Foi estudada a absorção da luz por partículas metálicas esferoidais, filmes metálicos finos e filmes metálicos finos cobertos com uma camada de material orgânico nas regiões espectrais do visível e do infravermelho. A dependência das características dos picos de absorção de luz por partículas metálicas para com a forma e o tipo de material foi analisada. Modelos para o estudo de filmes metálicos finos foram deduzidos, a aproximação por rede de dipolos foi escolhida e resultados obtidos com o uso desta teoria foram comparados com resultados experimentais e com resultados teóricos encontrados na literatura. Um modelo para o estudo de filmes metálicos cobertos com uma camada de material orgânico foi proposto e sua consistência e utilidade foram testadas. Computações foram efetuadas usando o programa Maple. / The absorption of light in the visible and infrared spectral regions by spheroidal metal particles, thin metallic films and thin metallic films covered with organic layers was studied. The dependence of the intensity and frequency of the peaks of absorption of light by metal particles with the shape and the kind of metal was studied. Models for the study of thin metallic films were deduced, the net dipole approximation is chosen and results obtained with it are compared with experimental results and with results obtained with a Maxwell-Garnett type theory. A model for the study of metallic films covered with organic layers was proposed and tested for consistency and utility. Computations were carried out using Maple.

Foi estudada a absorção da luz por partículas metálicas esferoidais, filmes metálicos finos e filmes metálicos finos cobertos com uma camada de material orgânico nas regiões espectrais do visível e do infravermelho. A dependência das características dos picos de absorção de luz por partículas metálicas para com a forma e o tipo de material foi analisada. Modelos para o estudo de filmes metálicos finos foram deduzidos, a aproximação por rede de dipolos foi escolhida e resultados obtidos com o uso desta teoria foram comparados com resultados experimentais e com resultados teóricos encontrados na literatura. Um modelo para o estudo de filmes metálicos cobertos com uma camada de material orgânico foi proposto e sua consistência e utilidade foram testadas. Computações foram efetuadas usando o programa Maple. / The absorption of light in the visible and infrared spectral regions by spheroidal metal particles, thin metallic films and thin metallic films covered with organic layers was studied. The dependence of the intensity and frequency of the peaks of absorption of light by metal particles with the shape and the kind of metal was studied. Models for the study of thin metallic films were deduced, the net dipole approximation is chosen and results obtained with it are compared with experimental results and with results obtained with a Maxwell-Garnett type theory. A model for the study of metallic films covered with organic layers was proposed and tested for consistency and utility. Computations were carried out using Maple.

