The topic of this diploma thesis is Interaction between parent and child with autistic spectrum disorder. The theoretical part is about mental development neurotypical preschool child and child with ASD, focused on social skills, speech and play. Emphasis is placed on reciprocity in parent-child socio-communication interaction. Next chapter is devoted to the specifics of raising a child with ASD. Empirical part contains qualitative research to investigate individual variability in social-communication behaviour in dyadic interaction parent-child with ASD. Videos were taken from which the socio-reciprocal skills, frequency and quality of interactions and initiation of contact on the part of the child and its response to parental initiation were analysed. Special attention was paid to making eye contact. The output of the thesis is practical recommendations for mothers, detailed qualitative analyses of observed interactions and a more detailed description of the socio-communicative behaviour of children with PAS. Keywords: interaction parent-child with ASD, social skills, social reciprocity, reciprocity in social communication, reciprocal-social behavior, play of preschool child, preschool child with ASD

Introdução - A intoxicação por chumbo é um conhecido problema de saúde pública e o envenenamento por este metal pode causar danos a vários órgãos, especialmente ao Sistema Nervoso Central de crianças em desenvolvimento. Objetivo geral- estudar a associação entre exposição a chumbo e comportamento anti-social (CAS) em adolescentes brasileiros. Objetivos específicos: a) analisar a associação entre exposição a chumbo e CAS / cometimento de atos infracionais (CAI); b) estudar potenciais fontes de exposição domiciliar a chumbo que mais estão associadas a altas concentrações de chumbo no esmalte dentário (CCED) e; c) avaliar o impacto de alterações metodológicas na técnica de microbiópsia ácida de esmalte dentário superficial (MAEDS) sobre CCED e profundidade da bíópsia. Métodos- Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com 173 jovens (Bauru, SP). MAEDS foram realizadas nestes jovens por dois diferentes protocolos metodológicos. Além disso, questionários sobre comportamento dos adolescentes e exposição a possíveis fontes de contaminação por chumbo foram aplicados a pais e adolescentes. Análises de regressão logística, testes de Wilcoxon e testes t pareados foram aplicados aos dados. Resultados- Odd ratios ajustados para covariáveis indicaram que alta CCED está associada a risco aumentado de exceder o escore clínico para queixas somáticas, problemas sociais, comportamento de quebrar regras e problemas externalizantes (IC 95%). Alta CCED não foi associado com escores elevados de CAI. Os fatores de risco mais associados com alta CCED foram residir em área contaminada ou até 2 km da área contaminada e trabalhar na fabricação de tintas, pigmentos, cerâmicas ou baterias. A profundidade da biópsia, calculada pela fórmula da altura do cilindro, para um dos protocolos, levou a resultados errôneos de profundidade da biópsia, confirmados por testes de perfilometria. Conclusões- A exposição a altos níveis de chumbo parece disparar o estabelecimento de CAS, o que alerta para a necessidade de desenvolvimento e implantação de políticas públicas de saúde que previnam o envenenamento da população por chumbo. Adolescentes foram expostos ao chumbo por algumas fontes estudadas, no Brasil. O esmalte dentário é um marcador fidedigno e a MAEDS é bastante útil e confiável. No entanto, CCEDs não podem ser comparadas entre resultados de pesquisas diferentes quando houver qualquer variação metodológica entre os estudos, havendo a necessidade da padronização do procedimento. / Introduction - Lead poisoning is a long known public health problem. Thus, lead exposure may cause damage to diverse organs, especially in the Central Nervous System of children in developing process. Objectives- a) to analyze the association between lead exposure and antisocial / delinquent behavior; b) to study the potential sources of lead home exposure more