In the early 20th century, downtown areas were the primary centers of commerce, industry, and cultural activity in many American cities. However, with the rise of suburbanization, many of these downtown areas began to experience economic decline and population loss. Factors that contributed to this decline included the decentralization of jobs and economic activity to suburban areas, as well as the increasing availability of affordable automobiles that allowed people to commute longer distances. As more people moved to the suburbs, downtown areas became associated with problems such as crime, poverty, and decay. This led to a further decline in urban areas as businesses and residents left for the suburbs. This is how the edge cities started to rise. Transit development is a significant impact on the shift of population to edge cities. The term "edge cities"was coined by Joel Garreau in his 1991 book "Edge Cities: Life on the New Frontier". which are suburban areas that have become significant employment centers and have developed downtown-like characteristics. These urban areas are driven by factors such as the desire for walkable neighborhoods, access to cultural amenities, and job opportunities that are like urban downtowns. The Thesis proposal explores combining both suburban and urban lifestyles resulting in a hybrid environment that offers the best of both worlds. It will provide the sense of community and neighborhood that is often found in suburban areas, along with the convenience and accessibility to urban amenities and services. The concept will be addressing how horizontal living (Suburban) and how vertical living (Downtown) would address a different lifestyle that will give access to a range of shops, restaurants, and entertainment options within a short walk or bike from home, as well as having park spaces and playgrounds connecting between the buildings will help to thrive for better and healthy communities. This project will also offer the benefits of urban living, such as the opportunity to work in a dynamic and diverse environment, access to cultural events and activities, and the convenience of public transportation. This idea of convergence is focusing on the newly proposed purple line transit corridor and Adelphi-West Metro Station, Maryland. It envisions a unique urban fabric that will set into action to reduce reliance on cars by promoting more sustainable way of life. / Master of Science / Rapid urbanization has impacted the natural landscape in the United States. The shift of population to suburbs in the United States was primarily driven by a combination of factors that arose in the mid-20th century, including the growth of automobile use, the development of the interstate highway system, and the expansion of affordable single-family homes in suburban areas. One of the main reasons people are moving to these areas is the job market, quality of life, and affordability. In recent years, there has been a growing trend of people moving from Washington, DC to the nearby communities of Bethesda and Silver Spring. Both places are easily accessible from downtown by means of transportation. These places are known for their vibrant downtown areas with a range of shops, restaurants, and cultural attractions. They also offer a few outdoor amenities, including park spaces, trails, and other recreational opportunities. This shift in population has been observed in many other areas on the Purple Line corridor. In these one of the major potential places would be Adelphi-West. This thesis is going to propose an adaptive master plan by critiquing the existing master plan for the Adelphi-West Metro Station in three strategic ways. Ecology Connectivity Efficient uses (spaces) Secondly, it is creating an urban fabric by providing a suburban and a downtown lifestyle that addresses achieving vibrant and diverse communities which offer a range of amenities, including shopping centers, restaurants, and entertainment venues, making them attractive destinations for both workers and residents.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006- Marcio Carneiro dos Reis.pdf: 2155427 bytes, checksum: 1a939de2b1ef8a8ff4048733d1ce79f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-11 / Funda??o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The aim of this study is to contribute towards understanding the historical processes and towards conceiving strategies for the local development promotion proposing the inclusion of the Subject s Space and of the Group s Space in the Map of the Structure-Action of the Capitalist Societies in the World Space, by Boaventura Santos. The thesis that we try to demonstrate is that the social spaces were increased with the historical transformations which happened throughout last half century, amid the analysis of the passage of the national development to the local development and also the analyses of the development representations in the local plan. That expansion of the social spaces caused two effects: it exposed the readings of the history which supplied subsidies for the conception of the development strategies; and it turned the local spaces into privileged spaces to think about development. Throughout that period, the analyses start to punctuate the local attributes, the actors, their institutions and social relationships as a form to trigger local development. In doing that, these analyses emphasize the families, the communities, production forms which are not aimed at the market, forms of