A cefalexina é um dos antibióticos mais prescritos no Brasil e a sua disponibilidade nas instituições de saúde é de extrema importância para o tratamento adequado e seguro dos pacientes. Porém a distribuição dos medicamentos é prejudicada pela dificuldade de liberação pelos laboratórios de controle de qualidade que utilizam métodos convencionais como: o biológico (Difusão em Ágar) e o cromatográfico (Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência), que demandam tempo de análise e não permitem a obtenção de resultados em tempo real. O maior desafio dos centros produtivos é desenvolver métodos capazes de realizarem as análises dos produtos de forma rápida e eficaz durante as fases mais críticas da produção. As técnicas espectroscópicas por infravermelho são alternativas aos métodos convencionais, tendo como vantagens a rapidez, a capacidade de análise de amostras nas suas formas físico-químicas originais e a possibilidade de projetar a sua utilização na Tecnologia Analítica de Processos (PAT). Com esse propósito foi desenvolvido um método por espectroscopia no infravermelho médio (MID) por reflectância difusa (DRIFTS) combinado à técnica de regressão múltipla por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) para análise de cefalexina na forma pó para suspensão oral. A avaliação da eficácia do método desenvolvido foi feita mediante cálculo da precisão e exatidão do método e posteriormente os resultados experimentais foram submetidos à análise estatística. A verificação da equivalência dos métodos foi feita utilizando análise de variância (ANOVA) e, para finalizar o trabalho, foi determinado o intervalo de tolerância (δ) do método. O método espectroscópico apresentou significativa variabilidade de resultados, porém uma técnica padronizada de preparo das amostras de calibração capaz de produzir misturas homogêneas do fármaco com placebo, aliado à seleção criteriosa das regiões espectrais e tratamento espectral adequado, foi determinante para o desenvolvimento de um método equivalente aos convencionais, atendendo aos requisitos da PAT. Portanto, este trabalho pode servir de ferramenta para o avanço da PAT pelos produtores e agência regulatória no Brasil (ANVISA). / Cephalexin is the most prescribed antibiotics in Brazil and its availability in health institutions is of utmost importance for the proper and safe treatment of patients. But the distribution of drugs is hindered to difficulty of release by quality control laboratories using conventional methods such as biological (Agar Diffusion) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), which require analysis time and not allow to obtain results in real time. The biggest challenge of manufacturing centers is to develop analytical methods to perform quickly and effectively analyzes of the products during the most critical phases of production. The infrared spectroscopic technique is alternative to conventional methods, with the advantages of speed, the ability to analyze samples in their original physical-chemical forms and the possibility to use in designing the Process Analytical Technology (PAT). For this purpose, a method was developed in the mid-infrared spectroscopy (MID) by diffuse reflectance (DRIFTS) combined to technique of partial least squares (PLS) regression for cephalexin analysis in oral suspension product. Assessing the effectiveness of the method was done by calculation of precision and of the method and then the experimental results were subjected to statistical analysis. The equivalence of methods was verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, to complete the work, the tolerance interval (δ) was determined. The spectroscopic method showed significant variability in results, but a standardized technique for preparation of calibration samples able to produce homogeneous mixtures of the drug with placebo, combined to careful selection of spectral regions and appropriate spectral treatment, was crucial for the development of an equivalent method to conventional, meeting the requirements of PAT. Therefore, this work can serve as a tool for advancing the PAT by manufacturers and regulatory agency in Brazil (ANVISA).

A cefalexina é um dos antibióticos mais prescritos no Brasil e a sua disponibilidade nas instituições de saúde é de extrema importância para o tratamento adequado e seguro dos pacientes. Porém a distribuição dos medicamentos é prejudicada pela dificuldade de liberação pelos laboratórios de controle de qualidade que utilizam métodos convencionais como: o biológico (Difusão em Ágar) e o cromatográfico (Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência), que demandam tempo de análise e não permitem a obtenção de resultados em tempo real. O maior desafio dos centros produtivos é desenvolver métodos capazes de realizarem as análises dos produtos de forma rápida e eficaz durante as fases mais críticas da produção. As técnicas espectroscópicas por infravermelho são alternativas aos métodos convencionais, tendo como vantagens a rapidez, a capacidade de análise de amostras nas suas formas físico-químicas originais e a possibilidade de projetar a sua utilização na Tecnologia Analítica de Processos (PAT). Com esse propósito foi desenvolvido um método por espectroscopia no infravermelho médio (MID) por reflectância difusa (DRIFTS) combinado à técnica de regressão múltipla por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) para análise de cefalexina na forma pó para suspensão oral. A avaliação da eficácia do método desenvolvido foi feita mediante cálculo da precisão e exatidão do método e posteriormente os resultados experimentais foram submetidos à análise estatística. A verificação da equivalência dos métodos foi feita utilizando análise de variância (ANOVA) e, para finalizar o trabalho, foi determinado o intervalo de tolerância (δ) do método. O método espectroscópico apresentou significativa variabilidade de resultados, porém uma técnica padronizada de preparo das amostras de calibração capaz de produzir misturas homogêneas do fármaco com placebo, aliado à seleção criteriosa das regiões espectrais e tratamento espectral adequado, foi determinante para o desenvolvimento de um método equivalente aos convencionais, atendendo aos requisitos da PAT. Portanto, este trabalho pode servir de ferramenta para o avanço da PAT pelos produtores e agência regulatória no Brasil (ANVISA). / Cephalexin is the most prescribed antibiotics in Brazil and its availability in health institutions is of utmost importance for the proper and safe treatment of patients. But the distribution of drugs is hindered to difficulty of release by quality control laboratories using conventional methods such as biological (Agar Diffusion) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), which require analysis time and not allow to obtain results in real time. The biggest challenge of manufacturing centers is to develop analytical methods to perform quickly and effectively analyzes of the products during the most critical phases of production. The infrared spectroscopic technique is alternative to conventional methods, with the advantages of speed, the ability to analyze samples in their original physical-chemical forms and the possibility to use in designing the Process Analytical Technology (PAT). For this purpose, a method was developed in the mid-infrared spectroscopy (MID) by diffuse reflectance (DRIFTS) combined to technique of partial least squares (PLS) regression for cephalexin analysis in oral suspension product. Assessing the effectiveness of the method was done by calculation of precision and of the method and then the experimental results were subjected to statistical analysis. The equivalence of methods was verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, to complete the work, the tolerance interval (δ) was determined. The spectroscopic method showed significant variability in results, but a standardized technique for preparation of calibration samples able to produce homogeneous mixtures of the drug with placebo, combined to careful selection of spectral regions and appropriate spectral treatment, was crucial for the development of an equivalent method to conventional, meeting the requirements of PAT. Therefore, this work can serve as a tool for advancing the PAT by manufacturers and regulatory agency in Brazil (ANVISA).

