Vancouver's West End, located between Stanley Park and the commercial/administrative enterprises of the central business district, quickly emerged as the city's prime residential neighborhood during the late 1880's. Until approximately 1912 Vancouver's leading citizens resided in the West End, shaping its growth and that of much of the city. Coming predominantly from Eastern Canada and Great Britain and arriving in Vancouver before or just after the turn of the century, Vancouver's West End elite created a residential landscape that reflected the architecture, institutions and urban images of the late Victorian Age. The transplant of a sophisticated and established urban culture to a pristine urban environment allowed Vancouver's upper class quickly to create a comfortable residential environment in a new, West Coast urban setting. In short, the West End was an identifiable neighborhood that reflected the processes of social and spatial sorting common throughout the late nineteenth century industrial urban world, and it provided a secure social and geographical base where the ambitious upper class could build and manoeuver to structure their future in British Columbia. While the West End portrayed status and functioned as an environment in which upper class social interaction and cohesion could be initiated and sustained, it was only part of the larger civic arena within which the elite population operated. This larger setting included the elaborate institutional network of corporations, exclusive clubs and recreational associations within which members of the elite consolidated their socio-economic ascendancy. An understanding of the institutional basis of elite power in Vancouver is essential to gaining an understanding of the elite's impact on the social and geographical environment of the city. Chapter three concentrates on the development of the elite's network of voluntary associations while chapter four examines the corporate connections and activities of the elite. In conclusion, the study examines the beliefs and commitments that helped to endorse the vast socio-economic power of the business dominated elite in early Vancouver. It is suggested that most immigrants to pre-1914 Vancouver saw the city as the land of private opportunity, a place where prosperity could be attained by everyone who adhered to the rules of hard work, thrift and common sense. A widely shared commitment to material progress and urban expansion helped to inspire a deferential attitude towards those businessmen who were leaders of expansion in the city's private sector and, more specifically, it sanctioned the rapid demise of the West End as an upper class single-family neighborhood. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-09T11:15:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardogervasiobastosvisser.pdf: 1276403 bytes, checksum: 41048f830bf5d6c76f4d9a12ed61327e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-09T13:49:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardogervasiobastosvisser.pdf: 1276403 bytes, checksum: 41048f830bf5d6c76f4d9a12ed61327e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-09T13:49:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardogervasiobastosvisser.pdf: 1276403 bytes, checksum: 41048f830bf5d6c76f4d9a12ed61327e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta tese é reconectar uma sociologia econômica aos seus fatores culturais e simbólicos. Em vista deste pressuposto, tomam-se as práticas econômicas como o centro teórico-empírico da pesquisa, que galga contribuir para uma teoria da diferenciação interna de tais práticas em classes sociais constituintes de um comportamento planejado e racionalizado com o capital econômico. Em complementação a esta perspectiva, arrola-se a investigação do trabalho como atividade social constituintes de condições socioeconômicas qualitativas experimentadas no tempo na medida em que constrangem ou permitem a repartição de planos de ação econômicos. Tal empreendimento intelectual se apoia em dois autores centrais: Pierre Bourdieu e Georg Simmel. Bourdieu permite uma reconstruir as estruturas temporais do agente econômico concreto, enquanto Simmel abre o campo de averiguação sobre o papel do dinheiro na modernidade. / The main goal of this thesis is to reconnect economic sociology to its cultural and symbolic factors. In consonance to this hypothesis, economic practices are taken as the main theoretical and empirical tool in order to contribute to a theory internal differentiation of these practices, whilst some social classes develop a rational and planned behavior with economic capital. In addition to that, the concept of labor is taken as social activity that constitutes qualitative socioeconomic conditions experienced on time in the sense that they both permit and constrain the repartition of different levels of the economic action. Two authors were very important: Pierre Bourdieu and Georg Simmel. Pierre Bourdieu enables the investigation on time structures of the economic agent, whereas Simmel scrutinizes the roll of money in modernity.

Cette thèse aborde les mots "cuico" et "flaite" comme des catégories qui sont devenues fondamentales dans la représentation des classes sociales aujourd’hui au Chili. Fruits à la fois de transformations sociales et culturelles récentes, et héritières de rapports historiques qui ont été tissés entre les différents groupes qui composent notre société, ces deux catégories expriment dans un langage courant et informel la méfiance qu’il existe de nos jours entre les classes sociales dans le pays. Constituant toutes les deux des catégories péjoratives, cuico, associée à la classe supérieure, et flaite, associée aux classes populaires dangereuses, servent non seulement à identifier des groupes reconnus comme différents et spécifiques en ce moment dans la société chilienne, mais aussi à tracer des frontières morales entre les groupes. Elles rendent compte ainsi de l’importance du langage moral lorsqu’on parle des classes sociales aujourd’hui au Chili. / This thesis addresses the terms cuico and flaite as categories that have become fundamental in the representation of social classes in Chile today. They are the result of the recent social and cultural transformations and the historical reports that have been woven between groups that compose our society. These two categories express in a language both common and informal the mistrust that exists these days between social classes. Both constituting pejorative categories, cuico, associated to the upper class, and flaite, associated with dangerous popular classes, serve not only to identify this different and specific groups in this moment in Chilean society, but also to trace moral boundaries between the two. They account for the importance of moral language when speaking of social classes in Chile today.