associated to high dental enamel lead levels (DELL) and c) to evaluate two distinct enamel biopsy protocols in relation to biopsy depth and DELL. Methods- A cross-sectional study was conducted with 173 adolescents (Bauru, SP, Brazil). Surface dental enamel (SDE) etch-acid microbiopsies were performed in upper central incisors of these youths by two different methodological protocols. In addition, questionnaires about adolescents behavior and about possible sources of lead contamination were responded by youths and their parents. Logistic regression, Wilcoxon and paired t tests were applied to data. Results- Odd ratios adjusted for familial and social covariates indicated that high DELL is associated with increased risk of exceeding the clinical score for somatic complaints, social problems, rulebreaking behavior (T70) and externalizing problems (T63) (CI 95%). High DELL was not found to be associated with elevated SRD scores. The risk factors associated to high DELL were residing in contaminated area or close proximity and working in paints, pigments, ceramic or batteries manufacturing. The biopsy depth, calculated by the cylinder formula, for Protocol II induced misleading results, as confirmed by profilometry tests. Conclusions- It seems that exposure to high lead levels can indeed trigger antisocial behavior, which claims for public policies to prevent lead poisoning. Adolescents were exposed to lead, by some studied sources, in Brazil. SDE, measured by etch-acid microbiopsy, is a reliable biomarker, but DELL could not be compared when there is some methodological variation among the studies. A standardization of the procedure is necessary.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joabatistasalomao_dissert.pdf: 485965 bytes, checksum: a1e9ad096dff68d92c37d5033056c5f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-06-12 / Objective Evaluate, social competence and behavior disorders in children with moderate to severe asthma according to parental perception. Casuistics: Sixty-two patients were studied, 36 male and 26 female, ages ranging from 7 to 16 years (MA: 10.94; SD: 2.28), with clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe asthma, without comorbidity, seen at the Pediatric Pneumology Service and the Allergy and Immunology Service at a University Hospital, from March to September, 2000. A control group was simultaneously studied and included 62 patients, 37 male and 25 female, ages ranging from 7 to 16 years (MA: 10.26; SD: 2.37), seen at the Orthopedics and Ophthalmology Outpatient Wards at the same hospital, without symptoms of asthma, respiratory allergy and no chronic diseases. Material and method An Identification Form, a Clinical Data Form and the CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist), a tool to evaluate social competence and behavior disorders, were used. Results Results were evaluated by the proportional tests, Student s t test and ANADEP and ANADEPMU and a significance level of 0.05 was chosen. Patients were classified according to the clinical manifestations of asthma: 42 had moderate asthma and 20 had severe asthma, most of them (93.55%) had been diagnosed since 3 years of age. There was no significant difference in age and gender between the group with asthma and the control group. There was a marked association between overall social competence and asthma (with p=0.000) and between social competence associated to activities (with p=0.001) and school (with p=0.01). There was no difference between children with asthma and the control group for social markers (with p=0.23). There was no correlation between gender and age when evaluating social competence, or overall social competence specific parameters: activities, school and social activities. The evaluation of social competence and type of asthma did not show a correlation. There was a strong association between the presence of behavior disorders and asthma (p=0.005), specially internalizing disorders (p=0.001). There was no association between the externalizing disorders and the disease. Behavior disorders