No description available.

Two-dimensional semiconductors are a topic of intense research and very attractive materials for new developments in different elds of semiconductor technology. These materials are promising candidates to satisfy the demand for faster and more compact electronics. They make new technological possibilities feasible, such as the realization and the commercial development of exible and semitransparent electronics. For these purposes, a deep knowledge of their electronic and optical properties is required. Besides the technological interest, numerous discoveries of fundamental physics were made with many others still to come. Recently for instance, superconductivity has been achieved in twisted bilayer graphene and high-temperature exciton condensation was observed in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures 1. The scope of this PhD is to investigate the infrared and optical properties of different two-dimensional semiconductor systems. To this end, various spectroscopic and time-resolved investigations on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers and few-layer InSe crystals will be presented. First of all, the fabrication of exfoliated samples and van derWaals heterostructures has been successfully carried out and is described in detail. With this knowledge, the exciton physics of MoSe2 monolayer was studied. In particular, the effects of adsorbed gas molecules on the monolayer surface is discussed. It has been demonstrated that these adsorbates can localize excitons at low temperatures and that laser irradiation can release the binding of the physisorbed gas molecules. These results are of fundamental interest for spectroscopic investigations as well as relevant for opto-electronic devices as for instance gas sensors. Thereafter, several experiments were carried out with the use of the infrared free-electron laser FELBE. The general idea was to investigate the response of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers in the far-infrared frequency range. An effect that was observed is a redshift of the trion induced by non-resonant infrared absorption. In fact, after the absorption of infrared radiation by free carriers, the energy and the momentum of the heated electron gas are transferred to the trion population, leading to a redshift of the trion resonance. By measuring the dynamics of this process, the cooling time of the electron-hole population and the far-infrared absorption of MoSe2 monolayer were extrapolated. The experiments conducted on few-layer InSe will be also presented in this thesis. The effects of hBN-encapsulation on the optical properties of InSe are discussed. The encapsulation in hBN does not only prevent the material from degradation, but also improves the optical quality by reducing the disorder potential in the crystal. Furthermore, the photoluminescence dynamics was investigated as a function of layer thickness and temperature. A bi-exponential decay was observed and the two contributions are attributed to the direct bandgap electron-hole transition and the defect assisted radiative recombination. Because of the direct-to-indirect bandgap crossover driven by the sample thickness, the dynamics gets slower while decreasing the number of layers. In particular, the fast component, i.e. the direct bandgap recombination, tends to disappear for thin InSe samples. Moreover, the photoluminescence lifetime decreases at high temperatures as a consequence of more effcient non-radiative recombination. Finally, heterostructures of MoSe2/WSe2 monolayer were fabricated and the rst spectroscopic results are presented. The interlayer exciton was observed and its dynamics was investigated.

