This work concerns physiology of binocular vision and stereovision. The main topic of this work is the production of anaglyphs. The first part introduces anatomy of the eyes and principle of binocular vision, which is the stereoscopic production based on. The second part introduces the individual methods, it's processes and technical implementation for three-dimensional presentation with focusing on answering questions connected with production of anaglyphs. At the same time the M-script ANAGLYPH was developed, which provides connection with two external cameras and becomes high-quality element of anaglyphs production. All anaglyphs were photographed with couple of Logitec C120 or couple of Canon 450D cameras. Final anaglyphs were presented to a group of observers and they were given question forms. Subjective opinions of observers were statistically analyzed. The electronic version of this work and all the files and data are included on attached DVD.

Ce sujet de recherche s'inscrit dans le contexte actuel de la crise mondiale liée à l'épidémie de coronavirus. Les mesures sanitaires prises par les gouvernements de la quasi-totalité des pays du monde conduisent à des bouleversements dans tous les secteurs, aussi bien aux niveaux économique, politique, sociologique que juridique. Comme toutes les crises, celle que nous traversons aujourd'hui interroge les systèmes en place. Elle permet de révéler des dysfonctionnements profonds, de s'interroger sur d'éventuelles évolutions ou au contraire de conforter certains aspects du système. Ici, il s'agit de questionner les conséquences de la crise sanitaire sur le secteur culturel en France, à travers une approche comparatiste avec le Québec. Plus précisément, l'analyse conduite tend à étudier cet impact en s'appuyant sur l'exemple du spectacle vivant, secteur culturel particulièrement touché par la crise. À travers cet exemple, il s'agit d'appréhender la façon dont les politiques culturelles françaises et québécoises se sont adaptées au contexte actuel, en particulier au regard de la spécificité du secteur culturel. Au vu de cette adaptation, cette étude interroge l'idéal de respect des droits culturels, notamment la liberté d'accès et de participation à la vie culturelle, dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire. / This research is set within the current context of the global crisis related to the coronavirus epidemic. The health measures taken by the governments of almost all countries in the world are leading to upheavals in all sectors, whether from an economic, political, sociological, or legal point of view. Like all crisis, the one we are experiencing today questions the systems in place. It reveals deep-seated dysfunctions, raises questions about possible changes or, on the contrary, reinforces some sides of the system. Here, the aim is to question the consequences of the health crisis on the cultural sector in France, through a comparative approach with Quebec. More precisely, this research tends to study this impact using the example of the performing arts, a cultural sector particularly hit by the crisis. Through this example, the aim is to understand the way in which French and Quebec cultural policies have adapted to the current context, regarding the specificity of the cultural sector. Based upon this adaptation, this study questions the ideal of respect of cultural rights, especially freedom of access and participation in cultural life, in the context of the health crisis.

INTRODUÇÃO: A falta da correção óptica recentemente foi reconhecida como importante causa de baixa visão e parece ser um problema fácil de ser resolvido com o uso de óculos. No entanto, a falta da correção óptica é um problema complexo do seu diagnóstico ao tratamento, envolvendo a procura e alcance da assistência médica, além da confecção e uso dos óculos. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a frequência da necessidade de correção óptica em escolares; determinar a influência do absenteísmo no estudo da frequência da necessidade de correção óptica e suas causas; determinar o impacto da reconvocação dos faltosos na cobertura do atendimento oftalmológico; verificar cobertura oftalmológica prévia; verificar uso da correção óptica prescrita e causas de abandono de óculos. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico. Escolares de 7 a 10 anos do ensino público de Guarulhos foram triados e encaminhados para exame oftalmológico na Campanha Olho no Olho 2006 e 2007. RESULTADOS: Foram triados 40.197 escolares e encaminhados 11.741 escolares com suspeita de problemas visuais. O absenteísmo na primeira convocação foi 42.5% e na reconvocação foi 62.2%. A Campanha alcançou 73.6% dos escolares encaminhados. A reconvocação ampliou a cobertura do projeto em 16.1%. A falta de orientação (não ter recebido aviso ou guia de encaminhamento) foi a razão mais frequente (35.6%) alegada para o não comparecimento, seguida de trabalho (20.6%) e doença (12.4%). A necessidade de óculos não foi fator associado ao comparecimento. Para 60.2% dos escolares foi a primeira oportunidade de exame ocular, sendo que 27.3% procuraram mas não tiveram acesso a consulta médica. Dos 1.379 escolares que já haviam feito exame, 48.3% utilizaram o SUS e 1.029 receberam prescrição de óculos em exame prévio. Destes, 899 (87.4%) fizeram os óculos e apenas 590 (57.3%) usavam os óculos no dia do exame. Dos óculos doados na Campanha, 84.7% dos escolares utilizavam a correção óptica após um ano. A estimativa da frequência da necessidade de correção óptica, na população estudada, foi de 6.9%. CONCLUSÕES: O erro refracional não corrigido foi a maior causa de baixa acuidade visual entre os escolares. A Campanha foi a primeira oportunidade de exame ocular para a maioria dos escolares. Existe uma parcela de pais que não leva seus filhos para exame, mesmo com oferecimento de facilidades (acesso, transporte, alimentação, duas oportunidades diferentes de exame gratuito realizado em fins de semana e doação de óculos). O absenteísmo poderia ser evitado em 87,1% dos casos, com melhor estruturação da primeira convocação. A reconvocação não é recomendada quando os recursos financeiros são escassos / INTRODUCTION: The lack of optical correction was recently recognized as an important cause of low vision and it seems to be an easy problem to be solved with the use of spectacles. However, it is a complex problem from its diagnosis to treatment, which includes medical assistance searching and finding, and spectacles acquisition and use. PURPOSES: To determine the frequency of optical correction need; to determine the impact of the recall of those absent in the ophthalmologic service coverage and its causes; to check the previous ophthalmologic coverage; to check the use of the prescribed optical correction and causes to neglect the use of spectacles. METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. Students between 7 and 10 years old of public education from Guarulhos were screened and referred to ophthalmologic exam in the Eye to Eye Campaign 2006 and 2007. RESULTS: 40.197 students were screened and 11.741 (29,2%) were referred with suspicion of visual problems. The absenteeism in the first call was 42.5% and in the recall 62.2%. The Campaign reached 73.6% of the referred students. The recall expanded the project coverage in 16.1%. The lack of guidelines (parents did not receive notification or referral guide) was the most frequent reason (35.6%) provided by parents for the non attendance, followed by work (20.6%) and disease (12.4%). The need of glasses was not related to the attendance. For 60.2% of the students, it was the first opportunity for ophthalmological exam, whereby 27.3% searched but did not have access to a medical visit. Among the 1.379 students who had already performed an exam, 48.3% used the Public Health System and 1.029 received prescription of glasses in the previous exam. From those, 899 (87.4%) made their glasses and only 590 (57.3%) were wearing glasses on the day of the exam. From the donated spectacles in the Campaign, 84.7% of the students were using the donated optical correction after one year. The estimate of optical correction need within the studied population was 6.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The uncorrected refractive error was the main cause of low visual acuity among students. The Campaign was the first opportunity of ocular exam for most of them. A significant number of parents did not take their children for ophthalmological exams, even when facilities (access, free transportation, meal, two different opportunities of free exam over the weekend and spectacle donation) were offered. For 87.1% of the absenteeism cases, the difficulties could have been overcome via improved structuring of the first call. A recall is not recommended when financial resources are low

INTRODUÇÃO: A falta da correção óptica recentemente foi reconhecida como importante causa de baixa visão e parece ser um problema fácil de ser resolvido com o uso de óculos. No entanto, a falta da correção óptica é um problema complexo do seu diagnóstico ao tratamento, envolvendo a procura e alcance da assistência médica, além da confecção e uso dos óculos. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a frequência da necessidade de correção óptica em escolares; determinar a influência do absenteísmo no estudo da frequência da necessidade de correção óptica e suas causas; determinar o impacto da reconvocação dos faltosos na cobertura do atendimento oftalmológico; verificar cobertura oftalmológica prévia; verificar uso da correção óptica prescrita e causas de abandono de óculos. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico. Escolares de 7 a 10 anos do ensino público de Guarulhos foram triados e encaminhados para exame oftalmológico na Campanha Olho no Olho 2006 e 2007. RESULTADOS: Foram triados 40.197 escolares e encaminhados 11.741 escolares com suspeita de problemas visuais. O absenteísmo na primeira convocação foi 42.5% e na reconvocação foi 62.2%. A Campanha alcançou 73.6% dos escolares encaminhados. A reconvocação ampliou a cobertura do projeto em 16.1%. A falta de orientação (não ter recebido aviso ou guia de encaminhamento) foi a razão mais frequente (35.6%) alegada para o não comparecimento, seguida de trabalho (20.6%) e doença (12.4%). A necessidade de óculos não foi fator associado ao comparecimento. Para 60.2% dos escolares foi a primeira oportunidade de exame ocular, sendo que 27.3% procuraram mas não tiveram acesso a consulta médica. Dos 1.379 escolares que já haviam feito exame, 48.3% utilizaram o SUS e 1.029 receberam prescrição de óculos em exame prévio. Destes, 899 (87.4%) fizeram os óculos e apenas 590 (57.3%) usavam os óculos no dia do exame. Dos óculos doados na Campanha, 84.7% dos escolares utilizavam a correção óptica após um ano. A estimativa da frequência da necessidade de correção óptica, na população estudada, foi de 6.9%. CONCLUSÕES: O erro refracional não corrigido foi a maior causa de baixa acuidade visual entre os escolares. A Campanha foi a primeira oportunidade de exame ocular para a maioria dos escolares. Existe uma parcela de pais que não leva seus filhos para exame, mesmo com oferecimento de facilidades (acesso, transporte, alimentação, duas oportunidades diferentes de exame gratuito realizado em fins de semana e doação de óculos). O absenteísmo poderia ser evitado em 87,1% dos casos, com melhor estruturação da primeira convocação. A reconvocação não é recomendada quando os recursos financeiros são escassos / INTRODUCTION: The lack of optical correction was recently recognized as an important cause of low vision and it seems to be an easy problem to be solved with the use of spectacles. However, it is a complex problem from its diagnosis to treatment, which includes medical assistance searching and finding, and spectacles acquisition and use. PURPOSES: To determine the frequency of optical correction need; to determine the impact of the recall of those absent in the ophthalmologic service coverage and its causes; to check the previous ophthalmologic coverage; to check the use of the prescribed optical correction and causes to neglect the use of spectacles. METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. Students between 7 and 10 years old of public education from Guarulhos were screened and referred to ophthalmologic exam in the Eye to Eye Campaign 2006 and 2007. RESULTS: 40.197 students were screened and 11.741 (29,2%) were referred with suspicion of visual problems. The absenteeism in the first call was 42.5% and in the recall 62.2%. The Campaign reached 73.6% of the referred students. The recall expanded the project coverage in 16.1%. The lack of guidelines (parents did not receive notification or referral guide) was the most frequent reason (35.6%) provided by parents for the non attendance, followed by work (20.6%) and disease (12.4%). The need of glasses was not related to the attendance. For 60.2% of the students, it was the first opportunity for ophthalmological exam, whereby 27.3% searched but did not have access to a medical visit. Among the 1.379 students who had already performed an exam, 48.3% used the Public Health System and 1.029 received prescription of glasses in the previous exam. From those, 899 (87.4%) made their glasses and only 590 (57.3%) were wearing glasses on the day of the exam. From the donated spectacles in the Campaign, 84.7% of the students were using the donated optical correction after one year. The estimate of optical correction need within the studied population was 6.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The uncorrected refractive error was the main cause of low visual acuity among students. The Campaign was the first opportunity of ocular exam for most of them. A significant number of parents did not take their children for ophthalmological exams, even when facilities (access, free transportation, meal, two different opportunities of free exam over the weekend and spectacle donation) were offered. For 87.1% of the absenteeism cases, the difficulties could have been overcome via improved structuring of the first call. A recall is not recommended when financial resources are low

