La fissure d'engrenages peut être considérée comme un défaut des plus compliqués à diagnostiquer car sa signature vibratoire n'est pas vraiment connue. En plus, l'intégration des fissures dans les modèles numériques n'est pas une tâche simple. D'autre part, le diagnostic des engrenages peut être fait dans le domaine temporel à travers des descripteurs statistiques ou dans le domaine fréquentiel grâce à l'analyse spectrale ou l'analyse cepstrale. Lors de l'apparition d'un défaut de fissure, des phénomènes non linéaires et non-stationnaires se manifestent ce qui rend les outils classiques de traitement du signal moins fiables. Dans ce manuscrit, nous répondons à toutes ces problématiques en développant un modèle d'engrenages à 6 DDL qui porte une fissure qui respire. Le modèle nous permet d'étudier la signature de la fissure et son effet sur les vibrations résultantes indépendamment de l'effet des autres composantes du système. Les résultats ont montré que la fissure conduit à une chute de la rigidité d'engrènement. En plus, la respiration de la fissure cause une fatigue dans le matériau ce qui engendre un terme aléatoire dans le signal vibratoire. La combinaison du terme aléatoire avec la composante périodique due à la rotation des arbres conduit à l'apparition de la cyclostationnarité d'ordre 2. Une étude comparative de sensibilité et de robustesse entre la transformée de Fourier rapide, la cyclostationnarité d'ordre 2 et les estimateurs de la phase instantanée (la transformée de Hilbert, estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques avec une fenêtre glissante, weighted least squares estimation et le scalogramme de phase) est effectuée pour la détection précoce des fissures. En plus, des essais expérimentaux ont été effectués sur un banc d'essais d'engrenages avec différentes dimensions de fissures. Les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux ont montré que l'analyse cyclostationnaire est la méthode la plus sensible et la plus robuste pour la détection précoce des fissures par rapport aux méthodes proposées. De plus, l'analyse de la phase instantanée donne également des résultats intéressants dans le cas des défauts de fissures. Nous avons montré que le scalogramme de phase est, a priori, plus performant que les autres approches / The gear crack is considered as the most complicated failure to diagnose because its vibration signature is not really known. In addition, the integration of crack defect in numerical models is not a simple task. On the other hand, gears diagnosis can be done in the time domain through statistical descriptors or in the frequency domain using spectral analysis or cepstral analysis. During the appearance of a crack defect, nonlinear and nonstationary phenomena occur which makes the classical tools of signal processing unreliable. In this manuscript, we respond to these challenges by developing a gear model of 6 DOF that has a crack that breathes. This allows us to study the signature of the defect in the resulting vibrations with a flexible way away from external vibrations. The results showed that the crack leads to a fall in the mesh stiffness. In addition, the opening and closing of the crack causes a fatigue in the material which generates a random term in the vibration signal. The combination of the random term with periodic component due to the rotation of the shafts leading to the appearance of second-order cyclostationary. A comparative study of sensitivity and robustness between the fast Fourier transform, second-order cyclostationary and estimators of instantaneous phase (the Hilbert transform, Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques with a sliding window, Weighted Least Squares Estimation and phase scalogramme) is performed for the early detection of cracks. In addition, experimental tests were carried out on a test-bench with different sizes of crack. The theoretical and experimental results showed that the cyclostationary analysis is the most sensitive and most robust method for the early detection of cracks in comparison with the other evaluated methods. Furthermore, the analysis of the instantaneous phase also gives good results in the case of crack defects. We have shown that the phase scalogramme is a priori more efficient than other approaches

On constate un regain d’intérêt pour l’étude des potentiels de champs extracellulaires (EFP). Trois principaux rôles fonctionnels des oscillations enregistrées dans le système nerveux ont été proposés : i) le codage d’informations spécifiques ii) la modulation des états attentionnels du cerveau, mais aussi iii) la création d’assemblées dynamiques. Je me suis intéressé aux EFP enregistrés dans les régions du néocortex, de l’hippocampe et de la VTA dans deux cadres expérimentaux dits “contrôlés” - afin de déceler des “motifs” oscillatoires spécifiques dans les mécanismes de mémorisations d’une situation stressante d’une part et dans les prises de décision sous incertitude d’autre part. Nous avons dans un premier temps enregistré et analysé l’activité dans les circuits dopaminergiques de la VTA, le PFC et l’OFC dans un paradigme permettant d’analyser le comportement de souris dans un cadre de prise de décision sous incertitude. Nous avons pu montrer dans un premier temps, que les circuits PFC, OFC et la VTA montrent des séquences d’activations et de synchronisations spécifiques selon le choix de l’individu, en condition incertaine. Dans un second temps, je me suis intéressé à mesurer, chez l’animal éveillé, les effets que pouvait engendrer une situation stressante sur le PFC et l’HPC en fonction de l’âge. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que les principaux effets mesurables aux niveaux des spectres de puissances s’expliquent par l’apparition d’activités électriques de fortes amplitudes dans la gamme (7-12 Hz), dont l’apparition varie en fonction de l’âge et du contexte (repos, stress). / Currently, there is a renewed interest in studying extracellular field potentials (EFP). This signal and the oscillations associated with it are the basis of many studies on the mechanisms underlying cognitive processes in cortical networks. Three key functional roles of oscillations recorded in the nervous system have been proposed: i) encoding specific information ii) modulation of attentional states of the brain, but also iii) creating dynamic assemblies. Although the interest for EFP continues to grow, the interpretation of these signals are sparse. During my prject I focused on the interpretation of EFP patterns under stress and uncertainty and specifically studied neocortex, hippocampus (HPC) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) signals in these two experimental settings.Firstly, we recorded and analyzed the activity in the dopaminergic circuits including the VTA, PFC (prefrontal cortex) and OFC (orbitofrontal cortex) in a probabilistic decision-making paradigm for mice. We demonstrated that the PFC, OFC and VTA circuit shows specific time-dependent activation sequences depending on the anticipated choice per trial. Secondly, I was interested to measure, in awake animals, the effects caused by a stressful situation at different ages on the PFC and HPC signals. Our results demonstrate major effects at the level of the power spectral analysis. We identified that particularly high amplitudes in the range (7-12 Hz) vary according age and context (rest, stress).

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a disorder characterised by chronic widespread pain, non-restorative sleep, fatigue and daytime dysfunction. Occurring in 2-5% of the population, the aetiology is largely unknown. Sleep dysfunction occurs in over 90% of FMS patients. While research has shown that both the macrostructure and microstructure of sleep may be altered, there remain inconsistencies in the polysomnographic (PSG) findings, and wide variations in methodological approaches. Few studies have controlled for symptom duration or the time elapsed between diagnosis and PSG sleep assessments. In addition, while psychometric analyses have suggested a distinctive FMS psychological profile (which includes higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety and fatigue) few studies have simultaneously, and thoroughly examined sleep and psychological status in the same participants. A frequently reported alteration found in the sleep microstructure of FMS patients is the alpha-delta sleep anomaly, characterised by an increase in alpha wave activity during slow wave sleep. Originally considered a possible neurological contribution to FMS, whether the alpha-delta sleep anomaly is fundamental to the development of fibromyalgia syndrome, or results mainly from the pain experience of FMS patients remains unknown. No previous study has directly compared the sleep of FMS and other (non-FMS) patients experiencing similar levels of chronic pain and sleep dysfunction. The present study was designed to examine sleep macrostructure and microstructure in FMS patients, and evaluate the role of the alpha-delta sleep anomaly as either a possible contributor to fibromyalgia syndrome, or a likely consequence of pain experience. In order to explore these relationships, detailed sleep, activity and psychological profiles were compared in 3 groups: 1) FMS patients (n = 19); 2) osteoarthritis patients with sleep disturbance (n = 17); and non-clinical (normal healthy) adults (n = 10). In order to standardise diagnostic reliability and symptom chronicity, the FMS group was recruited from a single rheumatology facility immediately following diagnosis. Guided by a series of formal research questions, analyses compared sleep macrostructure (using American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria), sleep microstructure (using spectral analysis), and a range of psychological variables (including pain experience, sleepiness, fatigue, depression, anxiety, perceived social support, health locus of control, pain catastrophizing and personality). The results indicated that the alpha-delta sleep anomaly is not unique to FMS, but appears to be a feature found in the sleep of normal healthy adults and (to a greater extent) those with FMS and osteoarthritis. The incidence of the anomaly was statistically similar in both clinical (FMS and osteoarthritis) groups, a pattern consistent of its being a secondary feature of pain, rather than a primary abnormality of FMS. Overall, the psychometric assessments of state and trait anxiety and depression better discriminated between the three groups than did the sleep variables. Nevertheless, on measures of sleep, perceived social support, health locus of control, and pain catastrophizing, FMS and osteoarthritis patients were not significantly different, though both clinical groups differed on these variables from healthy controls.