The theory of orientation polarization and dielectric relaxation was developed by P. Debye more than 100 years ago. It is based on approximating a molecule by a sphere having one or more dipole moments. By that the detailed intra- and intermolecular interactions are explicitly not taken into consideration. In this article, the principal limitations of the Debye approximation are discussed. Taking advantage of the molecular specificity of the infrared (IR) spectral range, measurements of the specific IR absorption of the stretching vibration (OH) (at 3370 cm1) and the asymmetric as(CH2) (at 2862.9 cm1) are performed in dependence on the frequency and the strength of external electric fields and at varying temperature. The observed effects are interpreted as caused by orientation polarization of the OH and the adjacent CH2 moieties.

No description available.

L'hydrolyse de LiH à température ambiante et sous faible pression de vapeur d'eau (PH2O < 10 hPa) est d’abord étudiée par thermogravimétrie McBain et spectroscopie infrarouge in situ sur de faibles masses d’échantillon. Puis, afin de se rapprocher des conditions industrielles, l’hydrolyse de LiH est étudiée sur des masses plus importantes, par manométrie en système fermé (PH2O variable) et ouvert (PH2O constante) avec de l'eau lourde. Les produits de la réaction sont caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X et spectroscopie IRTF. Les premières séries d'expériences montrent que le mécanisme se déroule dans un premier temps par la croissance de la couche d’oxyde de lithium Li2O. Puis, quand la couche d’oxyde est suffisamment épaisse, la réaction d’hydrolyse se poursuit par la formation de l’hydroxyde de lithium LiOH pour finir avec la formation de l’hydroxyde de lithium monohydraté LiOH,H2O. La couche externe de Li2O/LiOH formerait une barrière protectrice à la surface de LiH. De plus, grâce à la seconde série d'expériences, il est montré pour la première fois que la réaction d'hydrolyse se déroule en deux étapes : d'abord l'eau est adsorbée à la surface de LiH puis la réaction d'hydrolyse commence. La vitesse de réaction est toutefois extrêmement faible et seule une très petite quantité de LiH est transformée. La cinétique est bien prédite par le modèle du coeur rétrécissant limitée par la diffusion à travers la couche de Li2O et/ou LiOD entourant les particules de LiH. Pour une application pratique, il est conclu que si la poudre de LiH est stockée plusieurs années sous atmosphère contrôlée ou dans un récipient étanche où la pression de vapeur d'eau est inférieure à 0,04 hPa, il n'y a pas de risque majeur de produire LiOH. / The hydrolysis of LiH at room temperature and under low water vapor pressure (PH2O < 10 hPa) is investigated by thermogravimetry and FTIR spectroscopy with low sample mass. Then, to be closer to industrial conditions, hydrolysis of LiH is studied by manometry either in closed (adjustable PH2O) or open (constant PH2O) system using larger amounts of sample and heavy water. Products of the reaction are characterized by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The first set of experiments show that the mechanism of hydrolysis starts with the formation of lithium oxide Li2O. Then, when the oxide layer is sufficiently thick, the hydrolysis reaction is followed by the formation of lithium hydroxide LiOH and afterwards with the formation of lithium hydroxide monohydrate LiOH, H2O. Besides, the Li2O/LiOH outer layer forms a protective barrier on the surface of LiH. The second set of experiments clearly highlights for the first time that the hydrolysis reaction occurs in two steps: first water is adsorbed on the LiH surface and then the hydrolysis reaction starts. The reaction rate is however extremely low and only a very small fraction of LiH is hydrolysed. The kinetic can be well predicted by the shrinking-core model limited by the diffusion through the external ash layer (Li2O and/or LiOH). For practical application, it is concluded that if the LiH powder is stored for several years under a controlled atmosphere or in a sealed container where the vapor water pressure is less than 0.04 hPa, there is no major risk of LiOH formation.

No description available.