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Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have been widely used in portable consumer electronic devices, hybrid and full electric vehicles, and emergency power supply systems, because of their high energy density and long lifespan. The lithium ion battery market was approximately $11.8 billion in 2010 and is expected to grow to $53.7 billion in 2020. However, there is an intrinsic safety issue in these batteries because electrolyte contains a flammable organic solvent which may cause fire and/or even explosion. All solid-state lithium ion battery is recognized as next-generation technology for rechargeable power sources due to improved safety, high energy density, and long cycle life. Inorganic solid electrolyte replace liquid one to eliminate flammable components. The major challenge for all solid-state lithium ion batteries is to develop solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and good stability against both electrodes. Amorphous lithium lanthanum titanium oxide (LLTO) is very promising as solid electrolyte owing to its high ionic conductivity, good stability, and wide electrochemical stability window. In this work, amorphous LLTO thin films (or powders) were successfully prepared by sol-gel process. The thin films are smooth and crack-free. The microstructure evolution from dried gel film to fired film to annealed film was examined. The microstructure of the annealed film, either amorphous or crystalline, depends on the annealing temperature and time. Theoretical analysis was conducted to understand the microstructure evolution. Induction time determines the longest annealing time without transformation from amorphous to crystalline state. The induction time decreases with annealing temperature until the time approaches a minimum, and after that, the time increases with the temperature. Ion transport properties were investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The plateau at low frequencies results from lithium ion long-range diffusion which contributes to dc conductivity, while the observed frequency dispersion at high frequencies is attributed to short-range forward¨Cbackward hopping motion of lithium ions. The relaxation processes are non-Debye in nature. Amorphous LLTO is compatible with Li metal due to its disordered atomic configuration. Finally, a 3D structure of electrode with amorphous LLTO was successfully prepared. This electrode displays promising electrochemical performance.

Nenhuma / O processo sol-gel foi usado para nanoestruturar partículas de oxihidróxido de ferro e aprisiona-las na estrutura de micro-, meso- e macroporos + macroburacos (poros de dimensões micrométricas) da rede polimérica do PVA (álcool polivinílico). Esferas hidrogel de oxihidróxido de Fe-PVA com (3433 63 μm) e sem (2833 69 μm) macroburacos foram obtidas. Espectroscopia Mössbauer mostra que as esferas obtidas têm nanopartículas (majoritariamente ≤20 nm) de α-Fe2O3, -Fe2O3, α-FeOOH e fases ainda superparamagnéticas a 20 K. As esferas hidrogel obtidas possuem elevada estabilidade química e boa rigidez mecânica. Capacidade adsortiva: 77,9 e 204,9 mgF/g, respectivamente para as esferas hidrogel sem (bom ajuste aos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich) e com (bom ajuste ao modelo de Freundlich) macroburacos. Nos dois tipos de esferas, o mecanismo de quimissorção é predominante, mas o modelo de difusão intrapartícula sugere que o mecanismo de adsorção é mais complexo. Quatro ciclos de adsorção no modo coluna mostram uma pequena queda da eficiência de captura do F de 61,8 para 56,2%; neles, dessorção com solução NH3 min. 25% em peso mostra uma eficiência variando entre 95,8 e 98,8%. A estratégia de nanoestruturar as partículas de oxihidróxido de ferro e introduzir macroburacos na rede polimérica do PVA foi eficaz e realmente reforçou a captura do F. / The sol-gel process was used to nanostructure iron oxyhydroxide particles and to trap them into the structure of micro-, meso-, and macropores + macroholes (micrometer size pore) of the PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) polymeric network. Iron oxyhydroxide-PVA hydrogel spheres with (3433 63 microns) and without (2833 69 microns) macroholes were obtained. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that the obtained spheres have nanoparticles (mainly ≤20 nm) of α-Fe2O3, -Fe2O3, α-FeOOH, and phases still superparamagnetic at 20 K. The obtained hydrogel spheres have high chemical stability and good mechanical rigidity. Adsorptive capacity: 77.9 and 204.9 mgF/g, respectively for the hydrogel spheres without (fit well by the Langmuir and Freundlich models) and with (fit well by the Freundlich model) macroholes. In both types of spheres, the chemisorption mechanism is predominant, but the intraparticle diffusion model suggests that the adsorption mechanism is more complex. Four cycles of adsorption in the column mode show a small decrease of F capture efficiency from 61.8 to 56.2%; therein, desorption with NH3 solution min. 25 wt% shows an efficiency ranging between 95.8 and 98.8%. The strategy to nanostructure particles of iron oxyhydroxide and to introduce macroholes into the PVA polymer network was effective and really reinforced the F capture. Keywords: fluorine;