regulation of the social conflicts that are not embraced by the rules originated from the Territorial State and international relationships that are not limited to those established among National States and to the traditional flow of capitals and of international trade, either. To be able to deal with such complexity and to demonstrate, first, that the social spaces were increased and, then, that it is important to consider and that it is possible to detect an space for the subject and an space for the social groups, amid the expansion of those spaces, and that the perception of both it is important for the analysis of the local historical processes, we opted for developing an argument that can be divided into five parts: 1) to give evidence to the recent historical transformations that seem to us important to the discussion here established; 2) to demonstrate how those historical transformations exposed the reading of the inherent history to the theories of the development; 3) starting from those same theories, how to notice the social spaces increasing; 4) to approach the problem of the local development starting from some theoretical contributions that are devoted to the theme, in order to know if the increased social spaces have some relevance and, if they do, how they are being dealt; and 5) to propose the inclusion of the subject s space and of the group s space in the Map of Boaventura Santos' Structure-action. The importance of the consideration of those two structural spaces for the discussions on local development is due to the fact that: a) the subject was in evidence with the recent transformations, in view of the individualization process in progress nowadays; and b) there is no possibility of considering creativity of the social life without considering the subjective aspects and inter-subjective that permeate people's relationships with themselves and the relationships that they establish in the formation of the social groups. For this reason, to focus only on the objective limits of the development may not be enough to provoke the triggering of processes of local development, which should consider the inherent uncertainty to the historical processes, as well as the plurality of roads. / O estudo objetiva contribuir para a compreens?o dos processos hist?ricos e para a formula??o de estrat?gias de promo??o do desenvolvimento local propondo a inclus?o, no Mapa da Estrutura-A??o das Sociedades Capitalistas no Espa?o Mundial, de Boaventura Santos, do Espa?o do Sujeito e do Espa?o Grupal. A tese que procuramos demonstrar, em meio ? an?lise da passagem do desenvolvimento nacional para o desenvolvimento local e das representa??es do desenvolvimento no plano local, ? que os espa?os sociais se ampliaram com as transforma??es hist?ricas ocorridas ao longo do ?ltimo meio s?culo. Essa amplia??o dos espa?os sociais provocou dois efeitos: comprometeu as leituras da hist?ria que forneciam subs?dios para a constru??o de estrat?gias de promo??o do desenvolvimento; e tornou os espa?os locais espa?os privilegiados para se pensar o desenvolvimento. As an?lises, ao longo desse per?odo, passaram a pontuar os atributos locais, os atores, suas institui??es e rela??es sociais como forma de alavancar o desenvolvimento local. Ao caminharem nesse sentido, enfatizam as fam?lias, as comunidades, formas de produ??o que n?o se encontram direcionadas para o mercado, formas de regula??o dos conflitos sociais que n?o s?o abarcadas pelas regras emanadas do Estado Territorial e rela??es internacionais que n?o se encontram limitadas ?quelas estabelecidas entre os Estados Nacionais e nem pelo fluxo tradicional de capitais e de com?rcio internacional. Para dar conta dessa complexidade e demonstrar, primeiro, que os espa?os sociais se ampliaram e, depois, que ? importante considerar e que ? poss?vel detectar, em meio ? amplia??o desses espa?os, um espa?o pr?prio do sujeito e um espa?o pr?prio dos grupos sociais e que a percep??o de ambos ? importante para a an?lise dos processos hist?ricos locais, optamos por desenvolver um argumento que pode ser dividido em cinco partes: 1) evidenciar as transforma??es hist?ricas recentes que nos parecem relevantes para a discuss?o aqui realizada; 2) demonstrar como essas transforma??es hist?ricas comprometeram a leitura da hist?ria inerentes ?s teorias do desenvolvimento; 3) como, a partir dessas mesmas teorias, podemos perceber os espa?os sociais se ampliando; 4) abordar o problema do desenvolvimento local a partir de algumas contribui??es te?ricas que se dedicam ao tema, para saber se os espa?os sociais ampliados v?m tendo alguma relev?ncia e, se sim, como eles v?m sendo tratados; e 5) propor a inclus?o, no Mapa da Estrutura-A??o de Boaventura Santos, do espa?o do sujeito e do espa?o grupal. A import?ncia da considera??o desses dois espa?os estruturais para as discuss?es sobre desenvolvimento local est? no fato de que: a) o sujeito ficou em evid?ncia com as transforma??es recentes, dado o processo de individualiza??o que se encontra em curso; e b) n?o h? como considerar a criatividade da vida social sem considerar os aspectos subjetivos e intersubjetivos que permeiam as rela??es das pessoas com elas mesmas e das rela??es que elas estabelecem na forma??o dos grupos sociais. Dessa forma, focar apenas os limites objetivos do desenvolvimento pode n?o ser suficiente para provocar o desencadeamento de processos de desenvolvimento local, que deve considerar a incerteza inerente aos processos hist?ricos, bem como a pluralidade de caminhos.

