Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2007

Submitted by ANA FLAVIA MARIANO DE SOUSA null (flavinha455@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-17T20:55:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final imprimir.pdf: 3125220 bytes, checksum: 761d821c6466a0e1358b2a44c7b1c9f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-20T19:22:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_afm_me_rcla.pdf: 3125220 bytes, checksum: 761d821c6466a0e1358b2a44c7b1c9f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_afm_me_rcla.pdf: 3125220 bytes, checksum: 761d821c6466a0e1358b2a44c7b1c9f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Nesse trabalho, consideramos o conceito de variedades topológicas. Porém, nos especializamos nas variedades conexas de dimensão 2, as chamadas superfícies. Nosso objetivo é o estudo da classificação topológica das superfícies compactas. Para isto, enunciamos e demonstramos o Teorema de classificação das superfícies compactas. Desta maneira, mostramos que toda superfície compacta orientável é homeomorfa à esfera ou a uma soma conexa de toros, e que toda superfície compacta não orientável é homeomorfa a uma soma conexa de planos projetivos. / In this work, we consider the concept of a topological manifold. However, we focus on the connected 2-dimensional manifolds, the so-called surfaces. Our goal is the study of the topological classification of the compact surfaces. In this direction, we state and prove the classification Theorem of compact surfaces. That is, we show that every orientable compact surface is homeomorphic to the sphere or to a connected sum of torus, and every non-orientable compact surface is homeomorphic to a connected sum of projective planes.

In this Master's thesis scripting interface of two programs CST Microwave studio and Ansoft HFSS for the purpose of analysis of electromagnetic structures is described. The work is focuses control of these programs with help of scripting languages and system's interface of MS Windows XP. Next the process of connecting programs with MATLAB is shown on commented scripts together with an example of complete analysis of a chosen problem, and the import and export of results results in MATLAB. Further the functions which form programming interface between MATLAB and simulation programs are designed and implemented. The interconnection layer makes the complete control of simulating programs possible using the function description published in the official documentation of used simulation programs. The layer is described in reference manual in detail and it is used for optimization with use of Particle swarm optimalization (PSO) of planar antenna model. Then there is presented another usage of the layer for an implementation of global optimization methods - SOMA and DE including suggestion of process for comparison efficiency of optimization algorithms on simple electromagnetic models.

This thesis is focused on using softcomputing method for learning bipedal robot to walk. Robot is represented by virtual model. At the beginning are the motivation and reasons for processing this theme. Next is devised shape of the robot which will be used. Then are selected libraries used by simulation. Further is devised system of robot learning algorithms. The most important of them is SOMA which is therefore described more. Due to assumed computational complexity is part of thesis focused on optimalization and simplification. One chapter focuses on measurement of quality of solution approximation. At the end there is an evaluation of thesis results.

