Bibliography: pages 143-149. / A struggle for control of the means of production and surplus is constantly played out between those who 'legally' possess the instruments of production - the bourgeoisie, and those who operate, but are alienated from, the means of production - the working class. This struggle manifests itself in countless ways and never retains the same form: the bourgeoisie always seeks fresh methods to keep the proletariat beneath its yoke, while the proletariat itself always forges new ways of counteracting the bourgeoisie's exploitative measures. It is the contention of this work that from 1917 to 1920 a phase of heightened class struggle occurred in South Africa between the African working class and the bourgeoisie in the form of its representatives in both government and the employing class. As we shall see in the chapters which follow, labour spontaneously confronted capital; it made certain demands on the capitalist system and the stage seemed set for a long and traumatic battle between the controllers and the operators of capital. Yet, as suddenly as it began, the popular militancy of the 1917 to 1920 period evaporated; in its stead came a period of dominance by petty bourgeois organisations accompanied by a decline of working class protest. This dramatic change in the quality of working class resistance merits discussion, and to this end a number of questions can he raised: (1) What gave rise to the growth of militancy during and after the First World War? (ii) What happened to this militancy after the War, and what caused it to go into decline? (iii) If militant class confrontation disappeared, what form did the conflict then take, and what new relations between the differing classes came about?

Refugee camps are an example of ‘post crisis’ rehabilitative systems, which vainly attempt to restore stability in a state of disaster (Azmara, 2012). Uprooted from their homes and thrust into volatile and unfamiliar surroundings, civil conflict and natural disasters have left millions of refugees around the world destitute in their host countries, stripped of their identity and humanity and left with only the clothes on their backs. Unlike in rural settlements, the urban settlement patterns of refugees in Johannesburg have demonstrated a unique gravitational shift from reliance on local government assistance to a strong and long standing affiliation with various religious fraternities in the urban centres. This has then resulted in the inquisitorial search of how well have these urban churches served the needs of the urban displaced communities? By opening up their church buildings to refugees as a place sanctity and solace, how has this spiritual affiliation effected the reception, protection and rehabilitation of psychologically and physically traumatized refugees and asylum seekers? Subsequently has Johannesburg as a city, made provision for the sheltering and protecting of refugees, should there ever again be a crisis of violent xenophobic turmoil in the city’s townships? This thesis seeks to explore the underlying differences between designing a post crisis emergency shelter and specifically developing a transitory sanctuary tailored for urban refugees. By merging the dissimilar approaches assumed by secular refugee aiding organisations and the religious fraternities, the design starts to illustrate the symbolic connection between refuge and solace; spirituality and rehabilitation, as well as making note of the harmonies that exist within humanitarian architecture and sacred architecture. By understanding these fundamental parallels, a premise is formed for the development of a unique and prototypical urban refugee centre, located in Hillbrow, at the heart of Johannesburg’s eclectic foreign national communities. The centre is comprised of several emergency relief facilities, rehabilitative programmes as well as an adaptive form of transitional accommodation all encompasses within a spiritual, yet nondenominational Christian church establishment; a gesture which serves to highlight the ‘curative’ relationship between the spirituality, architecture and the user.