Many people have migrated between East and West Europe in recent decades. The daily life of these migrants is crucial not only for the migrants themselves but also for the development of future migration. The aim of this thesis is to explore the interaction between migration motives, integration, social networks and migration, and how this affects international migration processes in general. This is done using migration between Sweden on the one hand and Russia, Poland and the Baltic States on the other as a case study. The thesis consists of three empirical studies which derive from different sources of data: the first (Paper I) draws on individual Swedish register data while the second and third are based upon a questionnaire survey. Paper I explores aspects of transnational social spaces in the context of migration from the non-Baltic former Soviet republics to Sweden before and after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The results of this paper show rather limited migration and a lack of a more developed transnational social space. This is partly due to weak integration on the labour market, a high degree of intermarriage, no existing migrant community and limited return migration. The following two papers (II, III) focus on migrants from Russia, Poland and the Baltic States to Sweden after 1990. Paper II analyses migration motives and the outcome of the migration decision, and reveals significant gender differences in the motives for migrating and in how men and women adapt in their new country of living. While men mainly came for economic reasons, the majority of women came for intermarriage in Sweden; however, the migration motives have changed over time towards more economic ones. The final paper (III) shows significant gender differences in the migrants’ perceived sense of belonging in Sweden. Women report a stronger sense of belonging than their male counterparts, and while men’s sense of belonging is mainly affected by duration of stay in Sweden, language proficiency and citizenship, women’s sense of belonging is shown to be mostly affected by local social networks. In sum, the results in this thesis show that migration systems and transnational social spaces between Sweden and the respective countries have not yet emerged. This is partly due to the specific migrant composition and integration that characterize this migration process. The immigrants mainly function as weak bridgeheads, and do not facilitate the development of any further migration. However, with a changing migration flow, including migrants with different motives and migration agendas, future migrants can be stronger bridgeheads and facilitate further development of migration systems and transnational social spaces.

Research has shown that late-arriving teen English language learners (ELLs) are deeply rooted in the sociocultural and educational system of their home country for a majority of their schooling time (Duff, 2001; Minichello, 2001). In their transition to a new society in North America, this group encounters sociocultural and linguistic differences in their daily lives. Through a lens entitled Critical Multiple Social Spaces, which combines the Multiple Worlds Model (Phelan et al., 1991), the concept of Third Space (Bhabha, 1994) and a sociocultural perspective on language use (Fairclough, 2001; Pennycook, 2010), this qualitative case study focuses on 10 Chinese ELL adolescents who came to Canada after the age of 15, and examines their cross-trajectory experiences of English practice in their daily lives and their language identities. At the time of this study, they were at the stage of completing high school and applying for admission to higher education institutions. Findings showed that this group’s language use in daily life is full of conflicts, negotiation and consolidation, not only at school as a usual space of contested language practice, but also at home, with peers and in other spaces. At school, social division existed both in and out of class, yet such social division was not merely due to ELLs’ reluctance to integrate. Participants positioned themselves differently in English Literature courses and core classes in accordance with their perceived proficiency. Home, generally regarded as a traditionally stable space of language practice, became another site of complex dynamics. Peer networks also emerged as embodying similar complications. In addition to racial and ethnic factors, age on arrival and length of residence played a significant role in social interaction, impacting both same-ethnic and cross-ethnic peer networks. Based on these findings, four categories are identified pertaining to participants’ cross-trajectory language experiences, in which English spaces are positioned differently in relation to other spaces. Equally noteworthy are the dynamics between social spaces, social relations and language use, which shape – and are shaped by – symbolic power, investment and language identities. The implications of these findings on ELL adolescents’ language use in a broader migration space are also discussed.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s second biggest city is both seen as a leisurely paradise and a dangerous drug-warzone at the same time, two contra-dictory spatial images. In Rio de Janeiro, the urban conflict between the rich, formal city and the favela and the police and the favela has produced an abstract spatial image of the favela and its residents as being violent. In the same way in which the formal city and police have produced their abstract spatial image and social space of the fa-vela, those in the favela has produced their own abstract spatial imag-es of the police, the formal city and of themselves. This development in Rio de Janeiro is juxtaposed with the similar development in Los Angeles during their drug war in the 1980’s.This study analyzes, through narratives, how the spatial images in both Rio de Janeiro and Los Angeles have been constructed and shaped their urban landscapes into a fortified and exclusionary one.

