This work deals with the design of a hybrid time integrator that couples spatially explicit and implicit time integrators. In order to cope with the industrial solver of Ariane Group called FLUSEPA, the explicit scheme of Heun and the implicit scheme of Crank-Nicolson are hybridized using the transition parameter : the whole technique is called AION time integration. The latter is studied into details with special focus on spectral behaviour and on its ability to keep the accuracy. It is shown that the hybrid technique has interesting dissipation and dispersion properties while maintaining precision and avoiding spurious waves. Moreover, this hybrid approach is validated on several academic test cases for both convective and diffusive fluxes. And as expected the method is more interesting in term of computational time than standard time integrators. For the extension of this hybrid approach to the temporal adaptive method implemented in FLUSEPA, it was necessary to improve some treatments in order to maintain conservation and acceptable spectral properties. Finally the hybrid time integration was also applied to a RANS/LES turbulent test case with interesting computational time while capturing the flow physics.

Background: The efficient market hypothesis asserts that one cannot consistently achieve returns in excess of market returns by trading on publicly available information. Since there is no collective market return in the foreign exchange (FX) market, it has generally been perceived as impossible to consistently generate a profit. There is now empirical evidence which seriously call into question the efficiency of the FX market and opens up the possibility to turn a profit on the FX market by ways of analysis.Technical analysis is a method of analysis which by using historical price data tries to deduce future price changes. Technical analysis assumes that financial markets move in sine waves. There are stronger and weaker sine waves simultaneously. An accurate identification of the dominant sine wave gives the investor a good idea about future movement. Most technical trading tools approximate the length of the sine wave by default. This static approach does not consider the specific market or the recent lengths of the dominant sine wave. Spectral analysis will help to identify the dominant cycle, and thus determine the frequency of that cycle making the applied trading rules adaptive to the market. Purpose: The purpose is to investigate whether adding spectral analysis to existing technical analysis tools can create a higher and more stable return on investment on the FX market. Method: An experiment involving four different sets of trading rules was conducted to answer the purpose. In the first test, trades were performed based on a static approach commonly used by technical traders today. In the other three tests different transforms of spectral analysis were applied, thus making the input not static, but adaptive to the market. The four sets of trading rules where coded as an automatic trading algorithm and backtested on data collected for the currency-pair EURGBP during an 11-month period. All four tests were analysed in three different areas; performance, stability of return and crash risk. Results: The study shows that the application of spectral analysis to technical analysis methods on the FX market results in higher return on investment and better stability of returns. The win/lose ratio is significantly higher and the adaptive approach increases profit as well as decreases losses. / Bakgrund: Den effektiva marknadshypotesen stadgar att det inte är möjligt att stadigt generera högre avkastning än marknadens kollektiva avkastning genom att köpa och sälja baserat på tillgänglig information. Eftersom det inte finns någon kollektiv avkastning på valutamarknaden har det länge ansetts omöjligt att generera någon stabil vinst på denna marknad. Det finns numera empiriskt bevis som tydligt ifrågasätter valutamarknadens egentliga effektivitet och som också i sin tur öppnar upp för möjligheten att generera stabil avkastning på valutamarknaden genom analys.Teknisk analys är en analysmetod som genom avläsandet av historisk prisdata försöker utläsa framtida prisförändringar. Teknisk analys antar att finansiella marknader rör sig i sinuskurvor. Det finns starkare och svagare sinuskurvor. En exakt identifikation av den dominanta cykeln ger investeraren en god idé om framtida rörelser. De flesta tekniska analysverktygen uppskattar längden på cykeln statiskt och tar varken hänsyn till den specifika marknaden eller hur den dominanta cykeln har sett ut nyligen. Spektralanalys identifierar den dominanta cykeln varigenom frekvensen av densamma kan bestämmas och analysverktyget görs adaptivt till marknaden. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på huruvida teknisk analys på valutamarknaden kan skapa en högre och mer stabil avkastning på investerat kapital genom användandet av spektralanalys för att mäta den dominanta cykeln. Metod: Ett experiment innehållande fyra olika uppsättningar av analysverktyg gjordes för att besvara syftet. Handel i det första testet baserades på en statisk ansats som normalt används av tekniska analytiker idag. På de andra tre testerna applicerades olika transformer av spektralanalys och gjordes därigenom adaptiva till marknaden. Analysverktygen kodades som en automatisk handelsalgoritm och testades retroaktivt på insamlad data för valutaparet EURGBP under elva månader. Samtliga fyra tester analyserades i tre olika områden; prestation, avkastningsstabilitet och risk att förlora hela kapitalet. Resultat: Studien visar att applikationen av spektralanalys på tekniska analysverktyg på valutamarknaden resulterar i högre avkastning på investerat kapital och högre avkastningsstabilitet. Vinst/förlust ration är väsentligt högre och den adaptiva ansatsen ökar avkastning samtidigt som den minskar förluster.

