Os veículos que compõem o tráfego urbano são considerados como o principal agente causador de poluição afetando diretamente a qualidade do ar nas cidades, sendo um desafio ter mecanismos de monitoramento que possibilitem uma visão geral das condições ambientais. Para proporcionar uma visão abrangente seria necessário um grande número de estações fixas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, além de um incremento constante para acompanhar o crescimento da cidade. Neste cenário, surge a oportunidade de instrumentação de ônibus coletivo com sensores que medem a qualidade do ar durante seu trajeto, assim aproveitando as características de mobilidade do transporte público, o qual transita em áreas povoadas, com postura dinâmica de crescimento, adaptando-se de forma coerente à mutabilidade populacional e geográfica da cidade. A presente tese apresenta novas formas de realizar análises espaçotemporais da qualidade do ar de regiões urbanas. Os modelos cartográficos criados permitem analisar regiões mapeadas usando perspectivas espaciais e temporais com informações obtidas de kits sensores móveis, para análises a cada 100 metros, promovendo uma resolução maior que os modelos tradicionais de monitoramento (escala quilométrica), os quais ainda não oferecem esta possibilidade. Esta maior resolução permite uma nova perspectiva de análises de microrregiões e, desta forma, permite que os especialista ou gestores urbanos possam entender melhor as situações, ao utilizarem as ferramentas e recursos apresentados pela presente tese. Para atingir os objetivos optou-se pela criação e validação de um kit sensor para ser hospedado em ônibus coletivo, o qual foi validado e testado, quanto à sua eficiência de medição. Este kit foi integrado a uma plataforma computacional construída para extrair e processar informações com algoritmos matemáticos. Todos os componentes da plataforma foram legitimados com experimentos que confirmaram as hipóteses inicialmente formuladas para validação. E por fim, mapeamentos com mais de 70 mil pontos foram utilizados na criação de modelos espaçotemporais para realização de estudo de caso de regiões da cidade de São Paulo, os quais demostraram os usos potenciais das proposições desta tese. / The vehicles in urban traffic are considered as the main cause of urban pollution with a direct impact on air quality, being a challenge to have monitoring tools that enable an overview of the environmental conditions influenced by vehicle emissions. One option is to instrument the entire city with low-cost fixed sensors to collect environmental data; however, to provide a comprehensive view would require a large number of sensors, and a constant increase to follow the growth of the city. In this scenario, arises the opportunity for urban bus instrumentation with sensors that measure the environmental pollution, to take advantage of the mobility characteristics of public transport, which moves in populated areas, with dynamic attitude of growth, adapting in a coherent way to population and geographic variability of the city. This PhD Thesis proposes the monitoring of air quality inside urban roads by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), hosted on city buses. Thus, new ways of performing spatiotemporal analyzes of the air quality of urban regions are possible with the cartographic models created by this thesis. These allow to analyze mapped regions using spatial and temporal perspectives with information obtained from mobile sensor kits, for analyzes every 100 meters, promoting a resolution higher than the traditional monitoring models (kilometer scale), which still do not offer this possibility. This higher resolution allows a new perspective of analyzes of micro regions and, in this way, allows specialists or urban managers to have a better understanding of the urban scenario. Sensor kits are created to be hosted by bus, which has been validated and tested for its efficiency in measurement. This was integrated into a computational platform built to extract and process information with mathematical algorithms. All the components of the platform were validated with experiments that confirmed the hypotheses originally formulated for validation. Finally, mappings with more than 70,000 points were used in the creation of spatiotemporal models for the study of the case of regions of the city of São Paulo, which denoted the potentials constructed by this thesis.

