A presente tese tem como objetivo analisar territorialização dos descendentes pomeranos na região de Pancas/ES e o processo de recriação/resignficação de sua identidade étnica e social e de seu modo de vida. Entende-se o território como um espaço constituído a partir de relações sociais desenvolvidas ao longo do tempo e, portanto, repleto das relações contraditórias do modo de produção capitalista, como o campesinato, que tende tanto à sua destruição como também necessita de relações não capitalistas em sua lógica, possibilitanto assim, sua recriação. A comunidade de camponeses pomeranos se territorializou na área onde se localizam os Pontões Capixabas a partir de 1918, mas, desde o ano de 2002 passou a viver uma situação de conflito fundiário, pois suas terras (colônias) estavam sob ameaça de desapropriação, colocandoos em uma disputa territorial na tentativa de barrar a possível expropriação das terras e consequentemente do seu modo de vida tradicional frente à implantação de uma Unidade de Conservação Ambiental de Proteção Integral. Neste contexto de conflito, a consciência de classe se faz presente com mais força, levando ao fazer-se dessa classe social, que entendia já ter conquistado a terra de trabalho. O território é fator fundante para a recuperação e afirmação da identidade étnica e social dos imigrantes pomeranos, identidade esta perdida não só com o fim da Pomerânia enquanto nação, mas por todo o processo de expropriação e dominação que sofreram ao longo do tempo, e, recuperada com a territorialização, pois, o acesso à terra de trabalho possibilitou a continuidade de seu modo de vida, mas principalmente a manutenção da língua tradicional e a recriação enquanto camponês e pomerano. / This thesis aims to analyze the territorialization of Pomeranians descendents in the region of Pancas/ES and the process of recreation/ resignification of their ethnic and social identity and their way of life. Territory is perceived as an area or space formed from social relations developed over time and, therefore, full of contradictory relations of the capitalist mode of production, e.g., the peasantry, which tends to their destruction but also needs non-capitalist relations in its logic, making possible its recreation. The community of Pomeranians peasants territorialized itself in the area where are located the Capixabas Pontoons staring from 1918, but, since 2002, they started to live a land conflict situation, because their lands (colonies) were under risk of being expropriated, putting them in a territorial dispute as an attempt to stop the possible expropriation of their land and, consequently, their traditional way of life, facing the implementation of an Environmental Conservation Unit of Integral Protection. In this conflicting context, the Class-Consciousness is present harder, leading to the shaping of this class, wich believed already to have conquered the land of work. The territory was a key factor for recovering and reinforcement of ethnic and social identity of Pomeranians immigrants, whose identity was lost not, only because of the end of Pomerania as a nation, but also because of the whole process of expropriation and domination that they have suffered over time, and recovered with the reterritorialization, since the access to the land of work enabled the continuation of their way of life, but, especially, the maintenance of traditional language and recreation while peasants and Pomeranians.

An aging population results in retirement ages going up and the age difference between subordinates and managers growing bigger. Despite an extensive literature review on trust within organizations, we have not been able to identify studies related to the influence of age difference between managers and their subordinates. The main purpose of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of age difference on trust in relationships between managers and subordinates, and more specifically how the age difference influences the trust in the relationship with their older subordinates. Our research question has been formulated as follows: How does age difference influence trust between young managers and their older subordinates? Despite studies on trust increasing in popularity over the last years, we identified a research gap since there is no previous studies addressing the influence of age difference on trust between managers and subordinates. Specifically, the influence of the age difference between young managers and older subordinates and the trust between them in their relationship. In order to fulfil the purpose of our thesis we have conducted a qualitative research, where we gathered qualitative data through the use of semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted in a Dutch multinational production company employing approximately 25.000 employees. By analysing the data we gathered through our semi-structured interviews and relating it to the theoretical framework we built up from pre-existing literature, we were able to answer our research question. As a theoretical foundation, we have used the key theories on trust: trust, factors of perceived trustworthiness, antecedent of trustworthy behaviour and employee-organisation relationship. The findings demonstrate that the age difference has influence on an individual’s behaviour, employee expectations and factors of trust. We found an influence of the age difference on benevolence as well as for ability. Young managers are perceived to have different values than older subordinates, resulting in an influence on integrity. Factors related to the social exchange influence trust in other ways as interpersonal relationships have been found to influence the age difference. Finally, the age difference does influence individuals and relational factors due to the expectations of young managers being perceived as strengthening trust with their subordinates. Our thesis has contributed to the theory of trust by gaining a deeper knowledge of the influence of age difference on trust between managers and their subordinates. Also we have opened up new areas for research concerning the influence of age difference on trust in other industries or reversed situations. Our thesis has provided management scholars and managers with a deeper understanding of trust in manager-subordinate relationships, providing young managers with theories on how to improve their relationships with their older subordinates.