Bien que les matériaux poreux soient nombreux dans la nature, la synthèse en laboratoirede matériaux présentant une porosité multi-échelle ou hiérarchisée est toujours délicate. Enutilisant la matière molle (émulsions concentrées, auto-assemblages, mésophases lyotropes, etc)et le procédé sol-gel, il est possible d’obtenir une grande variété de matériaux monolithiques, àporosité hiérarchisée, composés d’un squelette silicique. La porosité de ces matériaux peut êtreoptimisée en jouant avec la nature de l’émulsion, le tensioactif utilisé, ou avec l’ajout d’agentd’extérieur comme le sel. En combinant ces méthodes, des matériaux possédant une mésoporositéhexagonale ont été obtenus. Grâce à leur surface riche en silanols, ces matériaux poreux ont étéfonctionnalisés par greffage post-synthèse de molécules organiques. Dès lors, l’immobilisationd’entités biologiques comme les enzymes au sein de la structure poreuse a permis d’utiliser cesmatériaux pour des réactions d’hydrolyse, de synthèse ou de décoloration en milieu aqueux dansune approche de « chimie verte ». Enfin, des micro-organismes ont été piégés dans ces matériauxporeux qui ont été recouverts d’une coque en silice. Les micro-organismes peuvent s’y développersans restriction et leur croissance est très différente de celle observée dans les cultures classiques.La coque en silice, formée en surface, est donc imperméable au passage des bactéries (taillemicrométrique) mais perméable à la diffusion des substrats et des réactifs. Cette diffusion a étémise à profit pour réaliser des réactions enzymatiques en cascade. Ces matériaux se positionnentcomme des biocatalyseurs très prometteurs pour de nombreuses applications. / Although porous materials are numerous in nature, the laboratory synthesis of materials withmulti-scale or hierarchical porosity is always difficult. By using soft matter (concentrated emulsions,self-assemblies, lyotropic mesophases, etc.) and the sol-gel process, it is possible to obtaina wide variety of monolithic materials with hierarchical porosity composed of a silicic skeleton.The porosity of these materials can be optimized by playing with the nature of the emulsion,the surfactant used, or with the addition of external agents such as salt. By combining these methods,materials with hexagonal mesoporosity have been obtained. Thanks to their silanol-richsurface, these porous materials have been functionalized by post-synthesis grafting of organicmolecules. Therefore, the immobilization of biological entities such as enzymes within the porousstructure has made it possible to use these materials for hydrolysis, synthesis or discolorationreactions in aqueous media in a "green chemistry" approach. Finally, microorganisms were trappedin these porous materials which were covered with a silica shell. Microorganisms can growthere without restriction and their growth is very different from that observed in conventionalcultures. The silica shell formed on the surface is therefore impermeable to the passage of bacteria(micrometric size) but permeable to diffusion of substrates and reagents. This diffusion wasused to carry out cascade enzymatic reactions. These materials are positioned as very promisingbiocatalysts for many applications.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-02-21T18:54:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Viviane Jandira Van Haandel.pdf: 1227295 bytes, checksum: 9d7e4a5d542b374919d27cacb32e328b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T18:54:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Viviane Jandira Van Haandel.pdf: 1227295 bytes, checksum: 9d7e4a5d542b374919d27cacb32e328b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho descreve a preparação e caracterização de um silsesquioxano funcionalizado com imidazol com objetivo de aplicação como adsorvente para íons metálicos de interesse ambiental, utilizando como síntese o processo sol-gel cuja rota vem sendo muito utilizada devido as inúmeras vantagens. A primeira etapa consistiu na reação entre tetraetilortosilicato e 3-cloropropiltrimetóxisilano, através do processo Sol-Gel, para