This work aims and is based on a desire by Euromekanik AB and PowerCell AB to design a calculation model for energy optimization and dimensioning of hydrogen storage. For this, a simulation tool has been created, which in this work is evaluated based on a project Euromekanik and PowerCell have with the brewery ÅBRO. ÅBRO requests the results of 10 trucks that are to be refueled with self-produced hydrogen, the hydrogen is also to be converted and support the own electricity consumption. The hydrogen system broadly consists of an electrolyser, fuel cell and hydrogen storage.  The questions that were asked and answered was: How should the components be dimensioned? How should the warehouse be dimensioned? Which scenario is the most energetically and financially profitable? What could further expansion of energy production look like? The scenarios were divided into three different ones with different sizes of electrolyser. After that, they were divided into a and b scenarios, which had different sizes of fuel cell. When the analysis was completed, the two best scenarios with the optimal storage size was selected, then an analysis is made of how the installation of a wind turbine would have worked in combination with these systems in comparison to expanding the solar cell plant. The result obtained is that the method part answers how a calculation model for energy optimization and dimensioning of hydrogen storage can look like. Scenario 2a with storage size of 1 ton is best from an economic and energy perspective. However, if energy production were to be expanded further, scenario 3a with a storage size of 1.5 tones would be best from an energy perspective.

As a response to the increasing demand for renewable power, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market is growing fast. In addition to PV systems, the energy from solar radiation can be converted intoheat energy in solar thermal (ST) systems. This study uses a method that identifies solar energy systems using aerial imagery and deep machine learning to create and evaluate an inventory of solar energy systems in three Swedish municipalities together with socioeconomic and demographic data, to understand the relation between different variables and PV and ST adoption. The variables are age, sex, birth region, education, unemployment, average income and economic standard. Information about the locations also include owner, time at residence, tax value, purpose of property and purpose of building. The relation is analyzed through a correlation and regression analysis at three different granularity levels: households, demographic statistical areas and municipalities. Out of 692 inventoried PV systems and 399 ST systems, the majority was installed in rural or regional center areas. The most common buildings were residential and complementary. Most of the properties were owned by individuals, and the tax value of properties was in general lower for ST systems, indicating that it is more common for companies to install PV systems and at larger properties. The average income, age and percentage of males are higher for households that have adopted PV and/or ST systems compared to the municipalities average. However, the difference is clearer for PV systems than for ST systems. The analysis concludes that share of the population in age group 45-64 years, share of males, share born in Sweden and high average income have a positive correlation to PV adoption. Share of the population within age group 25-44 years, unemployment and low economic standard isfound to have a negative correlation to PV deployment. Positive correlation to ST adoption is found for a share of the population within age group 45-64 years and born in Sweden. Share of population in age group 24-44 years and unemployment was found to have a negative correlation to ST deployment.

Elektrifiering i transportsektorn och Rysslands anfallskrig mot Ukraina är de främsta bidragande orsak till de nuvarande höga energipriserna. Ryssland använder energi som ett politiskt vapen genom att minska gasflöde vilket har resulterat i höga gaspriser i Europa. Dessutom går elektrifieringen av transportsektorn i hög varv i många europiska länder vilket också bidrar till att energikrisen på den europeiska energimarknaden höjs ännu mer.  Merparten av den energi som används idag kommer från fossila bränslen som bidrar till koldioxidutsläpp som påverkar miljön negativt. Något måste förändras för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och beroendet av fossila energikällor. En hållbar och miljövänlig lösning är att investera i solenergi som producerar förnybar energikälla. Med rätt teknik kan man enkelt installera villor och bostäder med solceller och solfångare och för att kunna producera el och värme. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka om ett solcellssystem i en villa kan tillgodose bostadens energibehov under olika årstider, och även att ta redo på om investeringen för solceller är lönsam.  Arbetsmetoden bygger på beräkningar, simulering och litteraturstudier för att nå ett tillförlitligt resultat. Resultatet redovisar villans totala elförbrukning i 2023 samt solcellernas energiproduktion. Genom att analysera resultatet visade det sig att solcellsanläggnings elproduktion täcker 53 % av hushållens totala elförbrukning. Detta betyder att huset köper el för sex av årets 12 månader enligt tabell 10. Resultaten redovisar även beräkningen av återbetalningstiden för olika fall av solceller, solceller utan batteri och solcell med batteri.  Av resultatet dras slutsatsen att solcellanläggningen är en bra investering 2024. Förutom att anläggningen producerar förnybara energikällor så betalar den sig även efter cirka 8-15år och ger också en besparing på cirka 649 654,75 kronor under en livslängd på 25år. Slutligen om elpriset stiger och priset på solceller fortsätter att sjunka kan återbetalningstiden bli ännu kortare.