The thesis aims at social psychological aspects of the justice motive. Its purpose is to outline the links between justice motivation and social context, primarily to socioeconomic status, social identity and culture. Major differences between implicit and explicit justice motives are presented, the focus is mainly on the belief in a just world as an important indicator of the justice motive. Distributive and procedural norms of justice are described considering their social dependences. The justice motive and evaluation are viewed from the perspectives of theory of social exchange and equity, social identity theory and theory of system justification. In the empirical part the relation between SES and BJW in Czech society is tested in two studies. The analysis results of the quota public opinion survey (Aktér 2015, N = 926) indicate that people of high SES believe explicitly in a just world more than people of low SES. The estimated contradictions to the results of studies carried out in American context are discussed. The findings from the Czech survey may be relevant especially in the context of less socially differentiated societies. The analysis of data stemming from online quasiexperimental study (N = 82) of people aged 18 - 33 does not confirm these results, possible methodological...

College students between the ages of 18 and 24 are considered high-risk for alcohol-related negative consequences due to drinking at high-risk levels (Barry, Howell & Salaga, 2015). Within that population, varsity student athletes are considered at even greater risk for those issues (Druckman, 2015; Wechsler, 2002). With football and men’s basketball being considered the only revenue-generating NCAA Division I sports, non-revenue-generating sports consist of the majority of student athletes (NCAA, 2016). This study is designed to examine high-risk drinking as well as alcohol-related consequences among non-revenue-generating student athletes attending a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school. The sample population for this study attends a large, Power 5 Conference, NCAA Division I institution located in the United States. Of the sample, there are 228 respondents representing the majority of non-revenue-generating sports and nearly 68% of the total population of student athletes who participated in non-revenue-generating sports. Utilizing the Athletic Identification Measurement Scale (AIMS), the Identification of Psychological Group scale (IDPG), and the Harvard College Alcohol Study (Wechsler, 2002), this study identifies factors that may associate with high-risk drinking and alcohol-related consequences set within the framework of the Social Ecological Model of Prevention (Brewer Van Raalte & Linder, 1993). Through descriptive statistics and basic correlation methods, the study examines the role of factors in four of the five levels of the Social Ecological Model of Prevention (individual, relationship, organizational, and community—public policy is not used for this study) as compared to high-risk drinking and alcohol-related negative consequences. The findings of this study indicate that this population experiences negative consequences in greater volume than respondents to the College Alcohol Study (Wecshler, 2002) and the NCAA Alcohol Study (2014), which may imply that non-revenue-generating student athletes are at a higher risk than revenue-generating athletes. Additionally, teams with the most dissonance regarding the team alcohol policy are more likely to experience alcohol-related negative consequences. Teams that are consistent in their understanding of the team alcohol policy experience fewer alcohol-related negative consequences, regardless of the overall levels of high-risk drinking.

Women leaders are grossly underrepresented in police and Army organizations and relevant research suggests that women face the most significant challenges in reaching leadership positions in male dominant organizations. Although there have been recent policy changes to increase opportunities for women in police and Army organizations, women are still barely represented in senior command and primary staff positions in police and Army organizations. When women are underrepresented, particularly at the most senior ranks, there are implications regarding cultural, structural, and attitudinal challenges that simply should not still exist in these organizations. Using qualitative methods, this study examined the experiences of women leaders, specifically senior leaders, in selected police departments and representative Army commands and staff support agencies. Specifically, the study explored the characteristics of effective women leaders to assess the perceived group affiliation of these leaders as it relates to these leadership characteristics and personal assessments of their leadership capabilities. The findings revealed that women leaders possess a multitude of characteristics that have set the conditions for them to break through the “Glass Ceiling” despite the many challenges and obstacles that exist within male dominant organizations. The findings indicate that women leaders in police and Army organizations are care-givers, selfless servants, over-achievers, and great communicators. They identify themselves by their performance and leadership acumen as opposed to their gender, race, or any other demographic descriptors. The findings also suggest that women leaders continue to be faced with challenges and obstacles that make it extremely difficult for them to become senior leaders and navigate up the chain of command within their organization, which impacts their ability to influence policy changes that could address some of these cultural, structural, and attitudinal challenges.

