В настоящей работе объектом исследования является магнитомягкий аморфный сплав системы Fe-Si-Nb-Cu-Mo-B из группы материалов Finemet. Образец выполнен в виде ленты толщиной 20…30 мкм методом быстрой закалки (спиннингованием). Для определения температурных интервалов фазовых и структурных превращений в исходно аморфном сплаве были использованы методы калориметрии, дилатометрии, терморентгеновского фазового анализа. При скоростях нагрева 0,3…0,5 o/сек установлен температурный диапазон существования данного сплава в нанокристаллическом состоянии. / The research object in that work is magnetically soft amorphous Fe-Si-Nb-Cu-Mo-B alloy. That and same alloy systems was named as Finemet material. The sample is an amorphous ribbon, which has thickness of 20…30 μm, it was producing by melt spinning method. The samples were studied using methods of calorimetry, dilatometry and non-ambient x-ray diffraction analysis. The alloy was heat treated. Data about thermal effects, changes in geometric dimensions, changes in the phase composition, and about critical points are obtained. Interval of nanocrystallic state existence for heating rate 0.3…0.5 o/sec was determined.

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The textile industry is one of the largest industries in the world and it causes up to 10 % of the global greenhouse gas emissions. With large environmental issues of cotton- and oil-based textiles, other options are explored such as man-made fibers producing fibers like viscose and lyocell. Renewcell is a sustaintech company within textile recycling, producing Circulose®. Circulose® is a dissolving pulp made from 100 % recycled cotton material. It can be used to produce man-made fibers such as viscose or lyocell. The viscose process uses chemical modification to make man-made fibers for the textile industry. The process has changed during the years, but the main steps remains the same and was the outline for the method used in this thesis.  The aim of the thesis was to examine the mechanical properties dry tenacity, dry elongation and dry titer and how these change for various viscose filaments made from recycled cotton textile pulp and dissolving wood pulp from softwood. Evaluating the impact that different spinning conditions had on the mechanical properties. Quality of the viscose dope and the viscose filament was analyzed with ball-fall, filterability and microscopic imaging. The purpose was to gain an understanding for the new dissolving pulp made from recycled cotton textile pulp when used to produce viscose dope and viscose filament. By varying the spinning conditions, the impact it had on the mechanical properties for viscose filaments made of recycled cotton textile pulp could be evaluated.  In this thesis, 4 different types of viscose filaments were examined: 100 % dissolving wood pulp; 100 % recycled cotton textile pulp; a blend of 50 % recycled cotton textile pulp and 50 % dissolving wood pulp; and a blend of 70 % recycled cotton textile pulp and 30 % dissolving wood pulp. The filaments were produced by preparing a viscose dope from dissolving pulp, followed by wet spinning. The result showed that good viscose dopes and viscose filaments could be produced from all pulps and blends. Similar mechanical properties was obtained for 100 % dissolving wood pulp and 100 % recycled cotton textile pulp. The tenacity and titer changed with the different blends, and the spinning conditions affected mostly the elongation. The viscose dope’s containing recycled cotton textile pulp eventually had lumps forming and a slight increase in breakage.  The conclusion of this thesis was that viscose filament of 100 % recycled cotton textile pulp and blends with recycled cotton textile pulp was successfully spun, the mechanical properties obtained was promising and showed great possibilities for improvement by altering the spinning conditions. Using a larger amount of recycled cotton textile pulp could lower some sustainability issues regarding the viscose production. Several aspects of the laboratory viscose process can be improved by further research. A focus on optimizing the viscose dope and synthetic fiber handling, analyzing the black particles, lowering lumps and breakage for the viscose containing recycled cotton textile pulp would be optimal. / Textilindustrin är idag en av de största industrierna i världen och orsakar upp till 10 % av de globala växthusgaserna. Det finns stora miljöproblem med bomull och olje-baserade textilier, därför utforskas andra alternativ som till exempel regenererade cellulosafiber som lyocell och viskos. Renewcell är ett sustaintech företag med fokus på textilåtervinning och tillverkar produkten Circulose®. Circulose® är en dissolvingmassa tillverkad av 100 % återvunnet bomullsmaterial, det kan användas för att tillverka regenererade cellulosafiber så som viskos och lyocell. Viskosprocessen använder kemiska modifieringar för att få fram regenererade cellulosafiber som sedan till exempel kan användas i textilier. Viskosprocessen har ändrats under åren men de huvudsakliga stegen kvarstår och har använts som riktlinje för metoden i denna studie.  Målet med detta arbete var att undersöka de mekaniska egenskaperna torr brottstyrka, torr maximal töjning före brott och torr vikt per längdenhet for viskosfilament, samt hur det förändras för olika viskosfilament tillverkade av återvunnen bomullstextilmassa och dissolving vedmassa av barrved. Påverkan som olika spinnförhållanden hade på de mekaniska egenskaperna analyserades. Kvaliteten på viskosdop och viskosfilament att utvärderas med kulfall, filtrerbarhet och mikroskopi. Syftet var att få en ökad förståelse för den nya dissolvingmassan tillverkad av återvunnen bomullstextil när den används för att tillverka viskosdop och viskosfilament. Genom att variera spinnförhållandena kunna utvärdera inverkan på de mekaniska egenskaperna hos viskosfilament av återvunnen bomullstextilmassa.  I detta arbete undersöktes 4 olika typer av viskosfilament, 100 % dissolving vedmassa, 100 % återvunnen bomullstextilmassa, en blandning med 50 % återvunnen bomulls textilmassa och 50 % dissolving vedmassa och en blandning med 70 % återvunnen bomullstextilmassa och 30 % dissolving vedmassa. Filament tillverkades genom framställning av viskosdop från dissolvingmassa följt av våt-spinning. Resultatet visade att bra viskosdop och viskosfilament kunde framställas utifrån alla massor och blandningar. Liknande mekaniska egenskaper uppnåddes för 100 % dissolving vedmassa och 100 % återvunnen bomullstextilmassa. Brottstyrka och vikt per längdenhet varierade för olika blandningar, variationen i spinningförhållande påverkade mestadels maximala töjningen. Mer klumpar och brott uppstod för spinning av viskosdop bestående av återvunnen bomulls textilmassa.  Slutsatsen för detta arbete var att viskosfilament av 100 % återvunnen bomulls textilmassa och blandningar innehållande återvunnen bomullstextilmassa kunde med framgång spinnas, de erhållna mekaniska egenskaperna var lovande och visade på stora förbättringsmöjligheter genom att variera spinningsförhållanden. Att använda en större mängd återvunnen bomullstextilmassa skulle kunna förbättra vissa hållbarhetsaspekter gällande viskosproduktionen. Flera aspekter av laboratorieviskosprocessen kan förbättras genom ytterligare forskning. Ett fokus på att optimera viskosdopar och syntetfiberhantering, undersöka svarta partiklar, minska klumpar och brott för viskos innehållande återvunnen bomullstextilmassa skulle vara optimalt.