Wind waves are highly complex, random phenomena. One way to describe the irregular nature of the sea surface is the use of wave energy spectrum. Spectral information for wind waves in the Black Sea is extremely limited. Knowledge on spectral characteristics of wind waves would contribute to scientific, engineering and operational coastal and marine activities in the Black Sea. The aim of the present thesis is to investigate characteristics of wind wave spectra for the Eastern Black Sea. This would allow detailed understanding of the nature of the waves occurring in this enclosed basin. Long-term wave measurements obtained by directional buoys deployed offshore at Sinop, Hopa and Gelendzhik were utilized as the three sets of wave data. Records were analyzed to identify them as uni-modal or multi-modal spectra, and occurrences of spectral peaks were computed. Single peaked spectra were studied as belonging to fully arisen or developing sea states. Model parameters of JONSWAP and PM spectra were estimated for the observed spectra by using a least square error method. The records of developing seas were further analyzed to select the ones belonging to stable wind conditions. Fetch dependencies of non-dimensional spectral variables, mean parameters of JONSWAP model spectrum and the envelop of dimensionless spectra were investigated for this data sub-set.

Trapping centres and their distributions in as-grown TlGaSeS layered single crystals were studied using thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements. The investigations were performed in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 160 K with various heating rates between 0.6&ndash / 1.2 K/s. Experimental evidence has been found for the presence of three electrons trapping centres with activation energies 12, 20, and 49 meV and one hole trapping centre located at 12 meV. Their capture cross-sections and concentrations were also determined. It is concluded that in these centres retrapping is negligible as confirmed by the good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions of the model that assumes slow retrapping. The optical properties of TlGaSeS layered single crystals have been investigated by measuring the transmission and the reflection in the wavelength region between 400 and 1100 nm. The optical indirect transitions with a band gap energy of 2.27 eV and direct transitions with a band gap energy of 2.58 eV were found by analyzing the absorption data at room temperature. The rate of change v of the indirect band gap with temperature was determined from the transmission measurements in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 300 K. The oscillator and the dispersion energies, the oscillator strength, and the zero-frequency refractive index were also reported. The parameters of monoclinic unit cell and the chemical composition of TlGaSes crystals were found by X-ray powder diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, respectively.

The response of geological materials at the scale of meters and the response of buried targets of different shapes and sizes using controlled-source electromagnetic induction (CSEM) is investigated. This dissertation focuses on three topics; i) frac- tal properties on electric conductivity data from near-surface geology and processing techniques for enhancing man-made target responses, ii) non-linear inversion of spa- tiotemporal data using continuation method, and iii) classification of CSEM transient and spatiotemporal data. In the first topic, apparent conductivity profiles and maps were studied to de- termine self-affine properties of the geological noise and the effects of man-made con- ductive metal targets. 2-D Fourier transform and omnidirectional variograms showed that variations in apparent conductivity exhibit self-affinity, corresponding to frac- tional Brownian motion. Self-affinity no longer holds when targets are buried in the near-surface, making feasible the use of spectral methods to determine their pres- ence. The difference between the geology and target responses can be exploited using wavelet decomposition. A series of experiments showed that wavelet filtering is able to separate target responses from the geological background. In the second topic, a continuation-based inversion method approach is adopted, based on path-tracking in model space, to solve the non-linear least squares prob- lem for unexploded ordnance (UXO) data. The model corresponds to a stretched- exponential decay of eddy currents induced in a magnetic spheroid. The fast inversion of actual field multi-receiver CSEM responses of inert, buried ordnance is also shown. Software based on the continuation method could be installed within a multi-receiver CSEM sensor and used for near-real-time UXO decision. In the third topic, unsupervised self-organizing maps (SOM) were adapted for data clustering and classification. The use of self-organizing maps (SOM) for central- loop CSEM transients shows potential capability to perform classification, discrimi- nating background and non-dangerous items (clutter) data from, for instance, unex- ploded ordnance. Implementation of a merge SOM algorithm showed that clustering and classification of spatiotemporal CSEM data is possible. The ability to extract tar- get signals from a background-contaminated pattern is desired to avoid dealing with forward models containing subsurface response or to implement processing algorithm to remove, to some degree, the effects of background response and the target-host interactions.