This thesis is a study of John Steinbeck's observations and opinions during twenty-eight years of writing about the relationships between people of difference economics and social classes.

This dissertation examines how changing neighborhoods and the rise of urban school choice policies shape the experiences of parents raising young children. Drawing on 102 interviews with parents of elementary-aged children across New York City, descriptive network and geographic data from parent surveys, and four years of ethnographic observations of school district meetings, I answer four interrelated questions. First, how do parents integrate their sense of self into their school decision-making rationales? Second, how do ideologies around intensive mothering shape the particular experiences of mothers as they navigate school decision-making? Third, how do parents construct school decision-making networks that they draw on for advice and what are the spatial and geographic features of these networks? Lastly how do parents develop assessments of economically-disadvantaged neighborhoods and how do these evaluations guide their parenting strategies and childrearing logics? Through this research, I make four theoretical contributions. I examine parent decision-making standpoints and demonstrate how parents construct their identities through school decision-making. My findings suggest that socioeconomic differences shape how parents construct their identity as they make school decisions. Working-class parents primarily draw on their past school experiences while middle-class parents integrate their stance for equity into their school decisions. I find that parents across socioeconomic background center their parenting ideals on cultivating their child’s creativity and individuality and seek schools that will nurture their child’s identity. Second, I conceptualize the particular emotional labor mothers expend as they make school decisions. I find that mothers extend emotional labor in their search for schools for their children. Working-class mothers extend emotional labor at the beginning of the application process as they attempt to navigate application procedures. Middle-class mothers extend emotional labor in later stages as they attempt to implement a strategy for enrollment. Important racial and ethnic differences also shape how mothers take on these additional burdens of care work. I find that white mothers extend emotional labor by persistently contacting school administrators to seek enrollment while mothers of color across socioeconomic background extend emotional labor in their search for schools that will reaffirm and support their children’s marginalized identities. Third my dissertation contributes to our understanding of network effects in spatial context. I put forth a theory of cumulative network effects by evaluating the spatial attributes of parents’ advice networks. I find that parents draw on advice from family members, other parents, and organizations as they make school decisions. I find that both working-class and middle-class parents are more likely to enroll their children in non-zoned schools and schools that are greater distances away when they accumulate a large and spatially dispersed network. Lastly, I link together theories on neighborhood perceptions and childrearing by demonstrating how parents’ neighborhood assessments guide their parenting strategies in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. I find that parents’ varying views of economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in turn shapes their child rearing strategies. Parents who view the neighborhood more positively, cultivate relationships with neighbors and encourage their children to do the same, while parents who view the neighborhood less favorably create distance between their family and the neighborhood. Overall, my findings demonstrate that parenting approaches have shifted as neighborhoods have undergone changes and as educational policies in urban areas have emphasized greater school choice options. I demonstrate how parenting is shaped by decision-making standpoints, longstanding ideologies about motherhood, cumulative network effects in spatial context, and parents’ neighborhood assessments.

This project analyzes drug use in Mexico City between 1960 and 1980, the decades when the Mexican state began criminalizing common drugs like marijuana, and prosecuting the consumers of legal drugs such as toxic inhalants. In order to explain this contradiction, this dissertation assesses more than 3,000 Juvenile Court records, police files, health department and hospital documents, journal articles, drug legislation, and personal anecdotes. It argues that consumption and prosecution trends largely corresponded to socioeconomic class. Furthermore, these class-based consumption trends affected Mexican drug policies. According to the Mexican health department and penal reports examined in this dissertation, the Mexican state responded to the rise in drug use by pushing legislation to further criminalize marijuana. Yet the inner workings of that legislation tell a different story. Police records and Juvenile Court cases expose a rise in the detention and arrest of children who consumed toxic inhalants, a legal substance. The Mexican state found it more difficult to punish the children of middle-class government employees and professionals than the poor. In criminalizing poor, young drug users, the government could demonstrate its active efforts to address rising drug use. Consequently, the state created a new criminal class out of lower-class children who inhaled toxic legal substances in Mexico City. From a criminal and health perspective, this dissertation emphasizes the need to consider the impact of Mexican drug use trends on drug policy from the 1960s to the 1980s.