The solar industry is one of the fastest-growing energy industries in the global market. The reason is a combination of the falling prices of modules and inverters and increased conversion to fossil-free energy production. When a photovoltaic module reaches the end of its life it needs to be replaced and discarded, which can create a sustainability problem depending on how this is managed. Today, less than 10% of the global photovoltaic waste is recycled. Only the European Union has implemented photovoltaic waste regulations in the form of the WEEE Directive, which requires that 85% of the waste is collected and at least 80% of waste collected must be prepared for reuse or recycling. This master thesis examines the energy technical, economic, and political conditions for a Swedish photovoltaic recycling plant. This is done through a literary study that is enhanced with calculations of future potential waste volumes and their economic value. As an alternative to a Swedish plant, the energy consumption for transporting waste to existing recycling plants in Europe is evaluated. The photovoltaic technologies included in this work are silicon-based mono-and polycrystalline modules, cadmium tellurium (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). Based on the calculations and the literature study, the energy technical conditions are good and not a barrier for a potential facility, the political conditions are deficient, and regulations need further development. The economic conditions constitute the largest barrier as waste volumes are not large enough for a Swedish facility to be economically profitable until 2042. The energy consumption for transport to existing recycling plants in Europe was 22 MJ/module for silicon-based mono-and polycrystalline modules and 10 MJ/module for CdTe modules. Which is a good alternative to a Swedish plant as collection processes and recycling processes are already in place.

The perceived battery capacity of battery-powered devices can be increased by harvesting energy from readily available sources. Third generation solar cells are a good candidate for this purpose since they can be integrated with these battery-powered devices and harvest power from diffused light. For a single third generation solar cell to be useful in the context of charging a Lithium based battery, the voltage must be increased tenfold. To increase this perceived battery capacity as much as possible, efficiency is crucial. In this thesis, DCDC converter topologies and designs are studied from a system design perspective. The specifications of a converter suitable for interfacing Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells with Lithium batteries are described and a market research is conducted based on those specifications. A comparison of the available commercial solutions is presented, highlighting the most suitable options. However, none of the commercial solutions met the specifications to the full extent. The design process of two DC-DC converters is presented, one is a Boost converter operating in Continuous Conduction Mode and the other is a Boost converter operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode. A comparison of the two designs highlights the advantages of operating the Boost converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode when interfaced with a Dye-Sensitised Solar Cell. The design with a Boost converter operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode has an efficiency of 80.3 % and is capable of tracking the Maximum Power Point of the Dye-Sensitised Solar Cell. / Den uppfattade batterikapaciteten hos batteridrivna enheter kan ökas genom att skörda energi från lättillgängliga källor. Tredje generationens solceller är en bra kandidat för detta ändamål eftersom de kan integreras med dessa batteridrivna enheter och skörda ström från spritt ljus. För att en enda tredje generationens solcell ska vara användbar i samband med laddning av ett litiumbaserat batteri måste spänningen ökas tiofaldigt. För att öka denna uppfattade batterikapacitet så mycket som möjligt är effektiviteten avgörande. I denna avhandling studeras topologier och strategier för DC-DC-omvandlare från ett systemdesignperspektiv. Specifikationerna för en omvandlare som är lämplig för att ansluta Dye-sensitized solceller med litiumbatterier beskrivs och en marknadsundersökning utförs utifrån dessa specifikationer. En jämförelse av de tillgängliga kommersiella lösningarna presenteras och belyser de lämpligaste alternativen. Ingen av de kommersiella lösningarna uppfyllde emellertid specifikationerna i sin helhet. Designprocessen för två DC-DComvandlare presenteras, en Boost-omvandlare som arbetar i kontinuerligt ledande läge och en Boost-omvandlare som arbetar i diskontinuerligt ledande läge. En jämförelse av de två designerna belyser fördelarna med att driva Boost-omvandlaren i diskontinuerligt ledningsläge när den kopplats till en färgkänslig solcell. Konstruktionen med en Boostomvandlare som arbetar i diskontinuerlig ledningsläge har en effektivitet på 80.3 % och kan spåra den maximala effektpunkten för solcellen.

