Relational aggression is an indirect type of aggression used to damage relationships with others. Adolescent girls frequently encounter this issue, and the ubiquity of technology has expanded the ways in which girls can attack one another, i.e. cyber-bullying. The causes of relational aggression are unknown and could involve a combination of factors, including victim and/or bully psycho-social adjustment, social expectations, or the implicit structure of female friendships in adolescence. The effects range from social anxiety to impacted school performance to depression and suicidality. Groups of friends act much like a family for adolescents in terms of support and intimacy. Using Murray Bowen’s family systems theory as a template, an intervention is proposed where girls are taught techniques that will strengthen relationships with others and themselves. / text

Relational aggression includes manipulative behaviors such as gossiping, spreading rumors, or practicing exclusion to intentionally destroy a peer's social reputation. Aggressive behaviors such as those found in relational aggression contribute to unsafe school environments. Research on relational aggression has increased in recent years, yet there is minimal research on relational aggression among African American adolescent females. The research questions were What is social workers' understanding of relational aggression? and How do social workers' cultural awareness and general understanding of African American females' relationships and interpersonal connections impact their ability to connect with their clients in the therapeutic relationship? The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore social workers' perceptions of relational aggression and African American females' social relationships and assess the impact of social workers' perceptions on their ability to connect with clients and provide effective therapeutic services. Relational cultural theory constituted the study's theoretical framework. Data were collected using a qualitative online synchronous focus group with six social workers who provide therapeutic services to female African American teenagers in the school setting. Purposeful sampling was used to determine the number of participants. Thematic analysis was used to identify common themes from interview data. Findings from this study revealed a mischaracterization of relational aggression in relation to bullying. The findings also revealed that social worker's cultural awareness and general understanding of African American females assisted them in being able to connect with the subpopulation in the therapeutic relationship.

Mobbning bland flickorEn examensuppsats av Genet Göransson2013-05-29Denna uppsats handlar om mobbning bland flickor, syftet är att ur ett genusperspektiv, närmare bestämt feministiskt konstruktivistiskt, tillägna mig och dela ny kunskap i fråga om flickors mobbning. Metoden för denna uppsats är kvalitativ med fördjupning och förankring i den senaste forskningen om flickors mobbning. Jag har studerat, tolkat och reflekterat kring detta fenomen. Länge har forskare haft fokus på hur pojkar mobbar och forskarsamhället har antagit att flickor inte mobbar alls. De flickor som gjort det har setts som avvikande och ibland också abnorma, då de mobbat på pojkars vis, alltså mer öppet, provocerande och våldsamt. Ny forskning visar att flickor i det västerländska samhället inte öppet får visa sin aggression i offentligheten. Detta menar man beror på vuxnas könsstereotypa förhållningssätt visavi flickor och pojkar i hemmet, förskolan och skolan. Och det offentliga rummet har länge ansetts vara männens område. Det är en manlig diskurs som bestämmer var, hur och när flickor och pojkar får agera. Ny forskning visar också att flickor visst då är aggressiva, men att de döljer det. Flickors mobbningsstrategier skiljer sig också väsentligt från pojkarnas då mobbningen försigår indirekt och är kopplad till nära relationer, utseende och sexualitet. Detta eftersom en flicka som mobbar inte vill bli utpekad som elak, för då förlorar hon i popularitet. Det är också oftast flickor i den närmaste kretsen som mobbar eller blir mobbade. Den som blir mobbad utmanar oftast den rådande heterosexuella normen. Mobbningen sker i det fördolda med mycket sublima medel och med så många engagerade flickor som möjligt, detta för att den som mobbar inte ska bli utpekad. I min uppsats har jag också tagit med de metoder som forskarna anser hjälper mot flickmobbning.

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Researchers have found that social aggression has increased among African American females. Researchers have reported that the family value systems of many African American families endorse aggressive behaviors. Beliefs of fighting verbally and physically for self-worth and equality have been embedded in the socialization process for some African American females. It is important to explore the influence of family values on socially aggressive behaviors among this population. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of African American females in early adulthood and to understand how their socially aggressive behaviors are influenced by their family values. The theoretical framework for this study was social learning theory along with aggression, a subset of social learning theory. The research question was designed to explore how African American females in early adulthood experience and perceive social aggression and family values. Ten African American females were interviewed. Moustakas' method of data analysis was used to identify 4 themes: common family values, learned socially aggressive behaviors, acting out, and handling conflict. Understanding the behaviors and experiences of African American females with socially aggressive behaviors could result in positive social change, first, by increasing knowledge about the origins of socially aggressive behaviors among this population and then by improving guidance and counseling for African American females involved in socially aggressive behaviors.