Research has shown that late-arriving teen English language learners (ELLs) are deeply rooted in the sociocultural and educational system of their home country for a majority of their schooling time (Duff, 2001; Minichello, 2001). In their transition to a new society in North America, this group encounters sociocultural and linguistic differences in their daily lives. Through a lens entitled Critical Multiple Social Spaces, which combines the Multiple Worlds Model (Phelan et al., 1991), the concept of Third Space (Bhabha, 1994) and a sociocultural perspective on language use (Fairclough, 2001; Pennycook, 2010), this qualitative case study focuses on 10 Chinese ELL adolescents who came to Canada after the age of 15, and examines their cross-trajectory experiences of English practice in their daily lives and their language identities. At the time of this study, they were at the stage of completing high school and applying for admission to higher education institutions. Findings showed that this group’s language use in daily life is full of conflicts, negotiation and consolidation, not only at school as a usual space of contested language practice, but also at home, with peers and in other spaces. At school, social division existed both in and out of class, yet such social division was not merely due to ELLs’ reluctance to integrate. Participants positioned themselves differently in English Literature courses and core classes in accordance with their perceived proficiency. Home, generally regarded as a traditionally stable space of language practice, became another site of complex dynamics. Peer networks also emerged as embodying similar complications. In addition to racial and ethnic factors, age on arrival and length of residence played a significant role in social interaction, impacting both same-ethnic and cross-ethnic peer networks. Based on these findings, four categories are identified pertaining to participants’ cross-trajectory language experiences, in which English spaces are positioned differently in relation to other spaces. Equally noteworthy are the dynamics between social spaces, social relations and language use, which shape – and are shaped by – symbolic power, investment and language identities. The implications of these findings on ELL adolescents’ language use in a broader migration space are also discussed.

This thesis explores diaspora experiences among Somali-Swedish parents and their daughters where the girls are enrolled in a Muslim-profiled school. The thesis uses migration theory with a transnational perspective, with findings that depart from the traditional view of migrants’ rootedness in a single country. It adopts the new paradigm for the sociology of childhood, where childhood is regarded as a social construction and children are considered to possess agency and competence. Anthony Giddens’s structuration theory and its main concept ‘duality of structure’ was employed as a theoretical tool. Methods that were used were participant observation, interviews (individual and in group) and analysis of essays. The thesis consists of three studies. The first study explores how Somali-Swedish parents explain their choice of a Muslim-profiled school for their children. The results refute the traditional view that such choices are solely faith-based, showing faith as important but not determining. Important factors were finding a school that met their high educational ambitions and  made both parents and children feel trusted, safe and not disrespected because of their faith and skin-colour. The second study explores transnational experiences, particularly the transfer of transnational practices from the Somali-Swedish parents’ to their children and the construction of a transnational social space, built on close global relationships. The results show that transnational practices are feasible irrespective of physical travel. The study also exemplifies the group’s readiness to relocate between countries by the onward migration from Sweden to Egypt, and implications for the children are illuminated. Somalis in diaspora often explain their propensity to move by their past nomadic life-patterns, but this study shows as strong factors the desire for better opportunities in combination with experiences of cultural and economic marginalisation in the West. The third study analyses how girls in grade 5 (about eleven years old) imagine their future career and family life by analysing essays. The findings reveal that their dreams are both consistent with the expectations of their families (in particular, high educational ambitions) and inspired from elsewhere (particularly in terms of future family life). How the girls imagine their adulthood could be seen as an example of how their original culture is subject to change in a new environment. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