Os veículos que compõem o tráfego urbano são considerados como o principal agente causador de poluição afetando diretamente a qualidade do ar nas cidades, sendo um desafio ter mecanismos de monitoramento que possibilitem uma visão geral das condições ambientais. Para proporcionar uma visão abrangente seria necessário um grande número de estações fixas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, além de um incremento constante para acompanhar o crescimento da cidade. Neste cenário, surge a oportunidade de instrumentação de ônibus coletivo com sensores que medem a qualidade do ar durante seu trajeto, assim aproveitando as características de mobilidade do transporte público, o qual transita em áreas povoadas, com postura dinâmica de crescimento, adaptando-se de forma coerente à mutabilidade populacional e geográfica da cidade. A presente tese apresenta novas formas de realizar análises espaçotemporais da qualidade do ar de regiões urbanas. Os modelos cartográficos criados permitem analisar regiões mapeadas usando perspectivas espaciais e temporais com informações obtidas de kits sensores móveis, para análises a cada 100 metros, promovendo uma resolução maior que os modelos tradicionais de monitoramento (escala quilométrica), os quais ainda não oferecem esta possibilidade. Esta maior resolução permite uma nova perspectiva de análises de microrregiões e, desta forma, permite que os especialista ou gestores urbanos possam entender melhor as situações, ao utilizarem as ferramentas e recursos apresentados pela presente tese. Para atingir os objetivos optou-se pela criação e validação de um kit sensor para ser hospedado em ônibus coletivo, o qual foi validado e testado, quanto à sua eficiência de medição. Este kit foi integrado a uma plataforma computacional construída para extrair e processar informações com algoritmos matemáticos. Todos os componentes da plataforma foram legitimados com experimentos que confirmaram as hipóteses inicialmente formuladas para validação. E por fim, mapeamentos com mais de 70 mil pontos foram utilizados na criação de modelos espaçotemporais para realização de estudo de caso de regiões da cidade de São Paulo, os quais demostraram os usos potenciais das proposições desta tese. / The vehicles in urban traffic are considered as the main cause of urban pollution with a direct impact on air quality, being a challenge to have monitoring tools that enable an overview of the environmental conditions influenced by vehicle emissions. One option is to instrument the entire city with low-cost fixed sensors to collect environmental data; however, to provide a comprehensive view would require a large number of sensors, and a constant increase to follow the growth of the city. In this scenario, arises the opportunity for urban bus instrumentation with sensors that measure the environmental pollution, to take advantage of the mobility characteristics of public transport, which moves in populated areas, with dynamic attitude of growth, adapting in a coherent way to population and geographic variability of the city. This PhD Thesis proposes the monitoring of air quality inside urban roads by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), hosted on city buses. Thus, new ways of performing spatiotemporal analyzes of the air quality of urban regions are possible with the cartographic models created by this thesis. These allow to analyze mapped regions using spatial and temporal perspectives with information obtained from mobile sensor kits, for analyzes every 100 meters, promoting a resolution higher than the traditional monitoring models (kilometer scale), which still do not offer this possibility. This higher resolution allows a new perspective of analyzes of micro regions and, in this way, allows specialists or urban managers to have a better understanding of the urban scenario. Sensor kits are created to be hosted by bus, which has been validated and tested for its efficiency in measurement. This was integrated into a computational platform built to extract and process information with mathematical algorithms. All the components of the platform were validated with experiments that confirmed the hypotheses originally formulated for validation. Finally, mappings with more than 70,000 points were used in the creation of spatiotemporal models for the study of the case of regions of the city of São Paulo, which denoted the potentials constructed by this thesis.