The apartheid Johannesburg was built on spatial divisions, uneven development was undertaken literally to ensure that whites and blacks were to live apart from each other. In the post-apartheid Johannesburg, uneven development persists, though no longer solely based on racial differences. These spatial divisions, as they did under apartheid, reinforce existing structures of the privileged, which mutually reinforce the system of spatial, economic and social exclusion, particularly for the unemployed poor. In the light of the continuation of this urban form, the study aimed to show that people are not unemployed only because there are no jobs generally available to people lacking marketable skills, as primarily argued by most researchers; but also because there is a strong correlation between unemployment and the spatial distribution of employment opportunities within the Johannesburg city. The study also aimed to test the applicability of various theories imported from USA and Europe, which are generally used to explain urban problems in South Africa, through identification of possible areas of contention. In attempt to explain the continuation of the apartheid urban form by the current government policy, the study adopted qualitative data collection techniques focusing on literature studies, documentary, personal observation and the design of a theoretical framework Based on the theoretical framework, the study came to the conclusion that the preoccupation with compact city development to eradicate the effects of uneven development and urban unemployment in Johannesburg is misdirected. It has revealed the need for the government to explore how best to improve the circumstances of low-income households in condition of urban sprawl. The outcome of the study in relation to uneven development is that, although Johannesburg exhibits apartheid patterns of racial oppression and exploitation, in post-apartheid South Africa, Johannesburg is characterized by structural inequality driven by two income gaps: between an increasingly multiracial middle class and the rest; and between the African urban working class and the African unemployed and marginalized poor. In this context, uneven development in Johannesburg can no longer be explained solely by race. High levels of intra-racial inequality, especially among the African population, mean that there are other social forces at work. The study also found that there has been the steady relocation of economic activities to the southern part of Johannesburg, particularly in Soweto. And that the vast majority of new households in Johannesburg are settling in and on the edges of existing townships, most often on the outer edges, mainly because of the informal housing and government's subsidised housing. Nonetheless, these developments continue to perpetuate the apartheid legacy of uneven development. According to the conclusion of the study there is evidence to suggest that employment accessibility within different population groups is largely caused by spatial factors, such as employment decentralisation and residential segregation. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

M.Comm. (Economics) / The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of privatising local government functions, with special reference to the Johannesburg City Council. Privatisation is defined as the systematic transfer of appropriate functions, activities or property from the public to the private sector, where services, production and consumption can be regulated more efficiently by die market and price mechanisms. The purpose of privatisation is to improve the performance of the economy through the effective use of production factors, optimising market forces and by increasing the percentage of net fixed investment in the private sector. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first, the theory of the firm, namely perfect competition; monopoly; monopolistic competition; oligopoly; duopoly; price discrimination; monopsony and bilateral monopoly was discussed. Consequently a function evaluation programme was activated to determine which functions and activities of the Johannesburg City Council could possibly be privatised. In the second part of the study, the methods for privatisation, namely the 'Sale of public sector enterprises and assets; leasing of business rights and contracting out, were empirically analysed by discussing three case studies in the Johannesburg City Council.

M.Tech. (Architectural Technology) / This thesis is an attempt at changing the urban visions of the inner-city of Johannesburg, in particular Marshalltown. Through the generation of a new urban network/ transport orientated development (T.O.D) within the inner-city , the underlying aim of this thesis is to enhance the inner-city of Johannesburg and to promote a more sustainable way of life for it's current and future residents . Essentially, this thesis is an urban regeneration project which re-appropriates existing building stock within the inner city, in hope of promoting Marshalltown as a vibrant, safe , liveable, dynamic and sustainable environment . This thesis favours the compact city approach, which promotes high density , mixed use development, public transport and community living. The proposed architectural intervention for this thesis deals with the appropriation of an existing auto and general shop situated on Anderson street , Marshalltown, and converts it into a mixed-use building which aims to improve and enhance the quality of life with in the precinct .

M.Tech. (Architectural Technology) / The once racially segregated urban fabric of Johannesburg is experiencing dramatic transition with different needs, attitudes and cultures. Patterns of use have altered and so has the social demography of the city and the urban fringes_ "The large business sector continues to move to the suburbs in a bid to find growth and security to be replaced with small retail outlets lessening the amount of money available to the Johannesburg council to revamp the CBD". Finance Week, Politics and Urban Renewal, June 19-25 1997, p17. Depressed areas, areas Jacking council funding within the city need to attention to divert possible neglect, to restore greater confidence within the business sector. The Doornfontein area of Johannesburg is one such area with a new collective vision created by the community, professionals, business, and local and provincial government, may possibly lead the CBD on a road to recovery. This eclectic area consisting of commerce, retail, commercial, educational, light-industry, and housing sectors, all working independently from one another and from the rest of the CBD could possibly benefit from a unified urban renewal project incorporating all sectors of the community. Doornfontein and Johannesburg's "metropolitan system is presently facilitating urban decay". Finance Week, A Tale of Two Cities, September 0410 1997, p16…