were not associated to gender, age and type of asthma. Conclusions Children with asthma showed alterations in overall social competence and social competence related to activities and school, when compared to the control group. They also showed overall and internalizing disorders, which may be harmful to their development, their quality of life, compliance with the treatment and adequate management of the disease. The integration of biological, psychological and social factors is essential to establish adequate programs for the treatment of children with asthma and their families. / Objetivo - avaliar competência social e transtornos comportamentais em crianças com asma moderada e grave, a partir de percepção dos pais. Causística: foram estudados 62 pacientes, 36 do sexo masculino e 26 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 7 e 16 anos (im:10,94; dp:2,28), com diagnóstico clínico de asma moderada e grave, sem comorbidade, atendidos nos serviços de pneumologia infantil e alergia e imunologia de um hospital escola, no perído de março e setembro de 2000. Um grupo de controle foi estudado no mesmo período, composto de 62 pacientes, 37 do sexo masculino e 25 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 7 e 16 anos (im: 10,26; dp: 2,37), atendidos nos ambulatório de ortopedia e oftalmologia do mesmo hospital, sem qualquer sintomatologia de asma, de alergia respiratória e sem qualquer doença crônica. Material e método - foram utilizados na obtenção dos dados uma ficha de identificação, uma ficha de dados clínicos e um instrumento que avalia competência social e transtornos comportamentais - child behavior checklist (cbcl). Resultados - os resultados foram analisados com testes proporção x (ao quadrado), teste t de student, anadep e anadepmu, adotando-se nível de significância de 0,05. Os pacientes foram classificadossegundo manifestações clínicas da asma: 42 com asma moderada e 20 com asma grave, sendo que 93,55% receberam o diagnóstico da doença antes dos 3 anos de idade. Não houve diferença significante em termos de idade e sexo entre os grupos com asma e controle. Houve associação entre competência social e global e asma (p=0,000) e entre competência social associada a atividades (p=0,001) e escola (p=0,01). Não houve diferença entre crianças com asma e o grupo controle em relação ao aspecto social (p=0,23). Não houve relação entre sexo e idade na análise da competência social, nem quanto à competência social global nem quanto aos aspectos específicos: atividades, escola e social. A análise entre competência social e tipo de asma também não mostrou associação. Houve associação entre presença de transtornos comportamentais e asma (p=0,005), principalmente os transtornos internalizantes (p=0,001). Não houve associação dos externalizantes com a doença. Os transtornos comportamentais não se mostraram associados ao sexo, idade da amostra e tipo de asma. Conclusões - as crianças com asma apresentaram alterações na competência social e global e competência social relacionada a atividades e escola, quando comparadas ao grupo controle. Apresentaram ainda transtornos globais e internalizantes, que podem prejudicar o seu desenvolvimento, sua qualidade de vida, a adesão ao tratamento e o manejo adequado da doença. A integração dos aspectos biológicos, psicológicos e sociais é imprescindível para o delineamento de programas adequados de atendimento à criança portadora de asma e a seus familiares.

Introdução - A intoxicação por chumbo é um conhecido problema de saúde pública e o envenenamento por este metal pode causar danos a vários órgãos, especialmente ao Sistema Nervoso Central de crianças em desenvolvimento. Objetivo geral- estudar a associação entre exposição a chumbo e comportamento anti-social (CAS) em adolescentes brasileiros. Objetivos específicos: a) analisar a associação entre exposição a chumbo e CAS / cometimento de atos infracionais (CAI); b) estudar potenciais fontes de exposição domiciliar a chumbo que mais estão associadas a altas concentrações de chumbo no esmalte dentário (CCED) e; c) avaliar