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to engage the house owners to their own small scale electricity production with solar cells (photovoltaic). Small scale electricity production with solar cells is a way that contributes to the development of a sustainable society. Method: Literature review has been used for collecting information about solar cells. Interviews were used for information on the solar industry in Sweden. Document analysis was used to obtain information on the regulation of small scale power generation and statistical data on its market. Calculations have been made on the profitability of small scale electricity generation with solar cells. Findings: Electricity produced by solar cells is one of the most environmentally friendly methods available. Small-scale photovoltaic electrical generation can contribute to achieving the national environment objectives. Small scale electricity production should not exceed the household electricity needs, because of grid losses. In Sweden, it is not profitable to produce its own electricity with solar cells. It requires national economic subsidies. Implications: In an extensive expansion of small scale power generation, it is required that the grid is adapted to receive the unused amounts of electricity from solar cells. Grid modification requires large investments and may affect the price of electricity. Large scale production of solar cells requires the development of national recycling systems. Silver should be replaced with copper as a cheaper alternative for electrodes. Limitations: The report is about small scale photovoltaic electrical generation for households. The effect on PV (photovoltaic) installations are limited to a maximum power of 10 kW, and only installations connected to the grid are treated. Storage of solar energy and energy conversion are not included. The study is limited to Sweden. The economic calculations ranging is up to 30 years.

I detta arbete studeras vilka möjligheter det finns för en av 3D hus kunders hus att klara kraven för passiv- eller minienergihus. Baserat på ett projekterat hus studeras hur olika konstruktioner och produktval påverkar husets möjlighet att uppfylla kraven. Trots att samtliga konstruktionsalternativ påstods vara anpassade för energisnåla hus visar vår undersökning att transmissionsförlusterna varierade mycket mellan de olika lösningarna. Även vilka garantier de olika företagen kunde ge gällande lufttäta konstruktioner varierade stort.De områdena som särskilt studeras i detta arbete är energiförluster genom en bostads klimatskal beroende av olika konstruktioner av väggarna, samt vilka fönster och dörrar som är lämpliga.Vår studie visar att utformningen av huset som studerats kommer kräva mycket höga krav på konstruktionen för att huset ska kunna nå kraven för ett passiv- eller minienergihus. Utformningen gör däremot att förlusterna varierar stort mellan de olika valen och det kan därför vara en god idé att se över vilka produkter som ska väljas inom de olika områdena. / This report considers the possibilities to build a passive house or mini-energy house within reasonable demands on manufacturers and construction firms for one of 3D House’s customers. The client has already been in contact with different manufacturers and construction firms with different demands, but with the same warranty of energy efficient materials. In this study there’s a comparison of these demands and warrants show that, even with the same stated terms of low efficient material, the transmission loss vary considerably. Especially the warrants for airtight constructions vary much.Because of the buildings shape it becomes clear that it would need very high requirement on the products and the work to meet the requirements for passive house. The shape of the house does on the other hand make sure that it's a big difference between the different products which would make it a good idea to look over the different chose.The areas there this report is in first hand how the different companies for walls because of that is an area there it's a big different between different choice and it's a big part of the climate shield. It will also have a look over what kind of windows and doors that exist that meet both the requirements for passive house and the costumer.