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a philosopher who became known for the change in the direction of Western philosophical thought, for what he called the awakening of dogmatic sleep, or even the Copernican revolution of thinking, critical philosophy, taught geography at the University of Königsberg of the years of 1756, began his teaching career until 1796, ending his official teaching activities at the university, making a total of 49 geography courses over 40 years of teaching. Geography, therefore, goes through all stages of development of academic teaching and its philosophy, from the pre-critical period before 1781 to the critical period of criticism of the Pure Reason (1781A/1787B), the Practical Rationale (1788) and the Faculty of Judge (1790), showing the irreplaceable role that geography played in the development of its teaching and philosophical activities, to the point of being considered as the knowledge of the world without which one did not advance in critical philosophical, but enlightened and mundane, given space-temporally. Kant, in this sense, develops a close relationship between a philosophy that manifests itself geographically and an eminently philosophical geography. Thus the relation between philosophy and geography and of philosophy with the philosophy of geography professor and philosopher of Königsberg, as well as the nuances that emerge from this relationship, is the central objective of our research endeavor, which will be evidenced by the complexity that geography for Kant is becoming over time, because it is the science that concatenates the relationship between the human being and nature, grounding the human-natural relations within the limits of the frontiers of humanly valid scientific knowledge, the phenomenal, both from the point of view universal and singular view. In the development of the research, we go through works that extend from the years 1755 to the post-Third Critical period of 1790, showing that the spatio-temporal, geographical, natural-human relationship of Kant's world knowledge is established by a dynamic, which results in a systematicity and an organicity that is not only mechanical-causal but also teleological, which lacks observation, description and explanation, therefore, of a geographical philosophy and a philosophical geography, without which one does not learn to philosophize, therefore, it does not become clarifies and does not become a geographical citizen of the world. / Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), filósofo que ficou conhecido pela mudança nos rumos do pensamento filosófico ocidental, por aquilo que ele chamou de “despertar do sono dogmático”, ou ainda de “revolução copernicana do pensar”, a filosofia crítica, lecionou geografia na universidade de Königsberg dos anos de 1756, início de sua carreira docente, até 1796, fim de suas atividades oficiais de docência na universidade, perfazendo um total de 49 cursos de geografia ao longo de 40 anos de ensino. A geografia, portanto, passa por todas as etapas de desenvolvimento docente acadêmico e de sua filosofia, desde o período chamado de pré-crítico, antes de 1781, ao período crítico, das críticas da Razão Pura (1781A/1787B), da Razão Prática (1788) e da Faculdade de Julgar (1790), mostrando o papel insubstituível que a geografia teve no desenvolvimento de suas atividades docentes e filosóficas, ao ponto de ser considerada como o conhecimento do mundo sem o qual não se avançava ao filosofar crítico, não escolar, mas esclarecido e mundano, dado espaço-temporalmente. Kant, nesse sentido, desenvolve uma relação estreita entre uma filosofia que se manifesta geograficamente e uma geografia eminentemente filosófica. Assim, a relação entre filosofia e geografia e desta com a filosofia no pensamento do professor de geografia e filósofo de Königsberg, bem como as nuances que dessa relação emergem, é o objetivo central de nossa empreitada investigativa, que será evidenciada pela complexidade que a geografia para Kant vai se tornando ao longo do tempo, por ser a ciência que concatena a relação entre o ser humano e a natureza, fundamentando as relações humano-naturais dentro dos limites das fronteiras do conhecimento científico humanamente válido, o fenomênico, tanto do ponto de vista universal quanto singular. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa, passamos por obras que se estendem dos anos de 1755 ao período pós Terceira Crítica de 1790, mostrando que a relação espaço-temporal, geográfica, natural-humana, do conhecimento do mundo em Kant se estabelece por uma relação dinâmica, que resulta em uma sistematicidade e uma organicidade que é não só mecânico-causal, mas também teleológica, que carece de observação, descrição e explicação, portanto, de uma filosofia geográfica e de uma geografia filosófica, sem a qual não se aprende a filosofar, logo, não se esclarece e não se torna um cidadão geográfico, do mundo. / São Cristóvão, SE

Lulas da família Loliginidae são recursos pesqueiros em crescente importância no ecossistema marinho da Plataforma Continental Sudeste (PCSE) do Brasil. No entanto, informações sobre a distribuição dos estágios iniciais do seu ciclo de vida são bastante escassas. Com base em amostras de plâncton coletadas por 11 cruzeiros oceanográficos pretéritos do Instituto Oceanográfico da USP entre 1991 e 2005, o presente estudo teve como objetivo a identificação da ocorrência de paralarvas de Loliginidae na região entre o Cabo de São Tomé (RJ) e Cananéia (SP). Das 644 amostras analisadas, foram encontradas 246 paralarvas, sendo 121 identificadas em nível de espécie (Doryteuthis sanpaulensis n=75, Doryteuthis plei n=39, Lolliguncula brevis n=6 e Pickfordiateuthis pulchella, n=1). Os padrões de distribuição da Família em relação aos processos oceanográficos foram identificados a partir de mapas de distribuição horizontal e vertical de abundância, temperatura e salinidade. Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLMs) foram utilizados para detectar os fatores que explicariam a ocorrência e a abundância de Loliginidae, os quais indicaram que a profundidade e a temperatura superficial do mar são as principais variáveis explanatórias. Uma Análise de Redundância (RDA) evidenciou os principais padrões de distribuição observados das três principais espécies de Loliginidae em relação às variáveis oceanográficas. D. sanpaulensis predominou na região norte da área de estudo, associada a águas frias e a eventos de ressurgência. D. plei ocorreu principalmente na região sul da área e em águas mais quentes. L. brevis foi encontrada apenas na região estuarina de Santos, em águas rasas e menos salinas. Os resultados obtidos representam uma contribuição relevante ao conhecimento sobre a Oceanografia Pesqueira das lulas no ecossistema marinho regional. / Loliginid squids are fisheries resources of increasing importance in the shelf ecosystem of Southeastern Brazil. Therefore, information about distribution of the early stages of their life cycle is scarce. Based on plankton samples collected by eleven historical oceanographic surveys cruises of the University of São Paulo\'s Oceanographic Institute between 1991 and 2005, the present study aimed identification of the occurrence of Loliginidae paralarvae in the region between Cabo de São Tomé (22ºS) and Cananéia (25ºS). From 664 samples analyzed, 246 paralarvae were found, being 121 identified to the species level, (Doryteuthis sanpaulensis n=75, Doryteuthis plei n=39,, Lolliguncula brevis n=6 and Pickfordiateuthis pulchella, n=1). The distributional patterns of Loliginidae in relation to oceanographic processes were identified by using horizontal and vertical maps of abundance, temperature and salinity. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were used to detect the factors that explain Loliginidae occurrence and abundance, which indicated that depth and sea surface temperature, were major explanatory variables. A Redundancy Analyses (RDA) showed the main observed distribution patterns of the three species of Loliginidae in relation to oceanographic variables. D. sanpaulensis occurred in the northern region associated to cold waters and upwelling events. D. plei occurred mainly in the southern region of the study area and in warmer waters.L. brevis was found in the estuarine region of Santos, in shallow and low salinity waters. The obtained results represent a relevant contribution to squids Fisheries Oceanography in the regional marine ecosystem.