o impacto de alterações metodológicas na técnica de microbiópsia ácida de esmalte dentário superficial (MAEDS) sobre CCED e profundidade da bíópsia. Métodos- Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com 173 jovens (Bauru, SP). MAEDS foram realizadas nestes jovens por dois diferentes protocolos metodológicos. Além disso, questionários sobre comportamento dos adolescentes e exposição a possíveis fontes de contaminação por chumbo foram aplicados a pais e adolescentes. Análises de regressão logística, testes de Wilcoxon e testes t pareados foram aplicados aos dados. Resultados- Odd ratios ajustados para covariáveis indicaram que alta CCED está associada a risco aumentado de exceder o escore clínico para queixas somáticas, problemas sociais, comportamento de quebrar regras e problemas externalizantes (IC 95%). Alta CCED não foi associado com escores elevados de CAI. Os fatores de risco mais associados com alta CCED foram residir em área contaminada ou até 2 km da área contaminada e trabalhar na fabricação de tintas, pigmentos, cerâmicas ou baterias. A profundidade da biópsia, calculada pela fórmula da altura do cilindro, para um dos protocolos, levou a resultados errôneos de profundidade da biópsia, confirmados por testes de perfilometria. Conclusões- A exposição a altos níveis de chumbo parece disparar o estabelecimento de CAS, o que alerta para a necessidade de desenvolvimento e implantação de políticas públicas de saúde que previnam o envenenamento da população por chumbo. Adolescentes foram expostos ao chumbo por algumas fontes estudadas, no Brasil. O esmalte dentário é um marcador fidedigno e a MAEDS é bastante útil e confiável. No entanto, CCEDs não podem ser comparadas entre resultados de pesquisas diferentes quando houver qualquer variação metodológica entre os estudos, havendo a necessidade da padronização do procedimento. / Introduction - Lead poisoning is a long known public health problem. Thus, lead exposure may cause damage to diverse organs, especially in the Central Nervous System of children in developing process. Objectives- a) to analyze the association between lead exposure and antisocial / delinquent behavior; b) to study the potential sources of lead home exposure more associated to high dental enamel lead levels (DELL) and c) to evaluate two distinct enamel biopsy protocols in relation to biopsy depth and DELL. Methods- A cross-sectional study was conducted with 173 adolescents (Bauru, SP, Brazil). Surface dental enamel (SDE) etch-acid microbiopsies were performed in upper central incisors of these youths by two different methodological protocols. In addition, questionnaires about adolescents behavior and about possible sources of lead contamination were responded by youths and their parents. Logistic regression, Wilcoxon and paired t tests were applied to data. Results- Odd ratios adjusted for familial and social covariates indicated that high DELL is associated with increased risk of exceeding the clinical score for somatic complaints, social problems, rulebreaking behavior (T70) and externalizing problems (T63) (CI 95%). High DELL was not found to be associated with elevated SRD scores. The risk factors associated to high DELL were residing in contaminated area or close proximity and working in paints, pigments, ceramic or batteries manufacturing. The biopsy depth, calculated by the cylinder formula, for Protocol II induced misleading results, as confirmed by profilometry tests. Conclusions- It seems that exposure to high lead levels can indeed trigger antisocial behavior, which claims for public policies to prevent lead poisoning. Adolescents were exposed to lead, by some studied sources, in Brazil. SDE, measured by etch-acid microbiopsy, is a reliable biomarker, but DELL could not be compared when there is some methodological variation among the studies. A standardization of the procedure is necessary.