Landstinget Blekinge är en av Blekinge Läns största fastighetsägare och har idag ett stort elbehov på grund av sin energiintensiva verksamhet. I enlighet med organisationens miljöplan finns önskemål om att utreda möjligheterna att producera egen el med solceller. Denna utredning har som syfte att analysera egenproducerad solel utifrån lönsamhet och långsiktig hållbarhet.Rapporten utgår från att beskriva potential och ekonomiska förutsättningar för installation och drift av solcellsanläggningar i Sverige, framtida energisystem, samt hur en installation skulle förändra förutsättningarna för den dagliga verksamheten för Landstinget utifrån underhåll och säkerhet. Därefter presenteras en teoretisk projektering som resulterade i två olika solcellsanläggningar för att påvisa eventuell lönsamhet, kostnad för producerad el och en uppskattad årsproduktion i förhållande till Landstingets årliga elbehov. För att genomföra en adekvat projektering och få kunskap gällande underhåll och säkerhet genomfördes intervjuer med sakkunniga och företag som investerat i solcellsanläggningar. Resultatet presenteras som två olika anläggningar vilka skiljer sig åt map storlek och montering. Placeringsalternativ A) har en installerad toppeffekt på 101 kW med en investeringskostnad på 1 100 00 – 1 260 000 kr och placeringsalternativ B) en installerad toppeffekt på 145 kW till en kostnad av 1 500 000 – 1 740 000 kr. Trots dessa skillnader blev divergensen i återbetalningstid och kostnad för producerad el marginell, både med och utan solcellsstöd. Lönsamheten är mest fördelaktig vid ett beviljat solcellsstöd och ger större ekonomisk hållbarhet med en återbetalningstid på 9,8 – 11,3 år för placeringsalternativ A) och 10 – 11,5 år för placeringsalternativ B). I förhållande till en livslängd för anläggningarna på 25 – 30 år är det en lönsam investering.Med en större årsproduktion och lättare montering i förhållande till vindlast drogs en slutsats om att anläggningen på 145 kW skulle gynna Landstinget mest både ur ett ekonomiskt och hållbart perspektiv. Det genom att anläggningen efter återbetalningstiden genererar en högre kostnadsbesparing, samt resulterar i en större minskning av av koldioxidutsläpp till följd av en av högre årsproduktion. Flera källor visar att solceller är en del av ett framtida energisystem och långsiktigt hållbart pga fördelar gentemot minskade utsläpp av växthusgaser. Genom en eventuell investering i solceller kan Landstinget Blekinge stärka och utveckla ett grönt varumärke med en förnybar energiförsöjning i form av en solcellanläggning som bidrar till hållbar utveckling i enlighet med organisationes miljöplan, samt nationella och europeiska klimat- och miljömål. / The County Council of Blekinge is one of the county’s largest property owner and has today a great need of external distribution och electricity due to the organization’s energy intensive operations. According to the County Council’s environmental plan there is a desire to investigate the possibilities of producing electricity with solar cells. Therefore this feasibility study has the purpose of analyzing its profitability anf long-term sustainability following a possible future investment.The report proceeds to describe potential and economic prerequisites for solar cells in Sweden, future energy systems, as well as changing conditions for the daily operations regarding maintenance and safety with a solar cell plant. Thereafter, with the use of a theoretical projection of a solarplant that resulted in two different, the study determines possible profitability, cost of produced electricity and an estimated yearly production relative to the County Council’s need of external electricity. To perform an adequate projection and receive knowledge about maintenance and safety interviews with special advisers and organizations which have invested in solar cell plants interviews was performed. The result is presented as two solar plants that differs in size and mounting. Alternative A) has an installed power of 101 kW with a cost of investment of 1 100 00 – 1 260 000 SEK, and alternative B) har an installed power of 145 kW to the cost of 1 500 000 – 1 740 000 SEK. Despite the differences was the disparity in pay-back-time and cost of produced electricity fractional, with our without subsidies. The profitability is the most benefitial with an issued subsidy for solar cells and implicates a shorter pay-back-period of 9,8 – 11,3 years for alternative A) and 10 – 11,5 years for alternative B). Relative to the economic lifespan of a solar plant of 25 – 30 years it is a profitable investment.With a higher estimated yearly production and easier mounting considering wind load a conclusion was drawn that alternative B) with an installed power 145 kW would benefit the County Council the most from an economic and sustainable perspective. Because after the pay-back-period has ended it would generate more savings of money and a greater lowering of carbon dioxide emissions as a result of the higher annual production of electricity. Several sources show that solar cells are a aprt of a future energy system and is long-term sustainable due to benefits considering lowered carbon dioxide emissions. At an investment the County Council of Blekinge could strengthen and develop a green brand with a renewable energy supply with a solar cell plant which would contribute to sustainable development according to the organization’s environmental plan, as well as national and European climate and environmental goals.

In this thesis different methods of energy storage are evaluated for use in multifamily residential buildings in order to increase the self-consumption of self-generated photovoltaic electricity. The computational software MATLAB was used to simulate and study five different energy systems applied on two case studies. The five energy systems are; one reference system consisting of photovoltaics, one system with photovoltaics and a hydrogen storage system, and three systems consisting of photovoltaics and batteries using different management strategies. The different systems were compared based on their effect on the buildings self-consumption ratio and grid interaction as well as system costs and profitability. The battery systems successfully increased the self-consumption ratio and decreased grid interaction. Assuming a favourable development of market conditions, all systems containing batteries were paid back. The battery system that could reduce high consumption peaks during the entire year was the most profitable system as the buildings fixed grid fees could be lowered. The hydrogen storage system increased the self-consumption ratio to a small degree, as much of the electricity was lost in the conversion processes. Also, the components of the hydrogen system are very costly and the investment could therefore not be paid back within the 30 year life-time. Photovoltaics can be used to decrease variable electricity costs while energy storage can be used to decrease both variable and fixed electricity costs. The results suggest that focusing on handling power peaks and leveling grid interaction is more valuable than focusing on increasing self-consumption in multifamily residential buildings. The value of energy storage systems in multifamily residential buildings has been discussed with respect to technology development and changes in market conditions, the conclusion being that the value will most likely increase within the next decade and onward. It is believed that local energy storage systems have an important role to play in a power system with an increasing amount of renewable and intermittent power sources.

