Every few years, modern heavy-duty vehicles get redesigned and can carry more cargo than previously known. Increasing the amount of cargo means increasing the weight, which then leads to more pressure on the engineers to design improved vehicle frames and axles to distribute this load. A recent addition is a second front axle. This axle has been steered with a mechanical link since its introduction, but due to recent law changes, the possibility to steer this axle with an electro-hydraulic system is now available. The purpose of the project is just that, to create an electro-hydraulic steering system, it can be known as steer-by-wire (SBW). Through meetings with lead engineers at Volvo GTT, the first draft of some Concepts could be achieved. The Concepts consisted of a CAD design of the steering, complemented by hydraulic steering. By reusing existing parts in the new design, a similar steering capability was achieved. But having a SBW-system that can attach directly to the new axle, that is not restricted to a connection with the first axle enables so many options, and now, the sky is the limit. The weight is reduced, fuel and energy consumption is reduced, but maybe most important of all. The flexibility of this system is increased, enabling options to have independent steering from the first axle and even changing the placement of the axle on the frame itself. A system like this can have a significant impact on the environmental effects of trucks, as it can reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Thanks to the increase in cargo capacity. / Med några års mellanrum får moderna tunga fordon en ny design och kan frakta mer gods än tidigare. Men att öka mängden gods innebär att öka vikten, vilket leder till mer tryck på ingenjörerna för att designa förbättrade fordonsramar och axlar för att fördela denna last bättre. Nyligen har en andra framaxel lagts till. Denna axel har styrts med en mekanisk länk sedan den infördes, men tack vare de senaste lagändringarna finns nu möjligheten att styra denna axel med ett elektro-hydrauliskt system. Syftet med projektet är just det, att skapa ett elektro-hydrauliskt styrsystem, kan även kallas steer-by-wire (SBW). Genom möten med ingenjörer på Volvo GTT kunde det första utkastet till några koncept uppnås. Koncepten bestod av en CAD-konstruktion av styrningen, kompletterad med en hydraulisk styrning. Genom att återanvända befintliga delar i den nya designen uppnåddes en liknande styrfunktion. Men att ha ett SBW-system som kan kopplas direkt till den nya axeln, det är inte längre begränsat med en anslutning till den första axeln, nu sätter bara fantasin gränserna. Vikten minskas, bränsle- och energiförbrukning minskas, men kanske viktigast av allt. Flexibiliteten i detta system ökar, vilket gör det möjligt att ha oberoende styrning från den första axeln och till och med ändra axelns placering på själva ramen. Ett system som det här kan ha en stor inverkan på miljöeffekterna av lastbilar, eftersom det kan minska antalet fordon på vägen. Tack vare den ökade mängden dom nu kan frakta.

This report has examined the possibilities of stiffening and strengthening a ground stabilization mast, in a way that a small production company can manufacture. The soil stabilization technique in question is Jet-Grouting also called injection drilling, which involves drilling to the desired depth and then letting high-pressure water jets mixed with filling mass to erode the surrounding soil mass and form pillars below the ground surface. The study intends to explore the possibility of placing a simplified model in the simulation program ANSYS that uses the finite element method (FEM) to obtain its results. The product development method described by Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger in the book "Product Design and Development" is then used to produce improvement proposals that will strengthen the mast. The purpose of this study was to identify the strength of a ground stabilization mast and then produce and present an improvement proposal, based on the rotation head that is now mounted on the ground stabilization mast. This rotary head is named "RH24X HP 67 TS" and is produced by Eurodrill, and it generates a maximum torque of 24 kNm. The simulations on the mast with the given torque resulted in the highest stress of 158 MPa to which the mast body was exposed to. With the design that the mast current design, it entails a 2.3 factor of safety, which is considered acceptable since the recommended factor of safety for this type of