There has been substantial scientific debate about the impact of alcohol marketing on consumption. Relying mainly on econometric studies, the alcohol industry has traditionally maintained that alcohol marketing does not influence consumption, but is merely limited to brand level effects. Public health advocates, on the other hand, point to consumer-level research that shows a relationship between exposure to marketing and alcohol consumption, especially amongst the young. Recent longitudinal research has firmly established a causal relationship between alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption, giving the upper hand to the public health critics of alcohol marketing. The new consensus forged by these recent cohort studies has led to two separate, but related, debates. In the first instance, having answered the question of whether marketing influences drinking behaviour, there is a need to establish how and when such effects occur. Secondly, in the face of the mounting longitudinal evidence on the effects of marketing, representatives of the alcohol industry have sought to move the debate away from marketing by explicitly highlighting peer influence as a more significant causal factor in problematic youth alcohol consumption. This thesis tackles both of these new questions simultaneously by harnessing insights developed from social norms theory. An online survey (N = 1,071) was administered to undergraduates of the Dublin Institute of Technology in Ireland, and mediation relationships were tested with logistic and multiple linear regression methods as appropriate. Amongst other findings, the main contributions of this thesis are: (1) that marketing may play a key role in establishing perceived social norms around alcohol consumption, and that these perceived norms may act as an indirect pathway for the influence of marketing on behaviour and (2) that the association between alcohol marketing and consumption may increase as levels of engagement with marketing increase; this engagement appears to be at its most potent when marketing facilitates simultaneous interaction between the consumer, the brand and the consumer’s peers in an online social media environment. This thesis helps to move the field of alcohol marketing scholarship beyond questions of whether marketing influences alcohol consumption to how and when that influence occurs. By showing how peers may act as perpetuators and magnifiers of marketing influence it also undermines the argument that peers matter more than marketing, and suggests that peer norms can act as a powerful marketing tool.

Cooperative, altruistic and fairness-exhibiting behavior is an important topic in evolutionary and behavioral biology and the mechanisms leading to its evolution, ultimate as well as proximate precursors, are subject of much research in biological as well as social sciences, theoretical as well as experimental work. In light of the life history theory, I focused on the connection of one's health state and cooperative behavior in humans and tested the hypothesis that more healthy individuals would manifest more cooperative tendencies (as they would have more opportunities of future interactions and long-term benefits), and conversely. The data, obtained from a sample of university students engaged in experimental games (Dictator Game, Ultimatum Game, Expanded Ultimatum Game, Trust Game, and Reversed Dictator Game) and a health and personality-focused questionnaire, did not corroborate this hypothesis. My other hypotheses - that better memory and lower temporal discounting would be related to more cooperative behavior (stemming from the conditions for reciprocal cooperation) - were supported by the data, albeit only partially in the case of memory. I also used the data from the five experimental games to briefly describe the proportions of different types of behavior (self-regarding, altruistic,...

This thesis is an exegesis of the portrayal of deviance in selected post-independence Shona fictional works. The analysis is done within the context of moralisation in Shona literature. The forms of deviant behaviour discussed include prostitution, homosexuality, crime and violence and negligence of duty within families. The fictional works are Mapenzi (1999), Totanga Patsva (2003), Ndozviudza Aniko? (2006), Ndafa Here? (2008), and Makaitei? (2008). All the fictional works are set during the period of the Zimbabwe Crisis and this becomes the context of the criticism of the manner in which deviance is handled by the writers. Particular attention is paid on the causes and solutions to deviance, images of deviants and the implications of such images in attempting to understand the realities of deviant behaviour. The research adopts an eclectic approach through a combination of literary and sociological theories to unpack issues concerning the litigious subject of deviance. The research fully acknowledges that deviance is a fluid and controversial concept as it varies with cultural frameworks and historical periods of certain societies. Thus the research has endeavoured to locate deviance with the ambit of Shona existential philosophy and the period of the Zimbabwe crisis. The research advances the argument that no human being is inherently deviant but there are certain circumstances and eventualities that are responsible for the development of such a personality. Therefore deviance herein is viewed as a response to the situation and in the case of this research it is the crisis which then is responsible for nurturing the people into deviance. In most of the situations, deviance is shown to be essentially a survival strategy by those who engage in it. Prostitution, homosexuality and crime have been shown to be largely economic necessities as the collapsing economy during the period of the crisis came with amorphous challenges and people resorted to anti-social behaviour in an attempt to live contenting lives. With regards to prostitution, homosexuality and crime, the writers have to a larger extent been able to contextualise deviance in terms of the crisis although Mabasa has been shown to display some ambivalence in his treatment of prostitutes in Mapenzi and Ndafa Here? There are instances he castigates prostitutes as social renegades which somehow weakens his vision. Apart from this, it has also been argued that deviant behaviour can be a result of the frustrations people face as they battle the vagaries of life. Violence and negligence of duty within families is argued to be a consequence of the frustrations from the poverty brought by the crisis and the movement into the diaspora as this has its own challenges that disempower people to carry out their duties as sanctioned by culture. Also, the research advances the argument that oral literature continues to impact on written literature and one such area is that of moralisation which continues to be a major priority of the writers. Except for the authors of the short stories in Totanga Patsva, moralisation on issues to do with deviance has been done in an enlightening way as the writers unearth the underlying causes of deviant behaviour and these are found in society and not individuals. The writers of the short stories have shown to be largely influenced by feminism and erroneously blame male deviants for the problems faced by women instead of explaining men`s behaviour in the context colonialism and neo-colonialism which brought various challenges related to gender relations in Africa not experienced hitherto. The direction in terms of qualitative development which Shona literature is taking in post-independence era is positive as the writers are shown to be tackling sensitive political, social and economic issues and their impact on the human condition. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.

Cette recherche portant sur Port du voile : représentations et pratiques du corps chez les femmes tunisiennes vise à comprendre les processus qui président à la conversion des femmes tunisiennes, réputées parmi les plus modernes et les plus émancipées du monde musulman, au port de l'une ou l'autre des formes du voile dit islamique. Elle a adopté pour cela une démarche combinant (1) l'analyse socio-anthropologique concernant la production sociale du « corps féminin », l'adoption-adaptation des normes relatives à la conduite féminine dans les sociétés de traditions islamiques, (2) les approches historiques, théologiques et politiques relatives au port du voile dans le contexte actuel de la mondialisation et des crispations identitaires qui en sont le corollaire, (3) l’étude empirique sur la base d’une enquête qualitative auprès de femmes converties au port du voile, pour comprendre leurs motivations, leurs stratégies, les usages qu'elles en font dans différent espaces publics qui leur étaient interdits par les traditions qu'elles mobilisent pour le justifier. Ce travail a permis de saisir, par delà les références et les motivations idéologiques partagées par les adeptes du voile, la diversité du phénomène au niveau de ses formes comme au niveau de ses usages et des significations qui lui sont associées par les acteurs, que ce soit en termes de rapports entre modernité et tradition, sécularisation et réactivation des formes de religiosité, libération et aliénation, affirmation individuelle et réflexe grégaire. / This research sheds lights on veiling: representations and body practices among Tunisian women. the target of this research is to understand the process which reigns the perception of Tunisian women- who are renewed to be the most modern and the most emancipated in the Islamic world – of different forms of veil which is associated to Islam.In order to carry out this research ,she has opted an approach that combines (1) the socio-anthropological analysis concerning the social production of the "female body", adoption, adaptation of standards related to women’s behavior in the societies of Islamic traditions, Historical approaches, theology and policies focusing on veiling in the current context of globalization and identity crises .(3) the empirical study is based on a qualitative survey of women converted to veiling; the main target of this research is to understand their motivations, their strategies, and the practices which are getting different in public spaces. In fact, many practices were forbidden by the traditions are no longer forbidden today and veiled women tend to justify them. This research has allowed us to find out the references and the ideological motivations shared by veiled women and their followers;The research has also shed lights on The diversity of the phenomenon at the level of its forms as well as the uses and the meanings associated to it by the social actors, whether in terms of the relationship between modernity and tradition, secularism and reactivation of religion forms or in terms of liberation and alienation , self-assertion and gregarious reflex.

No description available.

Certaines ressources ne peuvent pas être échangées sur le marché mais elles peuvent être valorisées par les prix virtuels. Je dérive théoriquement 3 types de prix virtuels dont j'estime structurellement la valeur au niveau individuel afin d'analyser leurs effets sur le comportement et le bien-être des individus. J'apparie statistiquement les enquêtes Consumer Expenditure et American Time Use en utilisant une procédure d'appariement qui résout les faiblesses des procédures standards. Premièrement, j'estime le prix virtuel du temps qui nécessite des étapes permettant l'estimation d'une fonction d'utilité, qui dépend du temps et des biens marchands, que j'utilise comme une nouvelle mesure de bien-être. Les résultats montrent que la réallocation du temps a permis d'absorber 30% de l'effet néfaste de la Grande Récession. Je calcule ensuite le prix virtuel de 5 activités (produites par le consommateur), telles que le loisir et l'alimentation, afin d'estimer les élasticités des utilisations du temps (y compris l'offre de travail) et de la demande d'activité par rapport au revenu complet, au prix virtuel du temps, au prix virtuel des activités, au salaire, et au prix des biens marchands. Le troisième prix virtuel que j'aborde fournit le coût du sous-emploi/chômage en fonction de caractéristiques individuelles. Cela permet d'évaluer le coût d'opportunité des politiques d'emplois et de déterminer le niveau des allocations chômage. Finalement, je propose une reformulation de la théorie des normes sociales où j'analyse les déterminants de la désobéissance aux normes sociales ; et l'effet de la désobéissance sur les prix virtuels, le comportement individuel et, enfin, sur la croissance. / Many resources cannot be exchanged and priced on the markets but they can be valued by shadow prices. In this thesis, I theoretically derive 3 kinds of shadow prices and structurally estimate them at the individual level to analyze their effects on the behavior and the welfare of individuals. I combine the consumer expenditure and the American time use surveys (2004-2012) using a statistical matching procedure that overcomes the shortcomings of standard procedures. I first estimate the shadow price of time, which involves several steps where a utility function is estimated as a proxy for a new kind of well-being measure that depends on the amounts of time and market goods: it is shown that the reallocation of the forgone market work hours absorbed 30% of the Great Recession's negative welfare impact. Then, I compute the shadow prices of 5 home-produced activities (e.g., leisure and food) to estimate the elasticities of the time allocation functions (including the labor supply) and the demand elasticities of the activities with respect to the full income, the shadow price of time, the shadow price of the activities, the wage rate, and the price of market goods. The third shadow price addressed in this thesis yields the costs of under/unemployment as a function of demographic characteristics, which is essential for evaluating the opportunity cost of unemployment policies and for setting the level of unemployment benefits. Finally, I propose a reformulation of the theory of social norms where I analyze the determinants of the disobedience level to social norms along the effects of the disobedience on shadow prices, individuals' behavior, and, eventually, on economic growth.