The compartmental hypothesis of neurodegeneration proposes that the neurone, long recognized to consist of morphologically and functionally distinct compartments, also houses distinct degeneration mechanisms for the soma, axon and nerve endings. Support for this hypothesis is provided by the phenomenon of the WldS (for Wallerian Degeneration, slow) mouse, a mutant in which axons survive several weeks after transection, rather than degenerating within 24-48 hours as in wild type mice, by virtue of expression of a chimeric Nmnat1/Ube4b protein. In this thesis I used the WldS-mouse to re-examine and extend the theory of compartmental neurodegeneration by focusing specifically on sensory axons and endings; and finally by considering a fourth compartment, the dendrites. The first part of this thesis reports that Ia afferent axons and their annulospiral endings are robustly protected from degeneration in WldS mice. Homozygous or heterozygous WldS mice crossbred with transgenic mice expressing fluorescent protein in neurones were sacrificed at various times after sciatic nerve transection. Fluorescence microscopy of whole mount preparations of lumbrical muscles in these mice revealed excellent preservation of annulospiral endings on muscle spindles for at least 10 days after axotomy. No significant difference was detected in the protection with age or gene copy-number in contrast to the protection of motor nerve terminals, which degenerate rapidly in heterozygote and aged homozygote WldS mice. In an attempt to explain the difference in motor and sensory protection by WldS, examination of three hypotheses was undertaken: a) differences in protein expression, tested by western blot and immunohistochemistry; b) differences in the degree of neuronal branching, tested through examination of g-motor axons and endings which have a degree of branching intermediate to motor and sensory neurons; and c) differences in the activity in the disconnected stumps, through primary culture of the saphenous and phrenic nerve, selected because they comprise largely pure sensory and motor axons respectively. The data suggest that none of these hypotheses provides a sufficient explanation for the difference between sensory and motor protection by WldS. The last part of this thesis attempts to extend the theory of compartmental degeneration. I examine a system for investigation of WldS-mediated protection of dendrites. In preliminary experiments retinal explants from transgenic mice expressing YFP in a subset of retinal ganglion-cell neurones were cultured. The dendritic arbours of these cells were shown to be amenable for repeated visualization and accessible to injury and monitoring of degeneration. Overall the data in this thesis suggest that the level of WldS -mediated protection conferred to an axon or axonal endings varies between different neuronal types. This has implications for the potential applications of WldS research to clinical problems. Specifically, the data imply that sensory neuropathies may benefit more than motor neuropathies from treatments based on the protective effects of WldS. These findings in sensory neurones also challenge some of the assumptions made about WldS- mediated protection of neurones, for example the extent of the age-effect on axonal endings. Further investigation of WldS-mediated protection in the CNS could give renewed impetus to attempts to discover targets for treatment in common neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, a system for investigation of dendritic degeneration has been piloted, suggesting that molecules involved in the degeneration of dendrites or in protection from this degeneration may be amenable to investigation in this system, prospectively extending the compartmental hypothesis of neuronal degeneration.

Neste trabalho usamos as regras de soma da QCD para calcular as massas e constantes de acoplamento ou decaimento dos estados exóticos theta+(1540) e cascata--(1862) (pentaquarks), dos mesons escalares charmosos DsJ+(2317), D0(2308) e D0(2405) e do meson axial X(3872). Os mesons foram também tratados como estados exóticos de quatro quarks (tetraquarks). Dois métodos de regra de soma foram aplicados e uma atenção especial foi dada aos limites de validade e incertezas da regra de soma. Em todos os casos encontramos resultados compatíveis com os dados experimentais existentes, mas no caso dos pentaquarks e dos mesons escalares as regras de soma têm algumas de suas condições violadas, levantando a questão sobre a existência das ressonâncias na forma em que foram propostas. Fizemos também uma previsão para um méson axial Xb, que é uma expansão para o setor botônico do modelo assumido para o X(3872). / In this work the QCD Sum Rules have been used to obtain masses and coupling or decay constants of the theta+(1540) and cascade--(1862) pentaquarks, the DsJ+(2317), D0(2308) and D0(2405) charmed scalar mesons and the X(3872) axial meson. The mesons have been treated as 4-quark exotic states (tetraquarks). Two sum rules methods have been used with special attention given to the limits and uncertainties of the sum rules. Results consistent with experimental data have been found in all cases, but some of the sum rules constraints have been violated in the calculation of the pentaquarks and scalar mesons, leaving questions about the existence of the states as they have been built here. A prediction was also made for the mass of a state expanding the model used for X(3872) to the botton sector, named Xb.

Nos utilizamos as Regras de Soma da QCD para a obtencao de fatores de forma e larguras de decaimento dos processos semileptonicos Lambda_b -> Lambda_c + l + nu_l, Lambda_c -> Lambda + l + nu_l e Lambda_b -> p + l + nu_l. Estes decaimentos podem ser representados por uma funcao de tres pontos da corrente fraca de transicao e dos campos interpolantes das particulas envolvidas (por exemplo, Lambda_b e Lambda_c, no primeiro decaimento). Nos calculamos a parte teorica efetuando a expansao do produto de operadores desta funcao de tres pontos. No lado fenomenologico utilizamos a informacao obtida experimentalmente da amplitude de decaimento. Como usualmente se faz nas Regras de Soma da QCD, efetuamos uma transformada de Borel nestes dois lados a fim de obter os fatores de forma. De posse desta informacao podemos obter as larguras de decaimento. Apos o calculo destas quantidades, comparamos nossos resultados com os obtidos experimentalmente.

