in cold periods) and associating University, local authorities and a consulting firm. Our problematic which focused on the impact of several types of feedback (inspired by the typology of feedback developed by Darby (2006a)) applied to three groups of consumers over a period greater than six months, showed the existence of different consumer behavior and control of the electricity demand of households studied, more or less marked by the lack of information about their consumption patterns, that is to say, the weak link in energy management strategies. We also have shown that the results depend on the type of transmitted information, the nature and duration of feedback, but in general, the feedback on consumption (direct or indirect) was effective in controlling the application for electricity (by reduction and erasing peak), although the reduction was greater in groups direct feedback by acting on the Curtailment behavior, without triggering Efficiency behavior and Maintenance behavior, given the costs and time of implementation.

A model to predict air temperatures inside a residential home was created, which used local and remote environmental sensor data. Space conditioning experiments were carried out in the residential home and models were created to describe the observed temperature data. Results from laboratory space conditioning experiments were used to create a new experimental prediction model. Static inputs of the experimental model were replaced with dynamic inputs and an improved model was created, capable of general prediction application in the residential home. A novel system for space conditioning control was designed, which applied the improved model for air temperature prediction. Initial prediction models showed prediction error margins of ±1°C. Residential home and laboratory space conditioning experiments were utilized to create non-linear temperature prediction models capable of application outside of the experimental scope. Improved prediction models were based on the experimental models and showed average error margins of ±0:12°C compared to observed temperature data. A novel system design was proposed, combining the improved model with a traditional heating control to create a new optimal start-stop heating application for residential homes.

Since smart homes will be more and more popular in the future, the needs of finding a friendly, comfortable and smart interface between users and home environments are growing. However, conventional interfaces have reached their limits. So, this paper describes a new concept of interface in a home environment. This work is distinguished by building a separable smart robot. A smart phone is used as a brain, and a robot car is used as a body. With the system, people will be allowed to carry the robot's brain when they are out of their home. In this case, the brain can not only be a normal smart phone, but also can monitor parameters such as the temperature at home. On the other hand, when people are at home, they will be allowed to put their phones on the robot car. By invoking the system, they will have an assist-robot. This assist-robot will act as a new interface in the smart home by following people and recognizing their voice commands in order to take notes, to read notes and to control smart home devices. This thesis also implements face recognition to improve the communication between users and the interface. Test results show that our proposed system is well accepted.

Smart grid is an emerging technology that aims to empower the current power grid with the integration of two-way communication and computer technology. This thesis deals with energy management in smart grid with focus on the smart home and the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The smart home contains a network that connects home elements like smart appliances, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), thermostat, smart meter, sensors, solar panels and energy storage. ITS integrates computer and communication technologies for advanced traffic management and communication among road infrastructure, vehicles and users. A web service describes a collection of operations that are accessible via the Internet. Web services can also provide security and interoperability. Due to the rising cost of energy, more and more residential consumers are interested in controlling temperature or appliances in order to reduce energy consumption. In this thesis, we propose an approach that uses Web services to remotely and efficiently interact with smart home devices in order to manage energy consumption, in a smart grid environment. Consequently, the user is able to adjust the temperature, control appliances or read energy consumption values quickly, remotely and securely. A smart home with a wireless network based on ZigBee and XMPP (eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) is simulated. The advantage of XMPP is that it provides near real-time communication and security. There is a central computer that can communicate with all home elements. Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) is used to implement the Web service on a central computer. Furthermore, quality of service is offered. Therefore, different levels of security and an access control mechanism are provided. An algorithm is proposed that can sell stored energy back to the grid from smart home. Another algorithm is proposed that can facilitate demand response. Moreover, dynamic programming is used to minimize energy consumption. Also, a broadcasting algorithm is presented that can be used by an electric vehicle to find the most suitable charging station in ITS. Simulation and analytical study is undertaken to demonstrate the performance and advantage of the proposed approach and algorithms.