<p><strong>Background: </strong></p><p>The efficient market hypothesis asserts that one cannot consistently achieve returns in excess of market returns by trading on publicly available information. Since there is no collective market return in the foreign exchange (FX) market, it has generally been perceived as impossible to consistently generate a profit. There is now empirical evidence which seriously call into question the efficiency of the FX market and opens up the possibility to turn a profit on the FX market by ways of analysis.Technical analysis is a method of analysis which by using historical price data tries to deduce future price changes. Technical analysis assumes that financial markets move in sine waves. There are stronger and weaker sine waves simultaneously. An accurate identification of the dominant sine wave gives the investor a good idea about future movement. Most technical trading tools approximate the length of the sine wave by default. This static approach does not consider the specific market or the recent lengths of the dominant sine wave. Spectral analysis will help to identify the dominant cycle, and thus determine the frequency of that cycle making the applied trading rules adaptive to the market.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong></p><p>The purpose is to investigate whether adding spectral analysis to existing technical analysis tools can create a higher and more stable return on investment on the FX market.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong></p><p>An experiment involving four different sets of trading rules was conducted to answer the purpose. In the first test, trades were performed based on a static approach commonly used by technical traders today. In the other three tests different transforms of spectral analysis were applied, thus making the input not static, but adaptive to the market. The four sets of trading rules where coded as an automatic trading algorithm and backtested on data collected for the currency-pair EURGBP during an 11-month period. All four tests were analysed in three different areas; performance, stability of return and crash risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong></p><p><strong></strong>The study shows that the application of spectral analysis to technical analysis methods on the FX market results in higher return on investment and better stability of returns. The win/lose ratio is significantly higher and the adaptive approach increases profit as well as decreases losses.</p> / <p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong></p><p>Den effektiva marknadshypotesen stadgar att det inte är möjligt att stadigt generera högre avkastning än marknadens kollektiva avkastning genom att köpa och sälja baserat på tillgänglig information. Eftersom det inte finns någon kollektiv avkastning på valutamarknaden har det länge ansetts omöjligt att generera någon stabil vinst på denna marknad. Det finns numera empiriskt bevis som tydligt ifrågasätter valutamarknadens egentliga effektivitet och som också i sin tur öppnar upp för möjligheten att generera stabil avkastning på valutamarknaden genom analys.Teknisk analys är en analysmetod som genom avläsandet av historisk prisdata försöker utläsa framtida prisförändringar. Teknisk analys antar att finansiella marknader rör sig i sinuskurvor. Det finns starkare och svagare sinuskurvor. En exakt identifikation av den dominanta cykeln ger investeraren en god idé om framtida rörelser. De flesta tekniska analysverktygen uppskattar längden på cykeln statiskt och tar varken hänsyn till den specifika marknaden eller hur den dominanta cykeln har sett ut nyligen. Spektralanalys identifierar den dominanta cykeln varigenom frekvensen av densamma kan bestämmas och analysverktyget görs adaptivt till marknaden.</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong></p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på huruvida teknisk analys på valutamarknaden kan skapa en högre och mer stabil avkastning på investerat kapital genom användandet av spektralanalys för att mäta den dominanta cykeln.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong></p><p>Ett experiment innehållande fyra olika uppsättningar av analysverktyg gjordes för att besvara syftet. Handel i det första testet baserades på en statisk ansats som normalt används av tekniska analytiker idag. På de andra tre testerna applicerades olika transformer av spektralanalys och gjordes därigenom adaptiva till marknaden. Analysverktygen kodades som en automatisk handelsalgoritm och testades retroaktivt på insamlad data för valutaparet EURGBP under elva månader. Samtliga fyra tester analyserades i tre olika områden; prestation, avkastningsstabilitet och risk att förlora hela kapitalet.</p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong></p><p><strong></strong>Studien visar att applikationen av spektralanalys på tekniska analysverktyg på valutamarknaden resulterar i högre avkastning på investerat kapital och högre avkastningsstabilitet. Vinst/förlust ration är väsentligt högre och den adaptiva ansatsen ökar avkastning samtidigt som den minskar förluster.</p>