Meteorological drought indices are commonly calculated from climatic stations that have long-term historical data and then converted to a regular grid using spatial interpolation methods. The gridded drought indices are mapped to aid decision making by policy makers and the general public. This study analyzes the spatial performance of interpolation methods for meteorological drought indices in the United States based on data from the Co-operative Observer Network (COOP) and United States Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) for different months, climatic regions and years. An error analysis was performed using cross-validation and the results were compared for the 9 climate regions that comprise the United States. Errors are generally higher in regions and months dominated by convective precipitation. Errors are also higher in regions like the western United States that are dominated by mountainous terrain. Higher errors are consistently observed in the southeastern U.S. especially in Florida. Interpolation errors are generally higher in the summer than winter. The accuracy of different drought indices was also compared. The Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) tends to have lower errors than Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in seasons with significant convective precipitation. This is likely because SPEI uses both precipitation and temperature data in its calculation, whereas SPI is based solely on precipitation. There are also variations in interpolation accuracy based on the network that is used. In general, COOP is more accurate than USHCN because the COOP network has a higher density of stations. USHCN is a subset of the COOP network that is comprised of high quality stations that have a long and complete record. However the difference in accuracy is not as significant as the difference in spatial density between the two networks. For multiscalar SPI, USHCN performs better than COOP because the stations tend to have a longer record. The ordinary kriging method (with optimal function fitting) performed better than Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) methods (power parameters 2.0 and 2.5) in all cases and therefore it is recommended for interpolating drought indices. However, ordinary kriging only provided a statistically significant improvement in accuracy for the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) with the COOP network. Therefore it can be concluded that IDW is a reasonable method for interpolating drought indices, but optimal ordinary kriging provides some improvement in accuracy. The most significant factor affecting the spatial accuracy of drought indices is seasonality (precipitation climatology) and this holds true for almost all the regions of U.S. for 1-month SPI and SPEI. The high-quality USHCN network gives better interpolation accuracy with 6-, 9- and 12-month SPI and variation in errors amongst the different SPI time scales is minimal. The difference between networks is also significant for PDSI. Although the absolute magnitude of the differences between interpolation with COOP and USHCN are small, the accuracy of interpolation with COOP is much more spatially variable than with USHCN.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are event based systems that rely on the collective effort of densely deployed sensor nodes continuously observing a physical phenomenon. The spatio-temporal correlation between the sensor observations and the cross-layer design advantages are significant and unique to the design of WSN. Due to the high density in the network topology, sensor observations are highly correlated in the space domain. Furthermore, the nature of the energy-radiating physical phenomenon constitutes the temporal correlation between each consecutive observation of a sensor node. This unique characteristic of WSN can be exploited through a cross-layer design of communication functionalities to improve energy efficiency of the network. In this thesis, several key elements are investigated to capture and exploit the correlation in the WSN for the realization of advanced efficient communication protocols. A theoretical framework is developed to capture the spatial and temporal correlations in WSN and to enable the development of efficient communication protocols. Based on this framework, spatial Correlation-based Collaborative Medium Access Control (CC-MAC) protocol is described, which exploits the spatial correlation in the WSN in order to achieve efficient medium access. Furthermore, the cross-layer module (XLM), which melts common protocol layer functionalities into a cross-layer module for resource-constrained sensor nodes, is developed. The cross-layer analysis of error control in WSN is then presented to enable a comprehensive comparison of error control schemes for WSN. Finally, the cross-layer packet size optimization framework is described.