臨床研究發現，提高自我注意容易提高個體的負向情緒，反之，提高負向情緒容易觸發個體的自我注意程度，而高自我注意、負向情緒又正是憂鬱者的主要特徵。由於高自我注意跟負向情緒具有負相關，再根據過去文獻分析，推論高自我注意跟負向情緒之間可能具有共變關係。 循著Carver & Scheier的自我調適理論、Pyszczynski & Greenberg的憂鬱者的自我調適維持理論、Higgins的自我落差理論等脈絡前行，並分析有關目標設定、自我效能、憂鬱者對自我表現之主觀感受、自我滿意度等研究後，發現憂鬱者內在傾向於設定自己無法達成的目標，因此容易產生「目標--現況之間具有落差」的現象。本研究主張，差距現象乃是憂鬱者之高自我注意、負向情緒關係的中介因素，並將差距現象區分為客觀差距（事前自我效能評估--目標設定）、主觀差距（事後自我效能評估--主觀感受）。這兩者可能影響自我注意、負向情緒之關係。基於研究興趣，再探討「事前自我效能評估--實際自我效能」差距與「事後自我效能評估--實際自我效能」差距，這兩者並不會影響自我注意、負向情緒之關係。 本研究為了解自我注意、負向情緒、差距現象三者之關係，針對輕度憂鬱、一般大學生，以社交表現（與陌生人初次之談話）為主題，設計兩個實驗，探討（一）自我注意、負向情緒是否具有共變關係。（二）輕度憂鬱大學生在社交方面是否具有差距現象。（三）輕度憂鬱大學生的差距現象，是否為自我注意、負向情緒之共變關係之中介因素。（四）輕度憂鬱大學生的實際社交表現是否受到差距現象的影響。 根據本研究的實驗結果發現： （一）輕度憂鬱大學生之自我注意與負向情緒之間具有負相關，但在實驗操弄的情況下，兩者並沒有明顯共變關係。 （二）輕度憂鬱大學生在社交表現方面，和一般大學生大致相同，沒有顯著的客觀、主觀差距現象。而造成差距現象不明顯的原因，在於憂鬱大學生的社交表現一樣好、一樣受歡迎。然而憂鬱大學生對自己表現之評分較一般大學生為差，顯示憂鬱大學生的社交自信不足。 （三）輕度憂鬱大學生之客觀、主觀差距現象不構成高自我注意與負向情緒之中介因素。然而，憂鬱大學生對自我表現的主觀評價與滿意度確實顯著低於一般大學生，顯出憂鬱者習慣自我貶低的特質。 （四）輕度憂鬱大學生之社交表現並不受客觀、主觀差距現象之影響。 （五）在「事前自我效能評估--實際自我效能」差距與「事後自我效能評估--實際自我效能」差距方面，憂鬱大學生之差距量皆顯著小於非憂鬱大學生，顯示自評的社交實力與實際社交實力仍稍有不同，且一般大學生對自評社交能力的高估情況較顯著，反映出社交自信較憂鬱大學生高。 由於實驗結果並不支持本研究之假設，探討其可能原因為： （一）受試者特性：本研究所抽樣之政大學生之憂鬱程度相當輕微，而且在社交表現上並不比同輩差，因此在社交上之差距現象不明顯，無法看出差距現象是否足以構成自我注意、負向情緒之中介因素。另外，不同受試者具有不同的先天自我注意傾向，可能影響實驗結果。 （二）自我注意的內涵：本實驗操弄之自我注意採用「編故事」方式進行，並不會引發個體的挫折，因此無法引起強烈情緒變動。 （三）實驗測量的問題：以實驗操弄雖能暫時改變個體之情緒與注意力，然而操弄所得的情緒與注意力很容易受到外在干擾而改變、或隨著時間變化而消退。 綜合以上結果與探討，對未來研究之建議如下： 建議未來針對憂鬱症狀較高之憂鬱者，選定不同的實驗作業，在受試者不知情的情況下，利用非紙筆類的測量工具，在數個時間點重覆測量情緒與注意力的變化，再度檢驗差距現象對憂鬱者「自我注意--負向情緒」之共變關係。

Il contributo presenta i risultati di un progetto multi-fase che ha avuto come obiettivo la creazione di un nuovo modello di azione collettiva solidarity-based. Sviluppatosi in tre fasi conseguenti e necessarie, tale progetto mira a fornire indicazioni teoriche, metodologiche ed applicative per interventi di cittadinanza globale capaci di favorire condizioni di giustizia sociale. La prima fase consta di uno studio cross-culturale condotto in Italia, Austria e Stati Uniti volto a rilevare le rappresentazioni sociali dei concetti di obbedienza e disobbedienza in gruppi di giovani-adulti. La discussione dei risultati evidenzia similitudini e differenze cross-culturali tra le rappresentazioni e definisce, per la prima volta in letteratura, attraverso l’utilizzo di mixed methods completamente bottom-up i concetti di obbedienza e disobbedienza. Nella seconda fase è stato creato e validato uno strumento psicometrico in grado di misurare l’atteggiamento relativo alla disobbedienza pro-sociale poiché, nella terza e ultima fase, tale costrutto, insieme alle variabili ragionamento morale e valori di impegno, sono state testate come predittrici del modello EMSICA, modello esplicativo di un’azione collettiva a favore di un out-group in condizioni di svantaggio sociale. La discussione dei risultati indica la rilevanza empirica di tali variabili offrendo interessanti spunti di riflessione per i policy maker. / This dissertation presents the results of a multi-phase project whose goal was the creation of a new model of solidarity-based collective action. Developed in three consequential and necessary phases, this project aims to provide theoretical, methodological and practical guidance for interventions of global citizenship to favor conditions of social justice. The first phase consists of a cross-cultural study conducted in Italy, Austria and the United States aimed at detecting the social representations of the concepts of obedience and disobedience in young adults groups. The discussion of the results highlights the similarities and the differences between cross-cultural representations and defines the concepts of obedience and disobedience for the first time in literature, through the use of completely bottom-up mixed methods. In the second phase has been created and validated a psychometric instrument that can measure the attitude related to pro-social disobedience because, in the third and final stage, this construct, along with the variables moral reasoning and engagement values, have been tested as predictors of the EMSICA model, that explains collective action in favor of a disadvantaged out-group. The discussion of the results indicates the empirical relevance of these variables offering interesting insights for policy makers.