Orientador: Ricardo D'Elia Matheus / Banca: Marina Nielsen / Banca: Raphael Moreira de Albuquerque / Resumo: O método de regras de soma na QCD é um método não-perturbativo em QCD que permite obter observáveis hadrônicos a partir de quantidades universais da QCD, como as massas dos quarks e condensados. Ao longo dos cálculos desse método é necessário introduzir parâmetros não físicos e no final da conta, procurar por regiões do espaço desses parâmetros onde não há dependência tão forte das quantidades físicas neles. Como isso nem sempre é possível, essa dependência se traduz em incerteza teórica. Espera-se que adicionando correções radiativas, ou seja mais informação física no cálculo, essa dependência em parâmetros arbitrários diminua. Para tal métodos modernos de resolução de integrais de Feynman são bem-vindos. O método das integrais mestras reduz o problema de calcular integrais de Feynman a uma combinação linear de uma base de integrais, que podem ser resolvidas por equações diferenciais acopladas. Apresentamos o cálculo para os termos relevantes da OPE da regra de soma do J/Ψ até dois loops utilizando integrais mestras e equações diferenciais para resolvê-las. / Abstract: The method of QCD Sum Rules is a non-perturbative method in QCD, which allows one to obtain hadronic observables from universal QCD quantities, like the masses of quarks and the condensates. In the calculations of this method, one has to introduce non-physical parameters and at the end of the computations, search for regions in the space of these parameters where there is little dependence of the physical quantities on them. Since this is not always possible, this dependence translates itself into theoretical uncertainty. One expects that by adding radiative corrections, that bring more physical information into the calculation, the dependence on the arbitrary parameters decreases. In order to do this, modern methods of solving Feynman integrals are welcome. The method of master integrals reduces the problem of calculating Feynman integrals to a linear combination of a basis of integrals, which can be solved, in turn, by means of coupled differential equations. We present the calculation of the relevant terms for the OPE for the J/Psi sum rule up to two loops using reduction to master integrals and differential equations to solve them / Mestre

Les symptômes de conversion hystérique, qui se définissent comme une atteinte fonctionnelle des fonctions motrices et/ou sensorielles sans que l'on puisse en donner une causalité physiologique, posent une énigme à l'explication scientifique et médicale. Cette étude se focalise plus particulièrement sur les paralysies motrices hystériques où les investigations neurologiques récentes sont plus nombreuses et bien documentées. À partir de cette problématique, les représentations des rapports psyché/soma sont interrogées et comparées dans les champs des neurosciences et de la psychanalyse.Dans les neurosciences, les rapports soma/psyché peuvent être ramenés à des conceptions monistes de type physicaliste, qui font du psychisme un épiphénomène issu du traitement de l'information dans les réseaux neuronaux (position qualifiée d'éliminationiste), ou bien à des conceptions dualistes qui s'ignorent plus ou moins suivant les chercheurs.La perspective du nouage borroméen du dernier Lacan, quant à la structure du parlêtre (nouage RSI), nous permettent de montrer les limites des représentations scientifiques (imaginaro-symbolique) de l'être parlant qui n'intègrent pas les dimensions du réel, du symbolique et de l'imaginaire.

The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope (KESM) enables imaging of an entire mouse brain at sub-micrometer resolution. By using the data sets from the KESM, we can trace the neuronal and vascular structures of the whole mouse brain. I investigated effective methods for automatic seedpoint selection on 3D data sets from the KESM. Furthermore, based on the detected seedpoints, I counted the total number of somata and traced the neuronal structures in the KESM data sets. In the first step, the acquired images from KESM were preprocessed as follows: inverting, noise filtering and contrast enhancement, merging, and stacking to create 3D volumes. Second, I used a morphological object detection algorithm to select seedpoints in the complex neuronal structures. Third, I used an interactive 3D seedpoint validation and a multi-scale approach to identify incorrectly detected somata due to the dense overlapping structures. Fourth, I counted the number of somata to investigate regional differences and morphological features of the mouse brain. Finally, I traced the neuronal structures using a local maximum intensity projection method that employs moving windows. The contributions of this work include reducing time required for setting seedpoints, decreasing the number of falsely detected somata, and improving 3D neuronal reconstruction and analysis performance.