Background: Today ’s organizations receive increasing pressure from society and workers to maintain good work life balance. Flexible working arrangement is one of the HRM policies to improve employee’s work performance, job satisfaction and retention. Prior discussion still does not find the clear result on the positive effect of FWAs. Due to the administrative burdens, many organizations, especially SMEs are still hesitant to introduce such policies. In this study, the authors examine the effects on FWAs on employee’s improved engagement. The study will take a form of replicative study, and focus is on leader endorsement and feeling of respect in relation to leader prototypicality. Moreover, different circumstances of informal FWA based on size of the organization is explored. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to make contribution to create a cumulative knowledge on FWA studies by testing the generalization of a prior study. The result of this study will ultimately have an implication for how organizations may benefit from allowing their employees to have access to FWAs. Methodology:In this study, the authors use statistical approach to test the effect of FWA on employee’s improved feelings and the leader endorsement in relation to leader prototypicality. The research approach, measures, method and model are designed to be exactly same as Koivisto and Rice, (2016) however one change in research context is made, which is number of employees in the company. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that FWA allowance may not have significant influence on subordinates’ feeling of respect and leader endorsement. This implies the difficulty for leaders to use FWA as a tool to influence employee commitment on shared goal. Moreover, difference between prior finding indicates that FWA study may need to be separated for different size of the company. / <p></p><p></p>

We live in a society where preconceived notions about religious schools and indoctrination are many but the rules regarding a non-denominational education are strict. It is of great importance to get a better understanding of religious schools and their effect on the pupils that attend them. The aim of this study is to analyze whether or not the compulsory religious education on a private religious school in the south of Sweden is non-denominational. In order to get a greater understanding of the impact on the pupils’ religious identity, Henri Tajfel’s theory of social identity is used. A total of eight observations, three interviews and collected materials such as previous tests regarding Islam, Christianity and Judaism have been gathered and discussed with the help of Tajfel’s theory and other previous research. The results show that some denominational elements could be found in the compulsory education and that the school at hand had an impact on their pupils’ Muslim identities. With these results, my ambition is that teachers that read this study will be more reflective and critical of their own teaching. It is possible that some teachers do not notice that their own religion or beliefs are shining through their teaching and could potentially effect the pupils. However, if teachers start to reflect upon their teaching and the impacts it could have on a pupil these denominational elements could be prevented.

Magister Educationis - MEd / The purpose of this case study was to investigate how the Francophone students from Congo, Gabon and Cameroon negotiated competence and identities in English (L2) in and outside the classroom. The study also aimed at understanding the nature and extent of academic support that was made available to the Francophone students who had to learn through the medium of English (L2) at the University of the Western Cape (UWC). Through the lens of the sociocultural and poststructural theories, the study argues that identity construction in a second language is a fluid phenomenon which should be understood within a particular context, particularly in multilingual environments like UWC. The study followed a qualitative research design which involved three methods of data collection, namely, observations, semi-structured interviews and student narratives. A thematic analytical framework was used to understand the Francophone students’ experiences, and how they negotiated and (re)constructed competence and identity in English (L2) in the lecture rooms and in local communities. The findings of the study indicate that English (L2) was perceived as an investment by the Francophone students. They show that competence in English (L2) was a source of voice and agency for the students. They also illustrate that there is a close relationship between (second) language learning and identity construction, and that identity is socially constructed. The study concludes that identity construction is a fluid phenomenon which should be understood in relation to the changing social context, which is embedded in language competence.