La thèse aura pour objectif premier de relire les discours scientifiques sur la danse à travers quelques démarches considérées comme illustratives d’une discipline. Ce parcours a pour vocation seconde d’interroger les modes de construction de l’objet danse au sein des études en arts du spectacle vivant. Comment les sciences ont-elles pensé la danse ?Fallait-il penser la danse ?A travers quels questionnements peut-on appréhender la performance dansée sans englober un paradigme plus vaste ?Toutes problématiques qui conduisent non seulement à saisir de manière critique les regards sur la danse mais à élaborer un modèle propre qui pose à la fois la question de l’identité et des processus énonciatifs de la danse au sein du paradigme des « arts du spectacle vivant ». / Doctorat en Information et communication / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'étude de l'exploitation des oeuvres cinématographiques sous le prisme du droit administratif révèle un pan peu connu du droit du cinéma. Loin des idées reçues, la recherche démontre combien le droit administratif a d'abord été un instrument visant à préserver et à promouvoir les salles de cinéma et combien il reste aujourd'hui un moyen puissant de promotion de la diffusion des oeuvres cinématographiques. Par ailleurs, à l'heure où les modes numériques de diffusion du cinéma vont profondément bouleverser l'industrie cinématographique, la thèse confirme qu'il ne fait aucun doute que le cadre juridique de son développement va nécessairement être fragilisé. De nouveaux défis vont devoir être relevés par le droit, car la salle, comme support principal de l'oeuvre, est désormais confrontée à la numérisation des équipements, l'émergence du hors-film, ou l'obsolescence programmée de l'actuelle chronologie des médias. Tout ceci impliquera donc une adaptation, voire une mutation, du droit administratif s'il souhaite conserver une place centrale dans la régulation de l'exploitation des oeuvres cinématographiques. L'intention principale de cette thèse est donc de révéler et de comprendre la persistante nécessité d'un encadrement par le droit administratif de la diffusion des oeuvres cinématographiques. Pour ce faire, avant de démontrer combien le droit administratif constitue encore aujourd'hui un moyen légitime d'organisation et de soutien de la projection-diffusion des oeuvres, il sera révélé que ce droit « dérogatoire », bien que contraignant, s'est très vite avéré indispensable à l'existence même de spectacles de cinéma et au maintien d'une industrie cinématographique française. / The study of the exploitation of films through the prism of administrative law reveals a little-known side of cinema law. Indeed, far from the preconceptions, research shows how administrative law was first an instrument to preserve and promote movie theaters and how it remains today a powerful means of promoting and distributing cinematographic works.Moreover, at a time when digital cinema distribution methods will totally disrupt the film industry, the thesis confirms that there is no doubt that the legal framework for its development will necessarily be weakened. New challenges will have to be officially recorded by the law, because the cinema hall (movie theater), as the principal medium of the work, is now faced with scanning equipment or planned obsolescence of the current media timeline. All this therefore implies an adaptation or mutation of administrative law if its duty is to retain a central role in regulating the exploitation of cinematographic works. The main intention of this thesis is to reveal and to understand the continued need for a framework formed by the administrative law of cinematographic works. To do this, before showing how administrative law is still a legitimate way to organize and support the distribution-projection of works, it will first be shown that "special" law, although binding, was very quickly essential to the very existence of movie performances and generally speaking, to the maintenance of the French film industry.

La pensée politique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau a suscité nombre d'interprétations contradictoires. Cependant, ce qu'ont en commun ces interprétations, c'est de se fonder sur le Contrat social et, trop souvent, de s'y limiter. Il est bien sûr inévitable de s'attarder surtout à cette œuvre maîtresse de la philosophie politique de Rousseau. Mais de s'y limiter, croyons-nous, mène parfois à des contresens. C'est pourquoi nous prenons ici un chemin différent : celui de la Lettre à d'Alembert. Ce texte, secondaire sans doute, a l'avantage de nous montrer Rousseau réfléchissant à un problème politique concret: l'établissement d'un théâtre à Genève. Ce faisant, nous pouvons voir quel usage Rousseau lui-même envisageait pour les principes établis dans le Contrat social. Ainsi pouvons-nous constater que le politique, loin d'être la quête utopique de la légitimité pure définie par le pacte social, n'est peut-être pour Rousseau que la difficile articulation des données historiques concrètes à une forme plus ou moins corrompue de cette légitimité sans faille du Contrat social.