[pt] Este estudo baseia-se nas teorias oriundas da Antropologia Social sobre a Casa e a Rua de Roberto DaMatta, buscando a delimitação dos espaços limítrofes na sociedade brasileira. Sabe-se que o brasileiro demonstra uma preferência pelas relações de maior intimidade e familiaridade, características das relações da casa, em oposição às relações distantes não familiares: a rua. Entretanto, o fenômeno analisado nesse trabalho é a existência de um terceiro espaço, ambíguo e limítrofe, nem situado na casa, nem na rua. Também mostramos que tal espaço é representado por uma série de eventos lingüísticos, sociais e até mesmo espaciais, pois o brasileiro, geralmente, busca situar suas interações nesses espaços limítrofes, num esforço de estabelecer uma maior proximidade com o seu interlocutor, mesmo estando no espaço da rua. Além disso, apontamos para uma aplicação desses conceitos de casa, rua e espaços limítrofes ao ensino de PL2-E, uma vez que a aquisição de uma segunda língua está relacionada não apenas a fatores lingüísticos, mas também a fatores de ordem sócio-cultural. / [en] This work is based on the theories of Social Anthropology deriving from the house and street by Roberto DaMatta, in an attempt to circumscribe the limitrophe spaces within Brazilian society. It is well known that the Brazilian people display a preference for relationships with more intimacy and familiarity, features of the house relations, in opposition to distant and unfamiliar relations: street. However, the phenomenon being analysed in this work is the existence of a third space, ambiguous and limitrophe, neither located in the house, nor in the street. We also point out that this space is represented by a series of linguistic, social and spacial events, for the Brazilian people, usually, tend to place their interactions in this limitrophe space, as an effort to establish a greater proximity with their interlocutor, even being at the space of the street. Besides that, we also show that these concepts of house, street and limitrophe spaces can be applied to the teaching of Portuguese as Second Language for Foreigners, since the acquisition of a second language is related not only to linguistic features but also to the social and cultural ones.

This thesis presents an ethnographic investigation of teachers’ peer-to-peer engagement in online social spaces, using the concept of teachers’ professional identity as a framework to shape and focus the study. Using Religious Education (RE) as a strong example of the wider phenomenon of teachers’ online engagement, three online social spaces (the Times Educational Supplement’s RE Forum, the National Association of Teachers of RE Facebook Page, and the Save RE Facebook Group) were investigated as case studies. A year was spent in these spaces with digital ethnographic research taking place simultaneously in each one. Data gathering primarily took the form of participant observations, in depth analysis of time-based sampled text (three 8-week samples from each space), online and offline narrative based interviews and, to a lesser extent, questionnaires, elite interviews and analysis of grey literature. The study finds that engagement in the online social spaces offered teachers opportunities to perform and construct their professional identities across a variety of topics ranging from local practical concerns to national political issues. In more practical topics the spaces could often be observed as acting as communities of practice in which professional learning took place and identities were constructed, with such online professional development influencing offline classroom practice. However, engaging across this spectrum of topics afforded users a broad conception of what it means to be a teacher, where professional identity was understood as going beyond classroom practice and integrating engagement with subject-wide, political and policy related issues at a national level. Such engagement provided many users with a feeling of belonging to a national community of peers, which, alongside political activism initiated in online interaction and meaning making debates concerning the future and identity of the subject, provided teachers with feelings of empowerment and a sense of ownership of their subject. However, the study found that teachers’ online engagement took place within structures embedded in the online social spaces that influenced and shaped engagement and the ways in which users’ professional identities were performed and constructed. These structures were linked with the design and technical affordances of the spaces, the agendas of the parent organisations that provided the spaces, and the discourses that dominated the spaces. These aspects of the spaces provided a structure that limited engagement, content and available online identity positions while additionally projecting ideal identity positions, distinctive in each space. These ideal identity positions had a constructive influence over many users who aspired to these ideals, often gaining confidence through expressing such socially validated ideals or feeling inadequate when failing to perform such ideal identity positions. Thus, this study finds a complex relationship between agency linked with active online identity performance and the constructive influence of embedded structures that contributed to the shaping of users’ engagement and their understandings of themselves as professionals and their subject.

[pt] O projeto expográfico da trigésima segunda Bienal de São Paulo Incerteza Viva se reveste de possibilidades de estudos sobre representações do espaço, integrados a ações da arte, arquitetura e urbanismo, para estruturar plataformas curatoriais em sistemas - teórico e prático - de análises conjunturais do espaço social. / [en] The exhibition design of the 32nd Biennial of São Paulo Live Uncertainty grounds possibilities on studies of space representations integrated to action forms of art, architecture and urbanity, for structuring curatorial platforms in systems - theory and practice - of analytical conjunctions regarding social space.