This dissertation proposes and tests a theory that investigates the political process of modern property formation in land in postcolonial societies of the New World. Specifically, it examines how land tenure systems of private property -- that is, a statutory tenure in which individual property rights are specified, allocated, arbitrated by the state -- are designed and executed in contexts of limited state capacity and land abundance. It draws on extensive, under-tapped archival evidence from Imperial Brazil (1822-1889), the largest postcolonial state of the southern hemisphere. The data, collected over a year of rigorous and systematic archival research, include original ledgers of rural estates surveyed and recorded at the parish (i.e., sub-municipal) level; church inventories of slaves; economic and health-related data of slaves populations; agricultural and land prices; roll call votes and transcripts from parliamentary sessions; and biographical information on Brazil's most prominent elites. My dissertation argues that exogenous, disruptive events that abolish labor-repressive relations of production, such as slavery or the slave trade, open up an opportunity for central governments to bargain for the creation of systems of freehold tenure with local traditional elites. Many countries of the New World were unable to pursue liberal reforms that commodified land and dismantled land-related colonial privileges because of the lack of professional surveyors and cadastral technologies to survey, title, and register parcels accurately. Moreover, high land-to-man ratios turned land into a factor of production with little commercial value and did not offer clear incentives to local elites to demand secure and complete property rights. My dissertation argues that, when local elites' depend on forced or servile labor for production, abolition can make them prone to support a statutory yet highly stringent system of freehold tenure that legally blocks access to land to wage laborers. A system of freehold tenure in times of abolition can attain two goals. First, to close off alternatives to wage labor in the agricultural sector by assembling ownership statutes that exacerbate conditions of tenure insecurity. Second, as local elites controlling servile labor have higher stakes in the survival of labor dependence in agriculture, it can enhance quasi-voluntary compliance with new property rules that intend to avert squatting and keep rural labor inexpensive and abundant. By willingly demarcating boundaries, titling, and paying taxes, local elites cooperate with the new land statutes. In turn, central state officials can secure the logistical resources they need (i.e., fiscal revenue, documentary evidence of ownership, spatial coordinates of rural estates) to distinguish occupied from unoccupied tracts, police the hinterlands, carry out evictions, and formulate policies (e.g., employer subsidies) that would bias labor markets in favor of elite interests. I test these propositions by examining how a powerful class of plantation owners in Imperial Brazil supported the creation of, and quasi-voluntarily complied with, the Land Law of 1850 (the country's first modern property law in land) in response to the exogenous abolition of the Atlantic slave trade in 1831. I show that parliamentarians who were also planters favorably voted for the bill that introduced the Land Law in the Chamber of Deputies. Moreover, I show that, once the new law had been approved, local parishes that had a greater proportion of slaves were more likely to experience higher rates of regularization. Untaxed and unbounded plantations that long benefited from Portuguese medieval traditions ended up being regularized as self-demarcated, taxable private freeholds. My analysis of Imperial Brazil yields three main insights about how property formation in the New World was carried out. First, and in contrast to the European experience, the advent of private property in land in polities of Australasia or Latin America was not a top-down phenomenon but the result of an arduous political negotiation and patterns of societal co-production between rulers and traditional landlords from the colonial era. Second, land abundance, not scarcity, threatened landlords' material wealth: by promising independent, small-scale cultivation to free rural workers, it threatened landlords with labor shortages. Finally, and even though individual and absolute proprietorship was made the hegemonic form of tenure, national policymakers enacted provisions that neglected property rights to marginalized populations such as freed slaves, immigrants, convicts, or peons. Therefore, the recognition of individual property rights in these societies was highly selective and did not follow the liberal, egalitarian principle of equality before the law.

The general purpose of this study will be an exploration of the relationships between the self-descriptions of late adolescents, their perceptions of how they think their like-sexed parents would describe them, their social class of origin, and the degree of their implied social mobility. The present study specifically investigates the proposition that as the late adolescent implies an attempt to change his social lass of origin (as measured by Hollingshead’s Two Factor Index of Social Position by obtaining more education and aspiring to a different occupation than his parents) the tested implication is that he feels his parents’ perceptions of him become different form his own, (as measured in both cases by the Adjective Check List developed by Gough and Hielbruner (1965)). Furthermore, this difference will be greater than that perceived by those who are non-mobile. A secondary objective of the study will be to attempt to gain some insight into the nature of social classes in our society. As will be seen in the review of the literature, there are many theories regarding this issue. Two of the most prominent to be discussed will be class specific versus common values orientations. This study will attempt to see which of these two theories the type of data collected for this study will support.

No description available.

No description available.