Depuis quelques années, plusieurs facteurs comme la charge d’entraînement sont considérés comme liés aux problèmes d’adaptation des athlètes à l’entraînement. La fatigue est l’un de ces problèmes perçu par les athlètes. Physiologiquement, la fatigue peut se définir comme une diminution au cours du temps de la capacité d’un muscle à générer une force ou une puissance lors d’un exercice donné. Cependant, d’un point de vu social, la fatigue renvoie à une autre réalité qui varie en fonction des groupes sociaux. Cette représentation de la fatigue, propre à chaque groupe, doit être envisagée comme une forme de connaissance, socialement élaborée et partagée. Dans ce travail doctoral, nous nous intéressons à la représentation de la fatigue en France et en Syrie et plus précisément à la représentation sociale de l'athlète fatigué et de la personne non pratiquante fatiguée dans chacun des ces pays. La connaissance sociale de la fatigue est abordée par le biais des théories liées à la fatigue physiologique, à la catégorisation sociale et plus particulièrement à la théorie de l'identité sociale et à la théorie de la représentation sociale. À la suite de cette construction théorique, six études principales ont été réalisées afin de déterminer la représentation de la fatigue de chaque groupe dans les deux pays. Les deux premières études cherchent à mettre en évidence les éléments constitutifs de la représentation sociale de la fatigue issus du dictionnaire des synonymes en français et en arabe. Dans le domaine sportif, la fatigue et la forme restent à l'avantage des athlètes comparés au groupe non pratiquant le sport. C'est par le jeu de catégorisation les athlètes parviennent à établir une comparaison sociale favorable pour leur groupe. Les quartes études suivantes s'intéressent à la représentation de la fatigue à partir de deux groupes sociaux donnés dans les deux pays. À partir de l'utilisation de l'outil RepMut, nos résultats permettent de voir que la représentation de la fatigue est différente en fonction du groupe social interrogé (sportifs, non sportifs) et du pays d'origine de ses membres (France, Syrie). En France, il s'avère qu'au niveau catégoriel, seuls les athlètes sont en mesure de se positionner de façon satisfaisante face à la fatigue, alors qu'en Syrie les athlètes sont en mesure de se positionner favorablement aussi à une situation de fatigue que de pleine forme. / For a few years, many factors, such as the burden of training, are considered to be linked to the athletes’ difficulties to get used to training. The fatigue is one of the perceived problems by the athletes. Physiologically, the fatigue can be defined as “the decrease of a muscle’s capacity over time to exert force or power during a given exercise”. However, from the social point of view, the interpretation of fatigue is different and varies according to the social groups. This representation of the fatigue, specific to each group, should be considered as “a form of knowledge, socially developed and shared. In this doctoral thesis, we focus on the representation of fatigue in France and in Syria, more precisely on the social representation of being fatigued (worn out/tired/exhausted) among athletes and non-athletes in these two countries. The form of social knowledge of fatigue is approached via theories related to the physiological fatigue, the social categorization and in particular, via the theories of social identity and social representation. After the construction of the theoretical framework, six studies have been carried out in order to ascertain the representation of fatigue in each group of the two countries.The first two studies sought to highlight the elements of the social representation of fatigue in the French and Arabic dictionary. In the field of sports, low fatigue and better physical shape remain more to the athletes benefit then the non-practicing sport group. That why athletes seek to establish a favorable social position in their group by using social categorization. In the following research, four of the studies are interested in the representation of fatigue from two groups coming from two differents countries. Results using our ‘RepMut’ tool allow us to see that the representation of fatigue is different depending on the social group interviewed (sports, non-sport) and the country of origin of its members (France, Syria). In France, it appears that on a categorical level, only athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the case of fatigue only, while in Syria the athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the cases of fatigue and well being.

L’essor considérable d’Internet a permis l’émergence de nouveaux espaces d’échanges et d’interactions réunissant les individus à distance. Ces nouvelles formes d’interactions sociales ont conduit les chercheurs, dans le cadre des Communications Médiatisées par Ordinateur (CMO) à étudier la composante sociale des échanges en ligne, les spécificités et les conséquences de ce type d’interaction. Dans cette perspective, l’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner dans quelle mesure les spécificités des CMO – en premier lieu l’anonymat – peuvent moduler les perceptions sociales et les processus impliqués lors des interactions en ligne. Cette problématique concerne nombre de situations de communication et implique différents processus. De fait, le présent travail s’organise selon trois axes de recherche. Le premier axe aborde l’étude des perceptions groupales basées sur des appartenances circonscrites à un environnement virtuel. Le second axe s’intéresse à la modulation des perceptions de genre sur Internet, en tenant compte de la structure asymétrique de ces perceptions. Le troisième axe étudie la modulation des pressions normatives et des possibilités d’expression lors des CMO. Dans leur ensemble, ces travaux suggèrent que les CMO n’induisent pas un affaiblissement des facteurs sociaux, mais une modulation des processus en fonction des spécificités du contexte d’interaction. Les résultats de ces recherches sont discutés au regard notamment des théories de l’identité sociale, de l’auto-catégorisation et du modèle SIDE. / The growth of Internet allowed the emergence of new spaces of exchanges and social interaction between remote individuals. These new modalities of social interactions led the researchers, in the framework of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), to study the social component of online exchanges, characteristics and consequences of this type of interaction. In this perspective, the aim of this work is to examine how the characteristics of CMC - first anonymity - can modulate social perceptions and the processes involved in online interactions. This problem concerns many communication situations and involves different processes. Accordingly, the present work is organized in three research areas. The first part deals with the study of perceptions based on membership confined to a virtual environment. The second part focuses on the asymmetric modulation of gender perceptions on the Internet. The third part examines the influence of social norms and possibilities of expression in the CMC. Taken together, the results suggest that the CMC does not induce a weakening of social factors, but a modulation of the processes according to the characteristics of the context of interaction. The results are discussed in the light of the social identity theory, the self-categorization theory and the SIDE model.