Ce mémoire de maitrise porte sur l’étude de la relation entre les croyances religieuses, le développement économique et l’identité socioculturelle des libanais. Ce sujet est suscité par deux approches : une approche conceptuelle relatant le lien entre la religion et le développement économique, et une approche révélant le rapport entre les trois éléments du sujet et imposant une observation rigoureuse des libanais du Liban et des libanais de Montréal. Deux types d’études empiriques sont envisageables afin d’expliquer le rapprochement entre les trois éléments du sujet : des études visant à tester le lien entre la religion et le développement au Liban et à Montréal et des études traitant la problématique identitaire. Les analyses historiques, sociologiques et empiriques invoquées dans notre projet démontrent qu’en général il existe une corrélation entre la religion et le développement. Nos enquêtes soulignent que cette corrélation est tout de même vérifié chez les libanais. Les points de vue culturel et religieux attestent que la religion et la famille constituent deux éléments indissociables de l’identité socioculturelle des libanais. La religion est une valeur qui peut influencer le choix du consommateur libanais. En effet, une relation de réciprocité est établie entre ces deux éléments. Les études, menées au Liban et à Montréal, soulignent aussi que le degré de religiosité peut déterminer certains comportements sociaux; ceci crée un enchainement entre le comportement social d’un libanais, ses appartenances religieuses qui reflètent son identité, et le développement économique. Ainsi, Les croyances religieuses endoctrinent le développement économique au plan macroéconomique et au plan microéconomique. Une relation s’installe entre le spirituel et la science économique. / This thesis focuses on the study of the relationship between religious beliefs, economic development and socio-cultural identity of Lebanon. This topic is generated by two approaches: a conceptual approach to describing the relationship between religion and economic development, and an approach to revealing the relationship between the three elements of the subject and requiring strict adherence to the Lebanese in Lebanon and the Lebanese in Montreal. Two types of empirical studies are possible to explain the relation between the three elements of the subject: studies to test the link between religion and development in Lebanon and Montreal and studies dealing with the issue of identity. Historical, sociological and empirical analyses show that there is in general a correlation between religion and development. Our investigations point out that this correlation is still checked in Lebanon. The cultural and religious views show that religion and family are two inseparable elements of the socio-cultural identity of Lebanese. Religion is a value that can influence consumer choice Lebanese. Indeed, a reciprocal relationship is established between the two. Studies conducted in Lebanon and Montreal also highlight that the degree of religiosity may determine some social behaviors; this creates a chain between the social behavior of a Lebanese, his religious affiliations that reflect his identity, and economic development. Thus, religious beliefs indoctrinate economic development at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. / Les fichiers qui accompagnent mon document ont été réalisés avec les logiciels : STATA, SPSS et EXCEL.

Text in Afrikaans / Die doelstelling van hierdie kwalitatiewe navorsing was om die leerder in die primêre skool, wat ander afknou, se psigiese lewensaktualisering te verken en te beskryf. Om hierdie doelstelling te bereik, is bepaalde doelwitte gestel. Deur middel van ’n literatuurstudie is ondersoek ingestel na die ontwikkeling van die leerder in die middelkinderjare. Voorts is die konsep van afknouery ondersoek, om sodoende ‘n psigiese beeld te kan skep van die leerder wat ander afknou. Projeksiemedia is in drie gevallestudies gebruik om empiriese inligting rakende die doel van die navorsing te bekom. Temas is uit die projeksiemedia geïdentifiseer en teen die bestaande literatuur geverifieer. Tydens die bespreking van die inligting wat uit die projeksiemedia verkry is, is gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings gemaak. Daar is gepoog om die bevindinge nie te veralgemeen nie, omdat dit ‘n kwalitatiewe studie was. / The aim of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the psychological life actualization of the learner in primary school who bullies others. To achieve this goal, specific objectives were set. The development of the learner in middle childhood was examined by means of a literature investigation. Furthermore, the concept of bullying was investigated, thus creating a psychological image of the learner who bullies others. Projection media were used in three case studies to obtain empirical information regarding the objective of the research. Themes from the projection media were identified and verified against the existing literature. During the discussion of the information acquired from the projection media, conclusions and recommendations were made. An attempt was made not to generalize the findings, because this was a qualitative study. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