a formação do material designado como TEOS/CPTMS. Em seguida promoveu-se a incorporação do imidazol a rede de sílica, obtendo-se o cloreto de npropil imidazol silsesquioxano. O material obtido foi caracterizado pelas técnicas de Espectroscopia de na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Espectroscopia por ressonância magnética nuclear de 29Si e 13C (RMN 29Si e 13C), Difratometria de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de espalhamento Ramam, Análise de área de superfície por isortermas Brunauer, Emmett e Taller (BET). A capacidade de troca do material foi de 2,87 mmol g-1. Devido a sua boa capacidade de troca, o material foi utilizado na adsorção de íons metálico, de interesse ambiental, em meio aquoso. O tempo para atingir o equilíbrio no processo de adsorção-dessorção foi de 8 horas, o íon Cu+2 e Ni+2 adsorvem melhor em pH 4, já o processo de adsorção do íon Cd+2 aparentemente não tem influência do pH do meio. O material sintetizado adsorveu 3,60 mmol de Cu+2, 2,68 mmol de Cd+2 e 1,10 mmol de Ni+2 por grama de material. O modelo que obteve maior concordância com os resultados experimentais foi o de modelo de Langmuir comparado ao modelo de Freudlich. / The present work describes the preparation and characterization of an imidazole functionalized silsesquioxane with the objective of applying as metallic ion adsorptive for environmental interest, using as a synthesis the sol-gel process whose route has been widely used due to the numerous advantages. The first step consisted of the reaction between tetraethylorthosilicate and 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, through the sol-gel process, for the formation of the material designated as TEOS / CPTMS. The incorporation of the imidazole into the silica network was promoted, giving the npropyl imidazole silsesquioxane chloride. The obtained material was found in the techniques of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si and 13C NMR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Ramam scattering spectroscopy, Surface area analysis by Brunauer, Emmett and Taller (BET) isortermas. The material exchange capacity of was 2.87 mmol g-1. Due to its good exchangeability, the material was used in the adsorption of metallic ions, of environmental interest, in aqueous medium. The time to equilibrium in the adsorptiondesorption process of 8 hours, the Cu+2 and Ni+2 ion adsorb better at pH 4, since the adsorption process of the Cd+2 ion apparently does not influence the pH of the medium. The synthesized material adsorbed 3.60 mmol Cu+2, 2.68 mmol Cd+2 and 1.10 mmol Ni+2 per grama of material. The model that obtained the highest agreement with the experimental results was the model of Langmuir compared to the model of Freudlich.

Com o objetivo de desenvolver novos revestimentos mais protetores e quantificar a resistência à corrosão resultante, estudou-se a adição de caulinita em novos revestimentos híbridos a base de silanos sobre a liga de alumínio AA7075. Os revestimentos com silanos aqui estudados diferem dos relatados anteriormente na literatura, os quais usualmente contém cargas minerais apenas para a liberação de inibidores de corrosão, enquanto que os revestimentos desenvolvidos no presente estudo contém caulinita lamelar com a finalidade de barreira de difusão para espécies corrosivas. Para tanto, estudou-se primeiramente a esfoliação da caulinita e produção de filmes finos (2-3μm) por diferentes rotas de preparação pelo processo sol-gel, obtendo-se os melhores resultados com o processo envolvendo acidificação final. Os revestimentos e as partículas de caulinita processada foram caracterizados por microscopia ótica, microscopia de varredura eletrônica e difração de raios-X. A resistência à corrosão foi estudada por voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria, em potencial aplicado entre o potencial de pite e o de repassivação. A maior resitência à corrosão por pites foi obtida para os revestimentos contendo 3% em massa de caulinita, seguido dos com 33% em massa. Estudou-se também preliminarmente a permeação de H2O no revestimento por medidas rápidas de capacitância, após exposição cíclica em soluções contendo cloreto seguidas de secagem, sendo esta metodologia empregada até o momento apenas para tintas bem mais espessas (≈ 300μm). Observou-se que o método é aplicável para medidas no primeiro ciclo de absorção de H2O, concluindo-se que após a primeira exposição, o cloreto continua difundindo, diminuindo o tempo de resistência ao pite. / Aiming to develop more protective new coatings and to quantify the resulting corrosion resistance, new hybrid coatings based on silanes with the addition of kaolinite were produced