heavy machine is about 2 (Khan, et al., 2016). When the torque was increased to the limit of the mast, i.e., when the factor of safety is close to 1, it resulted in a maximum torque of 54 kNm. Mounting a rotary head with a torque of 54 kNm is therefore not recommended due to the low safety margin that it would entail. Market research has been done and the proposals presented in this study presents similar manufactures and series as of the current rotary head. The recommended rotary heads come from the Eurodrill X-series and are called "RH32X HP 67 TS" and it produces a maximum torque of 32 kNm, alternatively "RH 4300 HP 48 TSS" which produces a torque of 34 kNm. The improvement proposals presented in this report are developed by evaluating the results of the simulations performed and then identifying the weakest areas. Then, based on the product development method, generate a proposal that can stiffen and strengthen the ground stabilization mast. The improvement proposal on the cradle showed with the rotary head "RH24X HP 67 TS" a 4.8 factor of safety, compared to the current cradle which has a 2.6 factor of safety, it is almost a doubling in strength. A new design of trusses was presented and resulted in a 35% increase in rigidity without the need to add any new material. This means that by re-examining the structure of the truss you can strengthen and possibly check the rigidity of the mast, which among other things leads to better manoeuvrability without any real extra costs being needed. / Denna rapport har undersökt möjligheterna att styva och styrka upp en markstabiliseringsmast på ett sätt som ett mindre produktionsföretag klarar av att tillverka. Markstabiliseringstekniken i fråga är Jet-Grouting även kallad injiceringsborrning, som går ut på att man borrar till önskat djup för att sedan låta högtrycksvattenjetstrålar blandat med fyllnadsmassa erodera den kringliggande jordmassan och bilda pelare under markytan. Studien ämnar utforska möjligheten med att placera en förenklad modell i simuleringsprogrammet ANSYS som använder finit elementmetod (FEM) för att få fram sina resultat. Därefter används produktutvecklingsmetoden som beskrivs av Karl T. Ulrich och Steven D. Eppinger i boken ”Product Design and Development”, för att ta fram förbättringsförslag som ska styrka upp masten.   Studien har haft som syfte att ta reda på hållfastheten hos en markstabiliseringsmast och sedan ta fram och presentera ett förbättringsförslag, utifrån det rotationshuvud som nu är monterat på markstabiliseringsmasten. Detta rotationshuvud har benämningen ”RH24X HP 67 TS” och är producerad av Eurodrill och genererar ett maximalt vridmoment på 24 kNm. Simuleringarna på masten med det givna vridmomentet resulterade i den högsta spänningen på 158 MPa som mastkroppen utsattes för. Med det utförande som masten är idag medför det en 2,3 säkerhetsfaktor, vilket är anses vara acceptabelt eftersom den rekommenderade säkerhetsfaktorn för denna typ av tungmaskin ligger på cirka 2 (Khan, et al., 2016).  När man sedan ökade vridmomentet till mastens bristgräns, det vill säga när säkerhetsfaktorn tangerar 1, resulterade det i ett maximalt vridmoment på 54 kNm. Att montera ett rotationshuvud med ett vridmoment på 54 kNm är därför inte att rekommendera på grund av den låga säkerhetsmarginalen som det skulle innebära. Därför presenteras förslag på rotationshuvuden som masten kan klara av, genom en marknadsundersökning gjord på liknade tillverkare och serier som dagens rotationshuvud. De rotationshuvud som rekommenderas kommer från Eurodrill X-serie och heter ”RH32X HP 67 TS” och den producerar ett maximalt vridmoment på 32 kNm, alternativt ”RH 4300 HP 48 TSS” som producerar ett vridmoment på 34 kNm.  Förbättringsförslagen som presenteras i denna rapport är framtagna genom att utvärdera resultaten av de utförda simuleringarna och sedan identifiera de svagaste områdena. Därefter genereras förslag utifrån produktutvecklingsmetoden som kan styva och stärka upp markstabiliseringsmasten. Förbättringsförslaget på släden visade med rotationshuvudet ”RH24X HP 67 TS” en 4,8 säkerhetsfaktor, jämfört med den nuvarande släden som har en 2,6 säkerhetsfaktor vilket är nästan en fördubbling i hållfasthet. En ny design av fackverk presenterades och resulterade i 35 % ökad styvhet utan att behöva addera något nytt material. Det innebär att man genom att ompröva fackverkets struktur kan stärka och eventuellt kontrollera mastens styvhet, vilket bland annat leder till bättre manövrerbarhet utan några egentliga extra kostnader behövs.