This research explored the City of Johannesburg’s response to floods in the lower-income settlement of Soweto in February 2009, through participant observation, interviews and examination of official documentation. The municipality’s response indicates the governance forces that may shape adaptation to increasingly severe and frequent climate events in the context of development pressures and needs. It was found that the flood event provided a ‘window of opportunity’ for action and learning on flooding, but governance factors hindered an effective response. These included the framing of flood risk, limitations in the City of Johannesburg’s municipal structure, institutional power dynamics, and the performance culture. The research demonstrated that networked governance is critical to adaptation in global South cities. In the case of Johannesburg city, conflicting governance paradigms constrained the realisation of networked governance modes. Resolving tensions amongst competing governance approaches is necessary to advance both the climate and development agenda in Johannesburg.

This discourse is submitted to the Faculty of Architecture, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the degree Master of Urban Design, Johannesburg, October 1993 / Johannesburg's inner-city is in crisis. Physically; the city is deteriorating. Daily, the media reports of increased crime figures, and yet another corporation moving to suburbia. Institutions which remain in the city intensify their security and offer internalised canteens, gymnasiums and parking to their staff so that they need not venture out onto the streets. It is therefore doubtful that institutions which remain do so out of love for the city; rather, it would appear that these decisions are motivated for reasons of retaining their property investments. In reaction. city politicians (who live in suburbia) have embarked on cosmetic urban design upgrades and programmes to keep Johannesburg clean, or green, while others campaign for transportation solutions and stadiums driven by manifestos to make Johannesburg a truly 'world' city - Eurocentric images of what great cities should be. [No abstract provided. Information taken from introduction]. / MT2017

A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Anthropology Department of Anthropology Faculty of Humanities University of the Witwatersrand March 2017 / This study explores the experiences of teenage pregnancy and motherhood among two generations of mothers living in Johannesburg, South Africa. This engagement with gendered subjectivity took the form of ethnographic fieldwork conducted with three older women (35 to 42 years old) who gave birth between the ages of 16 and 18; as well as five young women aged 18-19 who became mothers during their teenage years. Using a social constructionist framework, the study explores the gendered nature of teenage pregnancy by discussing the narratives of women before and after having their first child. It argues that gendered experiences of teenage pregnancy play a crucial role in local understandings and practices of good motherhood. In particular, being a good mother for the older women in the study meant doing their best as parents to prevent teenage pregnancy in the younger generation. The women saw this as the best way to safeguard their daughters’ social reputations and educational futures in a context that considers teenage pregnancy to be unacceptable. When their attempts at preventing pregnancy proved unsuccessful, the older women were cast as inadequate parents who were partly to blame for their daughters’ pregnancies. / MT2018

Masters Research Report presented in partial fulfilment of degree of Master in Translation (Option: Interpreting) at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Academic year: 2016 / The focus of the present study is church interpreting, which is commonly used in multilingual church environments and is usually performed by untrained, non-professional individuals, usually members of the congregation, who perceive interpreting as a voluntary community service. This study has been undertaken at the Mosaïek Church in Fairland, Johannesburg, an interdenominational Christian church. It is often assumed that anyone who speaks more than one language can be an interpreter; therefore, interpreting is not generally regarded as a profession by laypersons. However, research in interpreting studies demonstrates that interpreting demands skills, beyond bilingualism, that generally confer in interpreters the ability to convey messages. As a result, this study aims to fill the research gap in church interpreting studies, specifically in South Africa, to develop a training programme for church interpreters at Mosaïek Church and raise awareness about the profession. The researcher has recorded professional and non-professional interpreters’ rendition of a recorded sermon, keeping as closely to a real-life situation as possible. The recordings have been transcribed and analysed to determine the coping strategies used by each participant, in order to create a training programme for this specific church’s non-professional interpreters. / MT 2018