Objective: To determine the effects of head position and of different postural control demands on head tremor measures in participants with essential tremor. Methods: Seventeen participants with essential tremor (ET) of the head and 17 control participants took part. Individuals held their heads in varying degrees of rotation, flexion, and extension. Subsequently, individuals sat and stood in different postures, incorporating different foot placements (feet apart and together), surfaces (solid and foam), and vision conditions (eyes open and closed). Neck muscle activity was recorded from three muscles bilaterally (trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis). Three-dimensional head and thorax positions were recorded using an Optotrak system, and head angular velocity with respect to thorax was calculated by differentiating tilt-twist angles. Fourier analysis was used to determine tremor power. Results: ET participants showed sharp peaks at their tremor frequency in spectral plots of kinematic data, whereas CN participants did not. Electromyography data was too noisy for frequency analysis. ET participants displayed increased tremor power in head positions 25° from neutral compared to neutral and positions 50° from neutral. Tremor power increased with increasing difficulty of posture for both participant groups. Removal of vision resulted in decreased tremor power in ET participants; power was significantly decreased in the easier postures, and progressively less so with increasing difficulty of posture. Interestingly, tremor direction was inconsistent in both groups, and two ET participants displayed multiple tremor peaks. Conclusions: The tilt-twist method is a feasible way of measuring head kinematics. Changing stiffness of the neck likely mediates the effect of head position on head tremor power, with the resultant interplay of the central driver and the mechanical resonance driving the amplitude changes. Decreasing stability of posture increases head tremor, likely due to the associated increase in postural sway and stress on the postural control system. Vision appears to exacerbate head tremor through the addition of tremor-related visual noise and an implicit task to stabilize vision; this is possible evidence of a visuomotor deficit. However, stabilizing vision becomes less important with increasing difficulty of posture, resulting in a narrowing gap in tremor power between vision and no vision conditions. / Thesis (Master, Rehabilitation Science) -- Queen's University, 2011-03-31 18:16:59.927

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7346981 bytes, checksum: 18e46c38ae7d5b14fb1aafc3aca716d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to describe how extended techniques are related to sound settings and the concept of "sound figures" described by Salvatore Sciarrino, used in his pieces for solo flute, published in the book L'Opera per Flauto. Such techniques and figures are fundamental to an understanding of his works. In our analytical reading, we started from the methodological considerations of the composer, described in the book Le Figure della Musica da Beethoven a oggi, which proposes a methodology of analysis based on the concept of "sound figures" - a criteria imported from the visual arts. These sound figures are also present in his compositional works, in a way that they interact with the musical discourse organization. It was sought an understanding of how visual criteria established in its methodology also encompassed the formal considerations of his works for solo flute. So, two different methodologies were used: the qualitative one, based on the theoretical assumptions of the composer; and the quantitative one, based on the spectral analysis of the audio recordings of the pieces. Our goal was to investigate and describe the trajectory of the partial over the time, in order to investigate and demonstrate concepts created by the composer through the proposed analysis. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever como as técnicas expandidas estão relacionadas com as configurações sonoras e as figuras descritas por Salvatore Sciarrino e utilizadas em suas peças para flauta solo, publicadas no caderno L Opera per Flauto. Tais técnicas e figuras são fundamentais para a compreensão de suas obras. Em nossa leitura analítica, partimos das considerações metodológicas do compositor, descritas no livro Le Figure della Musica da Beethoven a oggi, no qual propõe uma metodologia de análise baseada no conceito de figuras sonoras - um critério importado das artes visuais. Essas figuras sonoras estão presentes também no plano composicional de suas obras, de maneira que interagem na organização do discurso musical. Assim, buscamos compreender como critérios visuais estabelecidos em sua metodologia englobaram também as considerações formais de suas obras para flauta solo. Para tanto utilizamos duas metodologias distintas: a qualitativa, que parte dos pressupostos teóricos do compositor; e a quantitativa que parte da análise espectral das gravações em áudio das peças. O objetivo é investigar e descrever o comportamento geral dos parciais no decorrer do tempo, com intuito de averiguar e evidenciar, através das análises propostas os conceitos formulados pelo compositor.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-14T18:56:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARMEM TEREZINHA BECKER – TESE (PPGMet) 2017.pdf: 9194940 bytes, checksum: cf8719dfce267520672b602612413ac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T18:56:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARMEM TEREZINHA BECKER – TESE (PPGMet) 2017.pdf: 9194940 bytes, checksum: cf8719dfce267520672b602612413ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-04 / Capes / Ao apresentar extensa área inclusa na delimitação semiárida do Brasil, mais de 86% do seu território, a Paraíba é um dos estados brasileiros onde a aridez apresenta maior severidade. A disponibilidade de água impera como um processo decisivo no que diz respeito ao seu efetivo desenvolvimento ambiental, social e econômico, o qual é intimamente dependente das condições climáticas reinantes. Neste contexto, emerge a necessidade da quantificação de índices que tenham como propósito, a caracterização climática de um determinado local, para com isto, haver uma melhor adequação às classes de clima predominantes. Assim, o presente estudo tem por objetivo, tecer cenários passados da variabilidade espacial e temporal de índices climáticos. Para tanto, são calculados índices climáticos a partir de dados normais climatológicos e seriais anuais para um período de cinquenta anos a vinte postos pluviométricos criteriosamente selecionados e distribuídos ao longo do estado da Paraíba. Leva-se em consideração a metodologia proposta por Thornthwaite (1948) e pelo índice de aridez aplicado pelo United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP (1992). Toma-se como subsídio, a aplicação conceitual de métodos espectrais com a subsequente aplicação da análise de ondaletas aos índices climáticos seriais. Resulta-se, que mesmo metodologias distintas venham a produzir classificações climáticas diferentes para um mesmo local e período de tempo, o desenvolvimento das variabilidades interanual e interdecenal são extremamente semelhantes, recomendando os mesmos agentes como causadores destas variabilidades. Mesmo assim, o índice de aridez do UNEP mostra-se menos criterioso para classificações climáticas do que na utilização dos índices de Thornthwaite, evidenciando quadros de menor aridez. Pela metodologia das ondaletas, a variabilidade interdecenal é significativamente mais aparente do que a interanual, com a marcante predominância na escala de 11 anos, interagindo com escalas menores, de 5, 3,5 e 2,5 anos, os quais tendem a seguir os principais comportamentos da variabilidade térmica nas bacias dos oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico. Correlações simples indicam conexões mais significativas entre modos do Pacífico e as regiões do Sertão e Alto Sertão, decrescendo em direção ao Litoral. Por outro lado, anomalias das águas no oceano Atlântico apresentam influência quase homogênea em grande parte do Estado da Paraíba, com maior sinal na faixa leste adjacente. Observa-se ainda, que classificações climáticas de forma seriada, com o processamento dos percentuais de cada tipo de clima e distribuição temporal, representa um método mais realista de análise do clima, haja vista que a partir de normais climatológicas, descreve-se uma condição média do clima local ou regional. / Due to the large area included in the semiarid delimitation of Brazil, more than 86% of its territory, Paraíba is one of the Brazilian states where aridity is more severe. The availability of water is a decisive process in terms of its effective environmental, social and economic development, which is closely dependent on the prevailing climatic conditions. In this context, the need for the quantification of indexes that have as purpose, the climatic characterization of a given location, in order to better suit the prevailing climate classes, emerges. Thus, the present study aims to weave