Field and laboratory studies were used to elucidate the factors affecting temporal and spatial variations of species abundance and structure of macroalgal assemblage and environmental variables between fish farming (FFA) and non-fish farming (NFFA) areas in Hsiao-Lu-Chiao island, a coral island in southwestern Taiwan. Four experiments have been approached: 1. field surveys of macroalgal assemblage structure on 5-m and 10-m depth at 3 sampling sites at FFA (FFA1, FFA2 and FFA3) and 1 sampling site at NFFA from September 2004, January 2005 and April 2005; 2.the relationship between abiotic (monthly maximum air temperature, monthly minimum air temperature, monthly mean air temperature, monthly cumulative precipitation, monthly cumulative irradiance, seawater temperature, light extinction coefficient, water motion, and nutrient (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, SRP, DON, and DOP) and biotic (seaurchin density) factors and spatio-temporal variations in macroalgal structures analyzed by non-parametric multivariate model; 3. Factors affecting macroalgal abundance and structure: (1). Comparison of growth temperature ranges in different species to field temperature fluctuation; (2).Comparison of growth irradiance ranges in different species to field irradiance fluctuation; 4.Herbivore pressure: (1). Spatio-temporal variations of sea urchin abundance and structure of assemblage; (2). Gut contents and food preference of sea urchin experiment; (3). Herbivore exclusion experiment. Macroalgal %cover, biomass, species richness, diversity (H¡¦) and evenness (J¡¦) showed temporal and spatial variations, low values in January 2005 and also low values in the 5 m- and 10 m-depth areas of FFA1 and the 10 m-depth areas of FFA2. The data of k-dominance curve, hierarchical cluster and ANOSIM tests indicate that macroalgal assemblage is different between 4 sampling sites, between 2 depths and between 3 seasons. Ceratodictyon spongiosum is the most important species that separates September and January assemblages from April assemblage and separates the FFA1 and FFA2 assemblages from the FFA3 and NFFA assemblages. BVSTEP analysis shows that nutrients (NO3-, DON, DOP), temperature, monthly cumulative precipitation, and sea urchin density are the factors corresponding to variations of macroalgal assemblages, this correlation is more significant for 5 m-depth assemblage. Fish farming area FFA1and FFA2 assemblage are affect by sea urchin density, temperature and DON. Sea urchin influnces macroalgal abundance and assemblage structure in FFA1 and FFA2. Macroalgal %cover in 5 m-depth area shows a reversal relationship with sea urchin density; however, this relationship is not observed for 10 m-depth area. FFA1 and FFA2 are belong to high grazing pressure sites as indicated by high sea urchin density and exclusion experiment. Sea urchin gut contents and feeding preference test show that sea urchin has strong food selectivity with Hypnea charoides and Gracilaria coronopifolia as the most preferred species. Herbivore exclusion experiment shows that Hypnea charoides and Gracilaria coronopifolia are the species recruited in the cages. Ceratodictyon spongiosum had high biomass in FFA1 and FFA2 in January, which was ¡¥low DOP/high DON¡¦. The coindicence of temporal variations in FFA3 assemblage structure with a change from ¡¦Halimeda opuntia and Boodlea compostia¡¦ ¡÷ ¡¦Amphiroa fragilissima, Corallina phhulifera and Galaxaura oblongata¡¦ ¡÷¡¦Halimeda opuntia and Boodlea compostia¡¦ with low nitrogen/ high phosphorous¡¦ ¡÷¡¦ high nitrogen/ low phosphorous¡¦ ¡÷ ¡¦low nitrogen/ high phosphorous¡¦ suggest a role of ¡¦low nitrogen (NO3-)/high phosphorous (DOP)¡¦ for FFA3 structure modification. NFFA assemblage is controlled by temperature and monthly cumulative precipitation. Monthly cumulative precipitation in September was higher than January and April, in which Boodlea compostia and Gracilaria coronopifolia were dominant algae in September. The temperature growth responses of algae using the continuous-flow outdoor laboratory tank culture system fit their seasonal growth, reflecting the temperature-dependent manner of seasonal variations in abundance. It could be concluded from the present investigation that the structure of benthic macroalgal assemblage in Hsiao-Lu-Chiao island in southwestern Taiwan is affected by predicted natural and pulse disturbances. Temperature fluctuations involve in overall temporal variations in structure. Sea urchin herbivory and nutrient as pulse nutrient modulate the structure in fish farming area while monthly cumulative precipitation is associated with algal structure in non-fish farming area.

Ausgedehnte dissipative Systeme können fernab vom thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht instabil gegenüber Oszillationen bzw. Wellen oder raumzeitlichem Chaos werden. Die komplexe Ginzburg-Landau Gleichung (CGLE) stellt ein universelles Modell zur Beschreibung dieser raumzeitlichen Strukturen dar. Diese Arbeit ist der theoretischen Analyse komplexer Muster gewidmet. Mittels numerischer Bifurkations- und Stabilitätsanalyse werden Instabilitäten einfacher Muster identifiziert und neuartige Lösungen der CGLE bestimmt. Modulierte Amplitudenwellen (MAW) und Super-Spiralwellen sind Beispiele solcher komplexer Muster. MAWs können in hydrodynamischen Experimenten und Super-Spiralwellen in der Belousov-Zhabotinsky-Reaktion beobachtet werden. Der Grenzübergang von Phasen- zu Defektchaos wird durch den Existenzbereich der MAWs erklärt. Mittels der selben numerischen Methoden wird Bursting vom Fold-Hopf-Typ in einem Modell der Kalziumsignalübertragung in Zellen identifiziert.

空間認知(Spatial Cognition)指出人所理解的空間複雜度，也就是人與環境互動的過程中，經由記憶與感官經驗，透過內化與重建產生物體在空間的關係認知。認知圖(Cognitive Map)是最常被使用在評估空間認知。分析學生所畫的認知圖有助於老師們瞭解學生的空間認知能力，進而擬定適當的地理教學設計。我們視空間認知發展的學習歷程檔案是由這些認知圖所構成。隨著數位學習科技的進步，我們可以透過探勘認知圖的方式，探討空間認知發展的學習歷程檔案。因此，我們藉由透過圖像的空間資料探勘，分析學生空間認知發展的學習歷程。 空間資料探勘(Spatial Data Mining)主要是從空間資料庫或圖像資料庫中找出有趣且有意義的樣式。在論文中，我們介紹一種空間樣式(Spatial Co-orientation Pattern)探勘以提供空間認知發展學習歷程的分析。Spatial Co-orientation Pattern是指圖像資料庫中，具有共同相對方向關係的物體(Object)常一起出現。例如，我們可以從圖像資料庫中發現物體P常出現在物體Q的左邊，我們利用二維字串(2D String)來表示物體分佈在圖像中的空間方向關係。我們透過Pattern-growth的方法探勘此種空間樣式，藉由實驗結果呈現Pattern-growth的方法與過去Apriori-based的方法[14]之優缺點。 我們延伸Spatial Co-orientation Pattern的概念至時空資料庫(Spatio-temporal Database)，提出從時空資料庫中，探勘Temporal Co-orientation Pattern。Temporal Co-orientation Pattern是指Spatial Co-orientation Pattern隨著時間的變化。論文中，我們提出兩種此類樣式，即是Coarse Temporal Co-orientation Pattern與Fine Temporal Co-orientation Pattern。針對此兩種樣式，我們提出三階段(three-stage)演算法，透過實驗分析演算法的效率。 / Spatial cognition means how human interpret spatial complexity. Cognitive maps are mostly used to test the spatial cognition. Analyzing cognitive maps drawn by students is helpful for teachers to understand students’ spatial cognitive ability and to draft geography teaching plans. Cognitive maps constitute the portfolios of spatial cognitive development. With the advance of e-learning technology, we can analyze portfolios of spatial cognitive development by spatial data mining of cognitive images. Therefore, we can analyze portfolios of spatial cognitive development by spatial data mining of images. Spatial data mining is an important task to discover interesting and meaningful patterns from spatial or image databases. In this thesis, we investigate the spatial co-orientation patterns for analyzing portfolios of spatial cognitive development. Spatial co-orientation patterns refer to objects that frequently occur with the same spatial orientation, e.g. left, right, below, etc., among images. For example, an object P is frequently left to an object Q among images. We utilize the data structure, 2D string, to represent the spatial orientation of objects. We propose the pattern-growth approach for mining co-orientation patterns. An experimental evaluation with synthetic datasets shows the advantages and disadvantages between pattern-growth approach and Apriori-based approach proposed by Huang [14]. Moreover, we extend the concept of spatial co-orientation pattern to that of temporal patterns. Temporal co-orientation patterns refer to the change of spatial co-orientation patterns over time. Two temporal patterns, the coarse temporal co-orientation patterns and fine temporal co-orientation patterns are introduced to be extracted from spatio-temporal databases. We propose the three-stage algorithms, CTPMiner and FTPMiner, for mining coarse and fine temporal co-orientation patterns, respectively. An experimental evaluation with synthetic datasets shows the performance of these algorithms.

No description available.