and applied on the AA7075 aluminum alloy. The studied silane coatings differ from those reported previously in the literature that usually contain mineral fillers to release corrosion inhibitors, since we here developed silane coatings contain lamellar kaolinite as a barrier against the diffusion of corrosive species. For this, we first studied the exfoliation of kaolinite, and production of thin coating (2-3μm) by different preparation routes of the sol-gel process, obtaining the best results with the process of final acidification. Coatings and processed kaolinite particles were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at potentials between that of the repassivation and of the pitting of the substrate alloy. The greatest pitting resistance was obtained for coatings with 3% kaolinite addition, followed by the ones with 33%. The permeation of H2O into the coating was also preliminarily studied by fast capacitance measurements after cyclic exposure to solutions containing chloride followed by drying, a methodology that up to date was only used for much thicker paints (≈ 300μm). It was concluded that in chloride media this method is only applicable for measurements in the first cycle, as after the first exposure, chloride ions continuously permeate into the coating during the drying phase, greatly reducing the time to pit nucleation.

Com o objetivo de desenvolver novos revestimentos mais protetores e quantificar a resistência à corrosão resultante, estudou-se a adição de caulinita em novos revestimentos híbridos a base de silanos sobre a liga de alumínio AA7075. Os revestimentos com silanos aqui estudados diferem dos relatados anteriormente na literatura, os quais usualmente contém cargas minerais apenas para a liberação de inibidores de corrosão, enquanto que os revestimentos desenvolvidos no presente estudo contém caulinita lamelar com a finalidade de barreira de difusão para espécies corrosivas. Para tanto, estudou-se primeiramente a esfoliação da caulinita e produção de filmes finos (2-3μm) por diferentes rotas de preparação pelo processo sol-gel, obtendo-se os melhores resultados com o processo envolvendo acidificação final. Os revestimentos e as partículas de caulinita processada foram caracterizados por microscopia ótica, microscopia de varredura eletrônica e difração de raios-X. A resistência à corrosão foi estudada por voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria, em potencial aplicado entre o potencial de pite e o de repassivação. A maior resitência à corrosão por pites foi obtida para os revestimentos contendo 3% em massa de caulinita, seguido dos com 33% em massa. Estudou-se também preliminarmente a permeação de H2O no revestimento por medidas rápidas de capacitância, após exposição cíclica em soluções contendo cloreto seguidas de secagem, sendo esta metodologia empregada até o momento apenas para tintas bem mais espessas (≈ 300μm). Observou-se que o método é aplicável para medidas no primeiro ciclo de absorção de H2O, concluindo-se que após a primeira exposição, o cloreto continua difundindo, diminuindo o tempo de resistência ao pite. / Aiming to develop more protective new coatings and to quantify the resulting corrosion resistance, new hybrid coatings based on silanes with the addition of kaolinite were produced and applied on the AA7075 aluminum alloy. The studied silane coatings differ from those reported previously in the literature that usually contain mineral fillers to release corrosion inhibitors, since we here developed silane coatings contain lamellar kaolinite as a barrier against the diffusion of corrosive species. For this, we first studied the exfoliation of kaolinite, and production of thin coating (2-3μm) by different preparation routes of the sol-gel process, obtaining the best results with the process of final acidification. Coatings and processed kaolinite particles were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at potentials between that of the repassivation and of the pitting of the substrate alloy. The greatest pitting resistance was obtained for coatings with 3% kaolinite addition, followed by the ones with 33%. The permeation of H2O into the coating was also preliminarily studied by fast capacitance measurements after cyclic exposure to solutions containing chloride followed by drying, a methodology that up to date was only used for much thicker paints (≈ 300μm). It was concluded that in chloride media this method is only applicable for measurements in the first cycle, as after the first exposure, chloride ions continuously permeate into the coating during the drying phase, greatly reducing the time to pit nucleation.

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