En segmentbytesrigg kan ofta användas vid segmentbyte för raffinörer. Raffinörer har stora hållare som det sitter segment i för att mala ned träflis till pappersmassa. Eftersom dessa nöts ut med tiden är det viktigt att de byts ut, och där är segmentbytesriggen ett viktigt användarverktyg. På uppdrag av Valmet i Sundsvall undersöker detta kandidatarbete möjligheten att förenkla en av Valmets nuvarande segmentbytesriggar. Detta för att göra den mindre dyr och komplex, och därmed mer lättillverkad och mer kostnadseffektiv. Arbetet har följt designprocessens tillvägagångssätt, vilket har bestått av tre stycken faser; analytisk, kreativ och en presentationsfas. Detta resulterade slutligen i ett nytt koncept för en segmentbytesrigg, som är mer simplifierad, billigare att tillverka, men fortfarande bibehåller samma huvud- och bifunktioner. Konceptet har fått kompromissa med viss praktisk bekvämlighet för att kunna nå målet om att göra riggen mer kostnadseffektiv och lättillverkad. / Adjunkt

In this study, the initial hydrostatic stability, the hydrostatic stability and the structure realibility of three different barge-shaped vessels is simulated and evaluated in order to see which of the vessels would be the most optimal to use for deployment of wave energy converters, WECs. The vessels differ in their hull type: Bulbous-bow hull vessel, Barge hull vessel and Modified-barge hull vessel. In order to do the evaluation, the hull of each vessel is designed in DELFTship and further design is proceeded in SolidWorks 2014. Structural strength analysis is performed in SolidWorks 2014 and hydrostatic properties are simualted in Ansys Aqwa 16.0. The collected results are pointing at that the Modified-barge hull vessel is slightly superior to the others in terms of hydrostatic stability, while the structure stability is equal. The results of this study will provide a foundation for further evaluation of vessels capable of deploying wave energy converters.

For this thesis, smart spraying robot was designed, constructed and tested to validate the concept of smart pest control. Electrostatic charging of sprayed pesticide was realized in a spray nozzle design that improved plant coverage and reduced wasted pesticide as well as soil pollution. A thorough investigation into electrostatic spraying was conducted, which was accompanied by extensive simulations and experimentation. The results obtained from the simulation experimentation on industry standard electrostatic spray system (ESS) nozzles along with laboratory testing of these nozzles, detecting spray coverage using water sensitive paper and additional optical spray visualization methods gave the necessary insight and experience required to develop a new spray nozzle. Additional COMSOL simulation and experimentation were carried out on a Fan Hydraulic Spray Nozzle (FHSN), the results of which allowed for the effective addition of electrostatic induction capabilities, thereby transforming the (FHSN) into Electrostatic Induction Spray Nozzle (EISN) which is one of the prime parts of the smart spraying system. SOLIDWORKS software was used in the designing parts of this nozzle which were then manufactured using a 3D printer. An AL05D robotic manipulator and a TTRK tracked platform from Lynxmotion ™ were the mini mobile robot components selected for the feasibility study of the smart electrostatic crop spraying system. This mobile robot was equipped with a CCD digital camera, a range detector, and path mark detector to provide the necessary sensors required by the smart electrostatic spray system. A Windows™ based mobile computer in addition to an ARDUINO™ based orksmicrocontroller system were chosen to provide the computational power required by the system. These were arranged in a master – slave configuration, with the main processing for images and motion being conducted inside the master computer using programs created by Matlab smart ™ software. The execution of motion commands and the operation of the range and path mark detection along with operating the spray nozzle were performed on the slave computer using C as the programming language. The manufactured smart electrostatic spray system moves along cotton crop rows with a camera that scans the selected plant for pest infestation on the upper and lower surfaces of plant leaves. When a pest is detected, the spray nozzle is targeted on it at the appropriate distance, and a burst of pesticide destroys it. The results of experiments have shown that using the electrostatic induction system improves coverage 3 to 4 fold and reduces soil contamination by 2 to 4 fold. The system has plenty of room for performance improvement, and future development will make it adaptable for application to other crops and applications.

The assignment, which has been carried out on behalf of Troax AB was to develop suggestions on one sided fasteners that will be used to attach the anti-collapse system for pallet racks. The problem, as it is today, is that the installers of the mesh panels for the anti-collapse system find it difficult to reach behind and inside the pallet racking beam when they screw together the screw and the nut to hold up the anti-collapse system. Therefore, there is a desire to use a fastener which does not have to handle screws or bolts on the back of the beam. One design requirements is that it should fit most hole patterns and hole sizes available for pallet racks today. It also has the requirement that it must hold for a pendulum test. The energy is then converted into a force for easier calculations. When a safety factor is applied the force that the system is subjected to is approximately 10KN. SolidWorks was used to model and structurally analyze the various design proposals. The best design proposal was put into a simulations study to be analyzed. Then the proposal was compared with the screw which is currently in use. The results of the structural analysis of the current screw show that it withstands the applied loads. The proposed suggestion lacks credibility due to the fact that the stresses shown in the simulations are too high. Based on the results from the structural analysis, it is concluded that further studies are needed and also that the other design suggestions should be examined further in case they could be improved to make them meet the requirements. / Detta arbete är utfört på uppdrag av Troax AB där uppgiften var att ta fram förslag på ensidesfästade fästelement som ska användas till att fästa rasskydd till pallstallage. Problemet som det är idag är att montörerna av rasskyddet anser att det är svårt att komma åt bakom och innanför balken då man ska skruva dit skruv och mutter för att hålla upp rasskyddet. Därför finns det en önskan att kunna använda ett fästelement där man inte behöver hantera skruvar eller muttrar på baksidan av balken. Kravet som sattes på fästelementet är att den ska passa till de flesta hålbilder och hålstorlekar som finns på stallagebalkar idag. Den ska även hålla för ett pendeltest då en pendel med vikten 160kg och rörelseenergin 2500J slås in i ett gallernät. Energin räknas sedan om till en kraft för enklare beräkning och för att kunna föra in kraften i datorsimuleringar. Kraften som systemet utsätts för blir enligt uträkning ca 7100N och med en säkerhetsfaktor blir den resulterande kraften 10000N. SolidWorks används för modellering samt för analys av designförslagen. Först sätts hela systemet med alla balkar, konsoler, paneler och skruvar upp i SolidWorks och Simulation för att se hur allt hänger ihop. Därefter förenklas uppsättningen och ger resultatet att skruven utsätts för dragkraft och skjuvkraft där hela kraften appliceras. Det designförslag som bäst uppfyllde kraven sattes in i Simulation för att studeras. Där undersöks och jämförs förslaget med dagens skruv där båda utsätts för både dragkraft och skjuvkraft. Dagens skruv visar resultatet att den håller för de uppsatta krafterna. Förslagets resultat vid drag är dock opålitliga då uppsättningen av denna inte är optimal. Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatsen att det krävs ytterligare studier på förslaget och att man även bör titta på de övriga förslagen som togs fram för att se om det finns eventuella förbättringar på dessa som gör att de uppfyller kraven. / <p></p><p></p>

The Formula SAE is a student based competition organised by SAE International where engineering students from a university design, develop and test a formula-style race car prototype to compete against other universities. The competition car needs to satisfy the competition rules set out by the organisers. The competition strives to stimulate original, creative problem solving together with innovative engineering design practices. In any race environment, the primary goal is always to be as competitive as possible. Due to the competitive nature of motor sport, vehicle components need to withstand various and severe stresses. The components of a race car vehicle are responsible for the vehicle’s handling characteristics and reliability. The chassis is a crucial and integral component of a Formula SAE competition car, primarily responsible for the vehicle’s performance characteristics. The chassis is the structural component that accommodates all the other components. A Formula SAE chassis is a structure that requires high torsional stiffness, low weight as well as the necessary strength properties. In this study, multiple Formula SAE chassis were designed and developed using computer aided design software. Each concept’s torsional stiffness, weight and strength properties were tested using finite element analysis software. The different concepts consisted of different design techniques and applications. All the concepts were analysed and assessed, leading to the identification of an acceptable prototype. The prototype was manufactured for experimental tests. The designed chassis complied with the Formula SAE rules and regulations. The weight, torsional stiffness and strength characteristics of the designed chassis frame were also favourable compared to accepted standards for Formula SAE chassis frames. The manufactured chassis was prepared for experimental tests in order to validate the simulation results produced by the finite element analysis. The torsional stiffness, weight and strength were experimentally determined and the results were compared with the corresponding simulations results. The comparison of the experimental and simulated results enabled the validation of the finite element analysis software. The study draws conclusions about the use of computer aided design and finite element analysis software as a design tool for the development of a Formula SAE chassis. Closure about the study is provided with general conclusions, recommendations and research possibilities for future studies. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The glenohumeral joint is the most dislocated joint in the body due to the lack of bony constraints and dependence on soft tissue, primarily muscles and ligaments, to stabilize the joint. The goal of this study was to develop a computational model of the glenohumeral joint whereby joint behavior was dictated by articular contact, ligamentous constraints, muscle loading, and external perturbations. Validation of this computational model was achieved by comparing predicted results from the model to the results of a cadaveric experiment in which the relative contribution of muscles and ligaments to anterior joint stability was examined. The results showed the subscapularis to be critical to stabilization in both neutral and external rotations, the biceps stabilized the joint in neutral but not external rotation, and the inferior glenohumeral ligament resisted anterior displacement only in external rotation. Knowledge gained from this model could assist in pre-operative planning or the design of orthopedic implants. Use of this model as a companion to cadaveric testing could save valuable time and resources.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Methods used for designing the ramjet included conic shock tables; isentropic flow tables and the GASTURB code was used for aerothermodynamic performance prediction. The flow field through the proposed geometry was computed using the OVERFLOW code, and small modifications were made. Geometry and solid models were created and built using SolidWorks 3D solid modeling software. A prototype ramjet was manufactured with wind tunnel mounting struts capable of measuring axial force on the model. Shadowgraph photography was used in the Mach 4 supersonic wind tunnel at the Naval Postgraduate School's Turbopropulsion Laboratory to verify predicted shock placement, and surface flow visualization was obtained of the airflow from fuel injection ports on the inlet cone of the model. All indications are that the cold-flow tests were successful. / Ensign, United States Naval Reserve

Fatigue analysis is essential for the optimization of products subjected to dynamic loads. However, a number of fatigue analysis theories have been developed, how to apply an established method in real-world product designs is not a trivial task. Most of small or medium sized enterprises (SMEs) still rely heavily on the experiments to evaluate the fatigue lives of products. Among existing fatigue design methods (i.e., experiments, analytical methods, and simulations), the simulation-based methods have the advantages of low cost, low risk environment and enable a designer to determine the accuracy and performance of a product design without building physical prototypes. Regarding the methodologies for fatigue analysis, some identified challenges are (1) the characterization of dynamic loads, (2) the formulation of finite element models which can be aligned with applications or testing scenarios, and (3) the verification and validation of simulations. To make a simulation-based fatigue analysis more practical for real-world product designs, the solutions to the aforementioned problems must be found. This thesis aims to establish a systematic methodology to perform the fatigue analysis for product design with any material, carbon steel material is used for the present case study to illustrate and verify the proposed methodology for fatigue analysis. Major tasks involved in this thesis study are: 1).The method for the characterization of dynamic loads. It is a numerical method to simulate the kinematic and dynamic behaviors subjected to the given motion, and it is expected to extract interacting dynamic forces of components to be analyzed. 2).The systematic method and procedure to formulate the problem of fatigue analysis as a finite element analysis model and find the solution of fatigue life of product.3).The procedure and approaches are developed to verify and validate fatigue analysis models and procedure used for the present case study.4).The parametric studies with a set of design variables to show the feasibility and flexibility of using simulation methods to evaluate the influence of multiple design variables on wheel products.<br>