This article reviews research and professional trends in the field of health psychology and behavioral medicine. I also discuss recent research on stress, immune system, behavioral change and health promotion. An increasing focus on the human immunodeficiencyvirus (HN/AIDS) is very important given the Rde of health psychology in terms of prevencing further spread of the epidemic and in maintaining a good qualiry of life. I examined psychosocial and immune system stress responses in individuals before and after their nocification of HN status andas a consequence of stress management intervention procedures. Psychological and social factors in the development of illness are considered. / Este articulo revisa líneas de investigación y profesionales en el campo de la psicología de la salud y la medicina conductual. Se discuten investigaciones recientes acerca del estrés, el sistema inmunológico, los cambios conducruales y la promoción de la salud. Un énfasis en el virus de inmunodeficiencia (HN/SIDA) es muy importante dado el rol de la psicología de la salud para prevenir la expansión de la epidemia y mantener una buena calidad de vida. Se han examinado las respuestas psicosociales y del sistema inmunológico de individuos antes y después de ser notificados de su status de HN y como consecuencia de los procedimientos de intervención para manejar el estrés. Se consideran los factores psicológicos y sociológicos en el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Les recherches en halieutique ont pour objectif d’améliorer les connaissances sur le fonctionnement des populations de poissons afin de transférer celle-ci vers des outils de gestion. Ce travail de thèse repose sur un ensemble d’expériences et de modélisations destinées à approfondir notre compréhension générale du comportement associatif de poissons grands pélagiques avec des objets flottants à la surface de l’océan. Notre objectif est de tester si les milliers d’objets flottants artificiels déployés par les pêcheurs (DCP - Dispositifs de Concentration de Poissons) constituent des pièges écologiques pour les thons tropicaux. <p><p>Pour mener à bien ce travail, nous avons dans le premier chapitre caractérisé le comportement individuel de thons dans un réseau de DCP ancrés. L’analyse de données de marquage acoustique de 96 thons albacores (Thunnus albacares) (30-96 cm) à Hawaii montre que les thons présentent une plasticité comportementale forte face aux DCP qu’ils rencontrent mais également que le temps de résidence sous les DCP diminue avec la taille des individus. Afin de quantifier l’impact de l’augmentation de la densité de DCP il est essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes et les facteurs qui influencent les temps de résidences sous les DCP. Dans le second chapitre, des expériences de choix binaires suggèrent un rôle de la biomasse agrégée dans la formation, la maintenance et la dispersion des agrégations que forment les thons sous les objets flottants. La quantification de la dynamique des arrivées et des départs des poissons aux DCP permettra de valider les hypothèses que nous proposons concernant les mécanismes sociaux sous-jacents d’une part et d’autre part de tester l’influence de la qualité de l’environnement et de la densité de DCP sur les temps de résidences individuels et la distribution spatiale des populations. Dans le troisième chapitre, la comparaison de facteurs de condition de listaos (Katsuwonus pelamis) matures capturés en bancs libres et sous objets flottants dans une zone naturellement riche en objets flottants, et relativement peu impactée par le déploiement de DCP (Le Canal du Mozambique), nous a permis d’établir un point de référence essentiel pour estimer les effets des perturbations actuelles. Plus généralement, les résultats obtenus dans les différents chapitres tendent à conforter l’hypothèse d’un rôle social et non trophique des objets flottants dans l’écologie de thonidés. Les résultats obtenus durant cette thèse amènent à poser un regard nouveau sur l’hypothèse du piège écologique. <p><p>Notre travail s’est principalement intéressé à un modèle biologique de choix, les thons tropicaux. Cependant le cadre théorique des questions abordées, les outils d’observations et les méthodes d’analyses développées sont assez génériques pour être appliqués aux autres espèces rencontrées sous les objets flottants. Cette recherche s’intègre plus généralement dans les problématiques visant à mieux comprendre les stratégies comportementales et la distribution des populations dans des environnements multi-sites.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished