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In Carelian dialect of Finnish, excessive case is commonly used as ablative case corresponding to the locative case essive, when the latter is used as locative particle.   Although  excessive case is quite recent addition to Balto-Fennic languages, the locative forms of essive have been passed on from ancient Fenno-Ugric language, and they are used in the modern day Finnish only idiomatically as particles.   The ways to use excessive case in combination of these particles are examined in archived material as well as their present-day use on the Internet.   Excessive is based on the essive case,  a fact that is clearly demonstrated by the fact that it does not agree the Finnish consonant gradation, but uses the the same stem as essive, most probably through analogical change.   In some less common instances the excessive case can be found to correspond to the common present day use of the essive case,  one indicating status, role, or position.  In these cases, the nouns inflected in excessive case have been found to hint to the subject being of such status for a limited and determined time, such  as POW or exchange student.  From this I conclude that the excessive case has temporary implications, and consequently that the choice of essive case as predicative modifier signals temporary implications in the sentence.

This essay will revolve around the critical reception of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. The focus will be on three primary sources: firstly, the early critical reception and how the novella was received when it was originally published in 1902, secondly, Chinua's famous critique in 1977 when he called Conrad a racist and condemned both the author and the novella, and thirdly, Said's defence and contextualization of Conrad’s novella in 1992. The essay will explore how the critics have been influenced and from what standpoints they have entered into the debate on Conrad and show how the discussion has changed over time. Furthermore, it will show that the early responses ignore the ‘race’ aspect because ‘race-thinking’ was seen as something natural. It will also explain why Achebe might feel so strongly against Conrad. He is after all fighting for a strong African identity after the colonies gained their independence. Said defends and contextualizes Conrad as a creature of his time. Finally, the essay will discuss and contrast the critics, concluding that each critique is highly influenced by the time-period in which it was written.

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The aim of this study is to identify the order in which adult learners of Finnish as a second language acquire nominal and verbal inflectional morphemes. The study is based on studies of acquisition orders found in the acquisition of English as a second language, commonly referred to as the Morpheme Studies. The baseline assumption is that the acquisition order found in the language of second language learners is the result of internal processes that govern the acquisition of inflection. These processes are assumed to be universal and therefore they result in a natural, fixed order that is uninfluenced by other factors, such as a learner’s native language or formal language teaching.   The research material consists of the written production of three groups of learners, representing starter, intermediate and advanced levels of proficiency. In order to rank morphemes, accuracy scores were calculated for each one using the method of obligatory occasion analysis.   The result of the study shows that there is an acquisition order for groups of morphemes. Regarding nominal inflection it was found that learners acquire static locative cases first, then dynamic locatives, and finally grammatical cases. The order for verbal inflection was less clear, which was ascribed to insufficient data. Results indicate that third person present and past tense and third person negation are all acquired roughly around the same time. Finally, it was concluded that some irregularities in the acquisition orders can be ascribed to native language influence, suggesting that native language plays a larger and more complicated role than has been assumed.