Solceller utvecklas ständigt med avseende på effektivitet och i samband med modulernas minskade inköpskostnad intresserar sig allt fler människor för solenergi. Solen är den renaste energikällan och det finns en stor potential för lönsamma anläggningar i Sverige sett till mängden solinstrålning. Arbetet syftar till att projektera en solcellsanläggning åt Ljusdalshem och beräkna dess lönsamhet. Vidare undersöks solcellens uppbyggnad, vilka solcellstyper som finns på marknaden idag samt vilka faktorer som påverkar en projektering. Undersökningen har genomförts med litteraturstudie av tryckta källor med internet som komplement. En del av informationen har också samlats in från personalen på Ljusdalshem samt från en leverantör med erfarenhet inom området. Energiberäkningarna har utförts genom manuella beräkningar och två olika beräkningsprogram som komplement. Lönsamheten bedöms utifrån nuvärdesmetoden och Payoff-metoden. Fastigheten har två lämpliga takpartier, ett placerat åt sydöst och ett åt sydväst. Takets olika riktningar ger större produktionsspann över dagen men ger lägre totalproduktion. Anläggningen kommer bestå av monokristallina kiselsolceller, växelriktare och effektoptimerare. Tillsammans kan dessa producera el motsvarande 17 procent av fastighetens årsförbrukning. I fastigheten bedrivs verksamheter dagtid, vilket passar bra för att ta emot producerad energi från solceller. Med hänsyn tagit till elprisökning, diskonteringsfaktor, modulerna degradering och nyinvesteringar har nuvärdet påvisat en investering som inte är lönsam. Investeringsstöd till solcellsanläggningar finns att söka hos Länsstyrelsen och är en förutsättning för att anläggningen ska ha en chans att bli lönsam, en lönsam investering kräver även att elprisökningen är större än den antagna. Åtgärder som sänker elförbrukningen ska utföras, beräkningarna baseras därför på en lägre förbrukning än den aktuella. En ännu lägre elförbrukning skulle ge ett annat resultat, vilket är en anledning till att göra nya mer exakta beräkningar när den nya årförbrukningen blir känd. Återbetalningstiden för investeringen är längre än den tekniska livslängden och därmed bidrar inte installationen till företagets lönsamhet med det antagna elpriset och övriga villkor. Då anläggningen ska ses som en referensanläggning och Ljusdalshem har ett miljömål att uppnå finns möjlighet till investering trots de ekonomiska förlusterna. / Solar cells are constantly evolving with regard to efficiency, and in connection with the modules' reduced purchasing costs, more and more people are becoming interested in solar energy. The sun is the purest source of energy, and there is a great potential for profitable plants in Sweden, given the amount of solar radiation. The project is to plan a solar cell facility for Ljusdalshem and calculating its profitability. Furthermore, the structure of the solar cell is investigated, which types of solar cells are present on the market today, and what factors affect the plan. The survey has been conducted with a literature study of printed sources with internet as a complement. Some of the informat-ion has also been collected from the staff at Ljusdalshem and from a supplier with experience in the area. The energy productions were carried out through manual calculations and two different calculation tools as a complement. Profitability is judged based on the present value method and the payoff method. The building has two suitable roof areas, one located to the south-east and one to the southwest. The different directions of the roof provide a larger production span over the day but inhibit overall solar energy production. The plant will consist of monocrystalline silica sols, inverters, and power optimizers. Together they can produce electricity corresponding to 17 percent of the annual consumption. Activities in the building are conducted during daytime, which fits well to receive produced energy from solar cells. Taking into account electricity price increase, discount factor, re-construction, and reinvestment modules, the present value has shown an investment that is not profitable. Investment support for solar power plants is available at the County Administ-rative Board, and is a prerequisite for the profitability of the plant. A profitable investment also requires that the electricity price increase is greater than assumed. Measures that reduce electricity consumption should be performed, therefore, the calculations are based on a lower consumption than the current one. An even lower power consumption would give another result, which is a reason for making more accurate calculations when the new annual consumption becomes known. The repayment period for the investment is longer than the technical life and thus does not contribute to the company's profitability with the assumed electricity price and other terms. Since the plant is to be regarded as a reference facility and Ljusdalshem has an environmental objective to achieve, there is an opportunity for investment despite the economic losses.