past scenarios of spatial and temporal variability of climatic indexes. Therefore, climatic indexes are calculated from normal climatological and serial annual data for a period of fifty years to twenty pluviometric stations carefully selected and distributed throughout the state of Paraíba. The methodology proposed by Thornthwaite (1948) and the aridity index applied by the United Nations Environment Program - UNEP (1992) are taken into account. As a subsidy, the conceptual application of spectral methods with the subsequent application of the wavelet analysis to the serial climatic indexes is used. It turns out that even if different methodologies produce different climatic classifications for the same place and period of time, the development of interannual and interdecadal variabilities are extremely similar, recommending the same agents as cause of these variabilities. Even so, the UNEP aridity index is less critical for climate classifications than for the use of the Thornthwaite indices, showing less aridity. The interdecadal variability is significantly more apparent than the interannual variability, with a marked predominance in the 11-year scale, interacting with smaller scales of 5, 3.5 and 2.5 years, which tend to follow the main behaviors of the thermal variability in the basins of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Simple correlations indicate more significant connections between Pacific modes and the regions of Sertão and Alto Sertão, decreasing toward the coast. On the other hand, water anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean show almost homogeneous influence in much of the state of Paraíba, with a greater signal in the adjacent eastern range. It is also observed that climatic classifications in a serial way, with the processing of the percentages of each type of climate and temporal distribution, represents a more realistic method of climate analysis, given that, based on climatological normals, it describes an average local condition or regional climate.

[pt] Apresenta-se uma avaliação numérica estatística de metodologia para obtenção de espectros de resposta uniformemente prováveis, ERUP, Diniz [2], fundamentada na determinação da distribuição de probabilidade dos valores extremos da resposta de um sistema com um grau de liberdade, submetido a movimentos de terreno oriundos de terremotos. Tais movimentos são caracterizados por funções de densidade de espectro de potência, cada uma das quais representando uma família de sismos. Para tal, utiliza-se uma função densidade de espectro de potência, FDEP, como base à avaliação. A partir da FDEP, são gerados acelerogramas artificiais utilizando o programa SISMOSINV, desenvolvido internamente ao trabalho. Empregam-se estes acelerogramas para obterem-se espectros de resposta, utilizando o programa SAP2000. Os ERUP são então calculados, utilizando as distribuições de probabilidade acumulada dos valores espectrais obtidas por técnicas adequadas de estatística, implementadas especialmente para o caso. Efetua-se a comparação entre os ERUP obtidos estatisticamente e os produzidos pela metodologia probabilística e são formuladas conclusões e recomendações sobre os limites de emprego desta última. Comparam-se, ainda, os ERUP obtidos pelo procedimento estatístico com o espectro de resposta de projeto recomendado pela USNRC [13] para avaliar o compromisso entre estes espectro e a FDEPo da USNRC [1]. / [en] One presents a statistic evaluation of Diniz metodology [2], to obtain uniformly probable response espectra, UPRS, based on the determination of the probability distribuition of the response extreme values of a single- degree of freedom structure, under a ground movement caused by an earthquake. Such movements are characterized by power spectrum density functions, each one of them representing a family of seismic events. On this way, one considers a power spectral density function, PSD, as a basis for the evaluation. Using the PSD, one generates artificial ground acceleration functions with the program SISMOSINV, developed within this work. From these artificial ground acceleration functions one obtains the response spectra with the SAP2000 program. Then, the UPRS are calculated, using the spectral value distributions, by adequate statistical techniques, implemented for the case. One then compares the UPRS obtained statiscally with those obtained by the probabilistic methodology and conclusions and recommendations are formulated concerning the applicability limits of this methodology One still compares the statiscally obtained UPRS with the design response spectrum prescribed by the USNRC [13] to evaluate the compromise between this spectrum and the target power spectral density function, TPSD, prescribed by the USNRC [1].