A multilayered system is a good model for many optical systems. An optical coherence tomography (OCT) system can provide fundamental information about the refractive index distribution of the sample and enables images to be corrected for geometric accuracy, but this requires the separation of refractive index and physical thickness for each layer from the measured optical paths. In this thesis a novel approach for simultaneous extraction of index and thickness of multi layer systems and the last medium index of refraction in a single experiment using only the object’s spectral response available by any Fourier Domain OCT system without using any additional outside measurements is introduced. The method is based on a novel matrix equation that uses the reflected spectrum from the object and the measured optical thickness. In the presence of slight error of measuring optical thickness, the parameters extraction has wavenumber dependency. A novel method is used to select the suitable set of spectral components that reduces the extracted parameters error. The parameters extraction method is followed by a fitting process for optimized results. The method works the best for low contrast index distribution even in the presence of relatively large optical thickness measurement error.

Orientadores: Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho, Juliano Alves de Senna / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:03:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SoaresFilho_Adelsom_D.pdf: 18241807 bytes, checksum: f11fd992a9b6c4a961610919317e9db9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Análise de processos de transformação da paisagem com base em espectroscopia de reflectância e sensoriamento remoto multiespectral: Estudo de caso no núcleo de Gilbués, Piauí ¿ Brasil Processos de degradação da terra têm sido freqüentemente descritos no sudoeste do Piauí como um dos maiores casos de desequilíbrio ambiental do Brasil. Uma das áreas mais citadas é denominada de "Núcleo de Desertificação de Gilbués" (NDG). Inserido na faixa de transição entre o domínio dos cerrados do Brasil Central e o domínio do semiárido do nordeste brasileiro, essa área apresenta acentuada exposição de materiais de superfície relacionados à erosão do solo e degradação das terras. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo desse trabalho é investigar a possível relação entre processos de degradação das terras, amplamente verificados no NDG, com variações na composição mineralógica dos solos e a compartimentação estrutural regional, visando demonstrar e debater potenciais efeitos causais, sejam eles naturais e/ou antrópicos, que possam ter funcionado como deflagradores ou maximizadores desses processos e seus efeitos. A metodologia abrangeu a determinação da composição físico-química do solo a partir de espectros de reflectância medidos em laboratório com um espectrorradiômetro portátil. Após a identificação das assembléias de minerais presentes em diferentes tipos de solos, suas similaridades foram avaliadas, o que favoreceu a escolha de endmembers representativos da área, os quais foram, em seguida, utilizados na classificação das imagens ASTER. Os intervalos espectrais na região do visível (520-690 nm), NIR (0.78-860 nm), SWIR (1.300-2.500 nm) e TIR (8.125-11.65 nm) foram investigados. Os resultados indicam que a caulinita corresponde ao material de topo e as esmectitas ao da base das vertentes. Os minerais mapeados foram distribuídos espacialmente na base de dados e de acordo com as características de declive, suscetibilidade erosiva do solo e uso da terra, e classificados segundo diferentes estágios de degradação. A exposição dos terrenos aparenta ser um processo predominantemente natural, com alguma contribuição antrópica. Os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para o entendimento de sistemas ambientais em avançados estágios de degradação da terra. O uso dos dados e métodos de sensoriamento remoto aqui experimentados com sucesso podem ser reaplicados em ambientes análogos visando atingir objetivos equivalentes / Abstract: Analysis of landscape transformation process based on reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral remote sensing: a case of study in the Gilbues Desertification Core, Piauí State, Brazil Land degradation processes have been described in southwest Piauí as a leading case of environmental imbalance in Brazil. One of the key studied areas is referred to as the "Gilbués Desertification Core" (GDC). Inserted in the transition zone between the central Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) terrains and the Northeastern Brazilian semi-arid terrains, the area has an ample exposure of surface materials related to soil erosion and land degradation. In this context, the main objective of this work is to investigate the possible relationship between land degradation processes, widely observed in the GDC, with variations in the mineralogical composition of the soils and regional structures. The notion is to demonstrate and discuss potential natural and/or anthropic causes, which may have worked as triggers or maximizers of the degradation processes and their effects. The method involved the determination of the physical-chemical composition of the soils from reflectance spectra measured in the laboratory with a portable spectrometer. Once mineral assemblages present in different types of soils were identified, their similarities were evaluated. This favored the choice of representative endmembers for specific sectors in the study area, which were used in the classification of ASTER images, considering Visible (520-690 nm), Near Infrared (780-860 nm), Shortwave Infrared (1.300-2.500 nm) and Thermal Infrared (8.125-11.650 nm) wavelengths. The results indicate that kaolinite dominates the top of the topographic highs, whereas smectite is commonly found along the slopes and in the pediplains. Mineral maps yielded from the ASTER data were merged with slope, soil erosion susceptibility and land use maps, and then classified according to different stages of degradation. The exposure of land and erosion appears to be a predominantly natural process, with minor anthropogenic contribution. The results yielded in the GDC may contribute to the understanding of environmental systems in advanced stages of land degradation. Remote sensing data and methods successfully tested here can be applied in comparable environments in order to reach similar goals / Doutorado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: José Maria Campos dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:09:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucena_RaimundoLiberato_M.pdf: 3221588 bytes, checksum: 2a3c7aed85d815f7b04f953992d3ac0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O monitoramento da integridade e detecção de danos em estruturas tem recebido considerável atenção nas últimas décadas. Houveram progressos significativos no desenvolvimento de métodos para a detecção de danos estruturais, com base nas técnicas de análise modal e resposta dinâmica do sistema. Estas técnicas têm se mostrado bastante apropriadas para detectar danos de alta intensidade, mas não para danos menores, tais como trincas. Um método alternativo é a utilização de métodos de propagação de ondas elásticas. Uma das vantagens é que as ondas guiadas viajam ao longo do comprimento da estrutura, o que permite um teste rápido de longo alcance e elimina a necessidade de se analisar todas as partes da amostra. Neste trabalho será apresentado um método não destrutivo para a detecção de danos em estruturas tipo barra. A fim de evitar uma demorada análise de toda a estrutura, como é feito com métodos clássicos de ultrassom, guias de ondas elásticas são utilizados. Ondas são excitadas e se propagam ao longo da amostra. Estas ondas interagem com um possível dano o que resulta no espalhamento da onda. Os sinais das ondas geradas pelo espalhamento são medidos em algumas posições. Estes sinais são revertidos no tempo e reinjetados nos mesmos pontos de aquisição sobre o modelo numérico da barra, fornecendo uma indicação da posição da falha. Esta combinação de experimento, tempo reverso e simulação numérica fornece uma ferramenta para a detecção de danos em grandes estruturas. O método foi desenvolvido e simulado em um código numérico para guias de onda tipo barra utilizando o Método do Elemento Espectral (Spectral Element Method - SEM). Exemplos simulados de todo o processo feito para uma barra simples são mostrados e os resultados discutidos e comparados com aqueles encontrados na literatura / Abstract: The health monitoring and damage detection in structures have received considerable attention in recent decades. There have been significant advances in the development of methods for structural damage detection based on the modal analysis techniques and dynamic system response. These techniques have shown to be quite appropriate for high-intensity detecting damages but not for minor damages such as cracks. An alternative method is the use of elastic waves propagation methods. The advantage is that the guided waves travel along the length of the structure, which allows a quick test of long range and eliminates the necessity of analyzing all peer samples. In this work a non-destructive method for damage detection in rod-like structures will be presented. In order to avoid a time-consuming scan of the entire structure, as is done with traditional ultrasound methods, elastic wave guides are used. Waves are excited and propagate along the sample. These waves interact with a possible damage which results in the scattering of the wave. The signals generated by scattering of waves are measured in some positions. These signals are reversed in time and re-injected at the same points of acquisition over the numerical model of the rod, providing an indication of the damage position. This combination of experiment, time reversal and numerical simulation gives a tool for damage detection in large structures. The method was developed and simulated in a numeric code for a rod waveguide using the Spectral Element Method (SEM). Simulated examples of the entire process made for a single rod are shown and results discussed and compared with those found in the literature / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Master´s thesis „Echocardiographic interactive atlas of basic cardiovascular diseases“, deals with new Biomedical cathegory – clinical engineering (which includes diagnostics and image analysis). It deals with basic learning tools for this not well known specialization.

The thesis is dealing with spectral analysis of the B[e] star FS CMa, a prototype of FS CMa stars group. These objects are characterized by huge amount of matter in sourrounding shell which origin is not explained for many years. However, solving this issue could enrich stellar astrophysics by enhanced stellar evolution models. The goal of this thesis is to improve our understanding of FS CMa. We described spectral variability on various time scales and simulated spectra for different forms of the system in HDUST code. On the basis of new obtained spectra we confirmed long-term changes in variability of some spectral features and rapid variability of some spectral lines. We gained an estimate of the gas density. The simulations showed that spectral type of FS CMa is not certain and that the star could be surrounded by extended disk, many stellar radii wide. 1

Background: Climate change and the consequences of global warming is probably one of the greatest issues of our time. Among other concerns, global warming is thought to have a great impact on hydrology worldwide. When the atmosphere warms up, river runoff patterns are altered. Nevertheless these future changes are assumed to increase the hydropower potential in some countries. In the public debate it is often referred to a nine year old investigation claiming an increase of 15-20 % in Swedish energy production from hydropower due to the river runoff increase. On the other hand recent research is hinting that the effect of global warming might be masked by climate variability in the nearest future. This study seeks to investigate whether or not the hydropower-intensive company Fortum will benefit from increased future hydropower potential due to climate change. Methods: Using historical data, the impacts of global warming on the future potential power production in different types of hydropower plants are estimated by the statistical approach of probability density functions. Moreover spectral analysis is used to investigate the impacts of climate variability in various Swedish watersheds. The study investigates both the nearest future, represented by the years 2021-2050, and the end of the century, represented by the years 2069-2098. Results: The future hydropower production is shown to be strongly dependent on the geographical location of a power plant and of the specific power plant type. Although all Swedish rivers where Fortum operates is given more river runoff in the future, some hydropower plants might  suffer from lower hydropower potential due to increased runoff variability. However all reservoir-type power plants in the study, with ability to store water, are calculated to benefit from increased river runoff. Only the run-of-river type power plants, operating with unregulated river flow, are not yet proven to benefit from a changing climate. When considering both specific river and type of power plant, this study indicates that the hydropower potential in the rivers where Fortum operates is expected to increase with 4-15 % towards the end of the century. The one exception is the unregulated river Västerdalälven where this study indicates a possibility of decreased hydropower potential due to climate change. The results of the spectral analysis indicates that up to 30 % of the coefficient of variation in the  monthly mean runoff data is explained by low-frequent periodic fluctuations due to natural climate variability, linked to somewhat predictable climate indices. Conclusion: Natural climate variability is likely to be the dominating factor in the nearest future, at least in regulated rivers. Although there are uncertainties about the future potential power production in the run-of-river type power plants, one cannot deny that most of the Swedish rivers where the major hydropower companies operate are strongly regulated. Adding the fact that river runoff will increase as a consequence of global warming, Fortum is likely to gain from an increased hydropower potential. However, this present study highlights the inaccuracies in using the out-of-date estimation of 15-20 % hydropower-potential increase as a forecast of future potential power production in all Fortum-operated hydropower plants.

This thesis presents results of computations of supersonic flow over finite cylinders with varying geometries at the cylinder-wall juncture. The flow domain and geometries were modeled after experiments conducted at University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI). CREATE Kestrel (KCFD) was used to perform improved-delayed detached simulations (IDDES) of the unsteady flow. Time-accurate data were collected via taps along the centerline partially on the surface of the cylinder geometries and on the wall upstream of the cylinder. Spectra of the pressure signals and two-point correlations were computed to compare the flow between the different cases consisting of a baseline cylinder, the cylinder with a smaller gap, and the cylinder with a wider fairing. Properties on the cylinder surface for the gap case had the greatest difference compared to the others. In addition, the spectral content showed higher frequency activity for the gap case on the surface in front of the cylinder. <br>