<p>Kalmarhem AB har uppmärksammat att det existerar ett ohållbart beteendemönster bland hyresgästerna inom studentgruppen. För att kunna bryta detta mönster avser vi att genom denna uppsats  utreda vilka attityder och beteenden som existerar bland hyresgästerna samt ge förslag på förändringar som företaget kan genomföra för att skapa en positiv beteendeförändring.</p><p>Vi avser att lyfta fram vilka åtgärder som är mest lämpliga att använda av bostadsföretag för att motivera studenter till att agera mer miljömedvetet i hemmet. För att utveckla effektiva marknadsföringsåtgärder valde vi att utreda vilka attityder som råder och hur de förhåller sig till det aktuella beteendet.</p><p>Vi har använt oss av en abduktiv ansats där vi utgått  från vår fallstudie av Kalmarhem AB. Vi har använt oss av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningsmetoder i form av en enkätundersökning, fokusgrupper, panelintervjuer, en telefonintervju och en gruppintervju samt observation för att insamla nödvändig data.</p><p>För att erhålla större förståelse för ämnet presenterar vi i referensramen de olika teorier och begrepp som ligger till grund för vår uppsats. Vi presenterar även den forskningsmodell vi utgått från i våra empiriska undersökningar.</p><p>Vi kunde konstatera att problemet med bristfällig källsortering inte härstammar från negativa attityder gentemot miljöansvar, med andra ord såg vi ett svagt samband mellan beteende och attityd. Genom analys av empiriskt material kunde vi också dra slutsatsen att det finns ett missnöje och brist på förtroende för Kalmarhem, vilket leder till att studenterna har svårare att ta till sig av företagets budskap och information.</p> / <p>Kalmarhem AB has given attention to an unsustainable behaviour pattern among student tenants. In order to change this pattern we aim to throughout this essay investigate what attitudes and behaviours that exists among the tenants and in addition give suggestions for the company to perform in order to create a positive behavioural change.</p><p>We aim to emphasise the measures that are most suitable to use by housing corporations in order to motivate students to act more environmentally friendly in their house. To develop efficient marketing strategies we chose to investigate which attitudes that prevails and how they correlate to the actual behaviour.</p><p>We have used an abductive approach with a case study regarding Kalmarhem AB, as a starting point. We have used both qualitative and quantitative methods of investigation by means of an survey, focus groups, panel interviews, a phone interview a group interview and an observation to collect relevant data.<strong> </strong></p><p>In order to gain a greater understandning of the subject there is an introduction of different basic theories and concepts in the frame of references. We also introduce a research model which we has used as a basis for the empirical research.</p><p>We can conclude that the problem with insufficient recycling does not originate from negative atitudes towards environmental responsibility, in other words we did not see a strong correlation between behaviour and attitude. By means of analysis of empirical data collection we could also conclude that the students experience discontent and a lack of trust for Kalmarhem, which implies that the students are less likely to accept the company's message and information.</p>

The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse seven major factors that tend to influence the rate of early retirement in Sweden. The scope of data was gathered for every municipality in Sweden. Economic theories of labour supply, Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection and the Insurance Model were used to analyse the empirical results. In the analysis, earlier studies of the rate of sickness absence were important and used as a framework in choosing the explanatory variables for the econometric model. The analysed variables were; average income, average sickness days, educational level, foreign born, public sector employment, unemployment and the share of women in the population. As a consequence of the rift that occurred in 2003, when the average sickness days decreased and disbursed early retirements simultaneously increased, the relationship between these two variables was given special attention. The empirical findings confirmed our conjectures and were consistent with earlier research. Average income and the level of education were negatively related to the rate of early retirement. Moreover foreign born, average sickness days and unemployment showed a positive relation to early retirement. The relationship between average sickness days and early retirement had statistically changed and decreased between the years. A possibility is that other factors, such as changed social norms and increased stress in society (which are difficult to measure in a statistical and economical sense) might have become more relevant in explaining the rate of early retirement. / Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att analysera sju viktiga faktorer som tenderar att påverka graden av förtidspensionering i Sverige. Data omfånget insamlades för alla kommuner i Sverige. Ekonomiska teorier om arbetsutbud, Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection och Insurance Model användes för att analysera de empiriska resultaten. I analysen var tidigare studier utav graden av sjukfrånvaro viktig och användes som ramverk i valet av de förklarande variablerna till den ekonometriska modellen. De analyserade variablerna var; medelinkomst, genom-snittliga sjukdagar, utbildningsnivå, utlandsfödda, offentligt anställda, arbetslöshet och andelen kvinnor i befolkningen. Som en konsekvens utav den klyfta som uppstod 2003, när de genomsnittliga sjukdagarna minskade och utbetalda förtidspensioner samtidigt ökade, gavs sambandet mellan dessa två variabler speciell uppmärksamhet. De empiriska iakttagelserna bekräftade våra förväntningar och stämde överens med tidigare forskning. Medelinkomst och utbildningsnivå var negativt relaterade till graden av förtidspensionering. Dessutom var utlandsfödd, genomsnittliga sjukdagar och arbetslöshet positivt relaterade till förtidspensionering. Relationen mellan de genomsnittliga sjukdagarna och graden av förtidspensionering hade statistiskt sätt ändrats genom att ha minskat mellan åren. En tänkbar förklaring till detta skulle kunna vara att andra faktorer, såsom skiftande sociala normer och en ökande stress i samhället (vilka är svåra att mäta statistiskt och ekonomiskt) kan ha blivit mer relevanta i att förklara graden av förtidspensionering.