L’efficacité des interventions pour diminuer la victimisation par les pairs en milieu scolaire est modeste. Un manque de connaissance sur le développement de la victimisation par les pairs en début de scolarité, notamment sur les rôles adoptés par les jeunes enfants (p. ex., agresseurs, victimes) ainsi que sur la contribution des divers comportements sociaux qu’ils exhibent, pourrait contribuer à cette efficacité limitée. Pour y remédier, il est nécessaire d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des enjeux propres à cette période développementale. Ainsi, cette thèse vise à étudier les différents profils de comportements sociaux et de victimisation par les pairs chez les enfants de la maternelle à la deuxième année du primaire, et ce, à l’aide d’un échantillon de 1757 enfants provenant de deux cohortes de naissance (Étude longitudinale sur le développement des enfants du Québec - ELDEQ). Plus spécifiquement, un premier article vise à explorer le développement de ces différents profils de la maternelle à la deuxième année, ainsi que leur stabilité d’une année à l’autre. Des analyses de profils latents sont effectuées à l’aide de mesures annuelles de l’agressivité physique, de l’agressivité relationnelle, de la victimisation subie et des comportements prosociaux des enfants, suivies par des analyses de transitions latentes. Les résultats montrent que les garçons présentent les quatre mêmes profils chaque année (prosociaux, normatifs, physiquement agressifs-victimisés et agressifs-victimisés) alors que les filles en présentent quatre en maternelle (prosociales, normatives, socialement agressives et agressives-victimisées) et cinq en première et deuxième année (prosociales, normatives, victimisées, socialement agressives, et agressives-victimisées). À la différence de la typologie classique, les garçons ne présentent pas de profil uniquement victimisé ou uniquement agressif et les profils des filles présentent des nuances sur la forme d’agressivité privilégiée. Une fois établie, l’appartenance aux profils s’avère relativement stable d’une année à l’autre, indiquant la précocité des problèmes sociaux avec les pairs. Afin de valider cette typologie des comportements sociaux et de la victimisation par les pairs et de suggérer des cibles potentielles d'évaluation ou d’intervention, le deuxième article teste d’abord si les habiletés cognitives préscolaires prédisent l’appartenance aux profils identifiés. Ensuite, il vérifie si l’expérience scolaire concomitante (relation enseignant-élève, engagement scolaire) diffère selon l’appartenance aux profils. Des analyses de régression multinomiale montrent que des habiletés cognitives élevées prédisent une plus grande probabilité de présenter un profil prosocial plutôt qu’agressif-victimisé. L’analyse des variables concomitantes montre que l’engagement scolaire est plus faible et la relation enseignant-élève plus difficile pour les enfants agressifs-victimisés, en comparaison aux enfants prosociaux ou aux filles socialement agressives en première et deuxième année. Ces résultats soulignent les associations précoces entre les difficultés sociales et scolaires, soit dès l'entrée à l'école. Pour finir, les résultats de cette thèse confirment l’existence et la pertinence d’une typologie des comportements sociaux et de la victimisation par les pairs en début de scolarité, soulignant la stabilité de celle-ci et la précocité des problèmes associés. Des cibles sont identifiées pour améliorer le dépistage des enfants à risque et, éventuellement, l‘efficacité des interventions préventives. Les différences garçons-filles, les caractéristiques uniques du profil des filles socialement agressives ainsi que l’expérience scolaire difficile des enfants agressifs-victimisés dès la maternelle sont discutées. / Interventions to reduce peer aggression and victimization in school settings currently show modest effectivity, lead on in part by limited knowledge on the development of peer victimization during the early school years. More specifically, there is a lack of information about which roles, or profiles, linked to peer aggression and victimization exist from school entry onwards, and how they change over time, as well as how children’s social behaviours are associated to them. To address this issue, this thesis aims to understand the different profiles of social behaviour and peer victimization that children can present from kindergarten to second grade. The study included 1757 children from two birth cohorts in the Quebec (Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development - QLSCD). More specifically, the first study included in this thesis explores the development of different profiles related to social behaviour and peer victimization from kindergarten to second grade, using annual measures of children's physical aggression, relational aggression, victimization, and prosocial behaviours. The results of the latent profile analyses performed show that boys present the same four profiles each year: prosocial, normative, physically aggressive-victimized (physically AV) and aggressive-victimized (AV). Girls present four profiles in kindergarten (prosocial, normative, socially aggressive and AV) and five in first and second grade (prosocial, normative, victimized, socially aggressive, and AV). Latent transition analyses aimed at testing the stability of profile membership over time showed that children tend to stay in the same profile over the years, especially if they are prosocial or AV. This study offers a slightly different typology from the one that is typically used in peer victimization theories, and it highlights the precocity of social behaviour and peer victimization problems for some children, stressing the importance of early identification and intervention. The second study of this thesis validates the typology of social behaviour and peer victimization and aims to identify potential targets for evaluation and intervention. It tests whether preschool cognitive abilities predict profile membership from kindergarten to second grade and tests whether children’s concurrent school experience differs according to their profile. For the first aim, results showed that high cognitive abilities predict a greater likelihood of exhibiting a prosocial rather than an AV role when controlling for socioeconomic status. For 6 the second aim, results showed that the quality of AV children’s school engagement and relationship with their teacher is worse than those of prosocial children at all time points, or of socially aggressive girls in first and second grade. Once again, these differences highlighted how early difficulties associated with children’s social problems can start. In conclusion, this thesis confirms the existence and relevance of a typology of social behaviour and peer victimization at the start of schooling, highlighting the stability of profile membership and the precocity of associated problems. Targets are identified to improve screening and the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Differences between boys’ and girls’ typologies and school experience, the uniqueness of the socially aggressive girl profile, and the struggles of AV children from kindergarten onwards are discussed.