L’étude du fonctionnement des reprises parodiques d’Hernani en 1830 et l’édition de Harnali, N, I, ni et Oh ! Qu’Nenni, établie à partir des manuscrits, des rapports de la censure et de différentes versions imprimées, permettent de constater que les parodies d’Hernani sont à la fois déterminées par la pièce qui sert de modèle référentiel initial et par des intertextes contemporains avec lesquels elles dialoguent. Les conventions des spectacles du temps, le goût du public, font que la parodie sert paradoxalement d’imitation subversive au service d’une norme. En effet, la déconstruction parodique devient une source de construction des pièces qui, à travers les incohérences et les invraisemblances relevées dans Hernani, se positionnent dans un fonctionnement de spectacle qui leur est propre. Au-delà d’une simple critique, satire ou imitation d’une pièce initiale à travers l’écriture, l’intertextualité et les genres, les reprises parodiques renvoient ainsi une image du contexte du temps et des spectacles joués sur les théâtres secondaires. Ces parodies sont donc également des spectacles, qui s’inscrivent dans la contemporanéité de jeux d’acteurs, d’airs et couplets des théâtres secondaires parisiens de 1830. / The study of procedures used in parodies of Hernani in 1830, together with an edition of manuscripts of Harnali, N, I, ni and Oh! Qu’Nenni, of censors’ reports, and of different printed versions, show that parodies of Hernani are at the same time informed by the play that serves as an initial model and by cultural intertexts with which they establish a dialogue. Performance conventions of the time, as well as public taste, create a paradoxical situation in which parodies act as subversive imitation in the service of a norm. Indeed, parodic deconstruction becomes a source of construction of plays which, pointing out the incoherencies and improbabilities in Hernani, create their place in a type of performance that is unique to them. Beyond simple criticism, satire, or imitation of an earlier play through style, intertextuality, and genre, parodies also reflect an image of the context of the times and of plays performed on secondary theatres. These parodies are thus plays in their own right, a part of contemporary style of acting and of the use of airs and refrains in Parisian secondary theatres in 1830.

This dissertation brings the Ancient Near Eastern practice of the wheel, hanging, impaling, placarding, and crucifixion (WHIPC) into the scholarship of crucifixion, which has been too dominated by the Greek and Roman practice. WHIPC can be defined as the exposure of a body via affixing, by any means, to a structure, wooden or otherwise, for public display (Chapter 2). Linguistic analysis of relevant sources in several languages (including Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian, Hebrew, Hittite, Old Persian, all phases of ancient Greek, and Latin) shows that because of imprecise terminology, any realistic definition of WHIPC must be broad (Chapter 3). Using methodologies and interdisciplinary approaches drawn from art history, archaeology, linguistic analysis, and digital humanities, this work analyzes scattered but abundant evidence to piece together theories about who was crucified, when, how, where, and why. The dissertation proves that WHIPC records, written and visual, were kept for three primary functions: to advertise power, to punish and deter, and to perform magical rituals or fulfill religious obligations. Manifestations of these three functions come through WHIPC in mythology (see especially Chapter 4), trophies (Chapter 5), spectacles, propaganda, political commentary, executions, corrective torture, behavior modification or prevention, donative sacrifices, scapegoat offerings, curses, and healing rituals. WHIPC also served as a mode of human and animal sacrifice (Chapter 6). Regarding the treatment of the body, several examples reveal cultural contexts for nudity and bone-breaking, which often accompanied WHIPC (Chapter 7). In the frequent instances where burial was forbidden a second penalty, played out in the afterlife, was intended. Contrary to some modern assertions, implementation of crucifixion was not limited by gender or status (Chapter 8). WHIPC often occurred along roads or on hills and mountains, or in in liminal spaces such as doorways, cliffs, city gates, and city walls (Chapter 9). From the Sumerians to the Romans, exposing and displaying the bodies consistently functioned as a display of power, punishment and prevention of undesirable behavior, and held religious and magical significance. Exposure punishments have been pervasive and global since the beginning of recorded time, and indeed, this treatment of the body is still practiced today. It seems no culture has escaped this form of physical abuse.

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