Which factors best explain the regional variation in sick-listing and early retirement? Data from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency is fitted against variables describing different regional characteristics that have been linked to sickness insurance consumption in the literature. Results, in line with earlier empirical investigation, suggest that particularly the employment rate, the populations‟ age, and its wealth are strong determinants of regional insurance usage. Two further factors, though less discussed in the literature, appear to have some relevance as well: A high share of large workplaces is found to predict higher rates of early retirement, while a large share of foreign-born predict lower sick-listing rates. Both effects have been found before, though the first one perhaps not in Swedish cross section analysis and the latter does not appear to be well understood in the literature. A tentative explanation for it is given here.

Kalmarhem AB har uppmärksammat att det existerar ett ohållbart beteendemönster bland hyresgästerna inom studentgruppen. För att kunna bryta detta mönster avser vi att genom denna uppsats  utreda vilka attityder och beteenden som existerar bland hyresgästerna samt ge förslag på förändringar som företaget kan genomföra för att skapa en positiv beteendeförändring. Vi avser att lyfta fram vilka åtgärder som är mest lämpliga att använda av bostadsföretag för att motivera studenter till att agera mer miljömedvetet i hemmet. För att utveckla effektiva marknadsföringsåtgärder valde vi att utreda vilka attityder som råder och hur de förhåller sig till det aktuella beteendet. Vi har använt oss av en abduktiv ansats där vi utgått  från vår fallstudie av Kalmarhem AB. Vi har använt oss av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningsmetoder i form av en enkätundersökning, fokusgrupper, panelintervjuer, en telefonintervju och en gruppintervju samt observation för att insamla nödvändig data. För att erhålla större förståelse för ämnet presenterar vi i referensramen de olika teorier och begrepp som ligger till grund för vår uppsats. Vi presenterar även den forskningsmodell vi utgått från i våra empiriska undersökningar. Vi kunde konstatera att problemet med bristfällig källsortering inte härstammar från negativa attityder gentemot miljöansvar, med andra ord såg vi ett svagt samband mellan beteende och attityd. Genom analys av empiriskt material kunde vi också dra slutsatsen att det finns ett missnöje och brist på förtroende för Kalmarhem, vilket leder till att studenterna har svårare att ta till sig av företagets budskap och information. / Kalmarhem AB has given attention to an unsustainable behaviour pattern among student tenants. In order to change this pattern we aim to throughout this essay investigate what attitudes and behaviours that exists among the tenants and in addition give suggestions for the company to perform in order to create a positive behavioural change. We aim to emphasise the measures that are most suitable to use by housing corporations in order to motivate students to act more environmentally friendly in their house. To develop efficient marketing strategies we chose to investigate which attitudes that prevails and how they correlate to the actual behaviour. We have used an abductive approach with a case study regarding Kalmarhem AB, as a starting point. We have used both qualitative and quantitative methods of investigation by means of an survey, focus groups, panel interviews, a phone interview a group interview and an observation to collect relevant data. In order to gain a greater understandning of the subject there is an introduction of different basic theories and concepts in the frame of references. We also introduce a research model which we has used as a basis for the empirical research. We can conclude that the problem with insufficient recycling does not originate from negative atitudes towards environmental responsibility, in other words we did not see a strong correlation between behaviour and attitude. By means of analysis of empirical data collection we could also conclude that the students experience discontent and a lack of trust for Kalmarhem, which implies that the students are less likely to accept the company's message and information.