It is in the nature of the human species to find solutions of complex technical problems and always strive for improvements. The development of new materials is not an exception. One of the many man-made materials is carbon fibre (CF). Its excellent mechanical properties and low density have made it attractive as the reinforcing agent in lightweight composites. However, the high price of CF originating from expensive production is currently limiting CF from wider utilisation, e.g. in the automotive sector.   The dominating raw material used in CF production is petroleum-based polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The usage of fossil-based precursors and the high price of CF explain the strong driving force of finding cheaper and renewable alternatives. Lignin and cellulose are renewable macromolecules available in high quantities. The high carbon content of lignin is an excellent property, while its structural heterogeneity yields in CF with poor mechanical properties. In contrast, cellulose has a beneficial molecular orientation, while its low carbon content gives a low processing yield and thus elevates processing costs.   This work shows that several challenges associated with CF processing of each macromolecule can be mastered by co-processing. Dry-jet wet spun precursor fibres (PFs) made of blends of softwood kraft lignin and kraft pulps were converted into CF. The corresponding CFs demonstrated significant improvement in processing yield with negligible loss in mechanical properties relative to cellulose-derived CFs. Unfractionated softwood kraft lignin and paper grade kraft pulp performed as good as more expensive retentate lignins and dissolving grade kraft pulp, which is beneficial from an economic point of view.   The stabilisation stage is considered the most time-consuming step in CF manufacturing. Here it was shown that the PFs could be oxidatively stabilised in less than 2 h or instantly carbonised without any fibre fusion, suggesting a time-efficient processing route. It was demonstrated that PF impregnation with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate significantly improves the yield but at the expense of mechanical properties.   A reduction in fibre diameter was beneficial for the mechanical properties of the CFs made from unfractionated softwood kraft lignin and paper grade kraft pulp. Short oxidative stabilisation (&lt;2 h) of thin PFs ultimately provided CFs with tensile modulus and strength of 76 GPa and 1070 MPa, respectively. Considering the high yield (39 wt%), short stabilisation time and promising mechanical properties, the concept of preparing CF from lignin:cellulose blends is a very promising route. / Det ligger i människans natur att hitta lösningar på komplexa tekniska problem, samt att alltid sträva efter förbättringar. Utvecklingen av nya material är inget undantag. Ett av flera material utvecklade av människan är kolfiber. Dess utmärkta mekaniska egenskaper samt låga densitet har gjort det attraktivt som förstärkningsmaterial i lättviktskompositer. Det höga priset på kolfiber, vilket härstammar ur en kostsam framställningsprocess, har förhindrat en mer utbredd användning i exempelvis bilindustrin.   Det dominerande råmaterialet för kolfiberframställning är petroleumbaserad polyacrylonitril (PAN). Användandet av fossila råvaror och det höga priset på kolfiber förklarar den starka drivkraften att hitta billigare och förnyelsebara alternativ. Lignin och cellulosa är förnyelsebara makromolekyler som finns tillgängliga i stora kvantiteter. Det höga kolinnehållet i lignin gör det mycket attraktivt som råvara för kolfiberframställning, men dess heterogena struktur ger en kolfiber med otillräckliga mekaniska egenskaper. Däremot har cellulosa en molekylär orientering som är önskvärd vid framställning av kolfiber, men dess låga kolinehåll ger ett lågt processutbyte som i sin tur bidrar till höga produktionskostnader.             Det här arbetet visar att många av de problem som uppstår med kolfiber från respektive råvara kan kringgås genom att utgå från blandningar av desamma. Prekursorfibrer från blandningar av kraftlignin och kraftmassa från barrved tillverkade med luftgapsspinning konverterades till kolfiber. Utbytet för kolfibrerna som framställdes var mycket högre än vid framställning från endast cellulosa. Ofraktionerat barrvedslignin och kraftmassa av papperskvalitet presterade lika bra som de dyrare retentatligninen och dissolvingmassan, vilket är fördelaktigt ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv.   Stabilisering är det mest tidskrävande processteget i kolfibertillverkning. I det här arbetet visades det att prekursorfibrerna kunde stabiliseras på kortare än två timmar, eller direktkarboniseras utan någon sammansmältning av fibrerna. Detta indikerar att en tidseffektiv produktion kan vara möjligt. Impregnering av prekursorfibrerna med ammoniumdivätefosfat ökade utbytet avsevärt, men med lägre mekaniska egenskaper som bieffekt.           Kolfibrernas mekaniska egenskaper ökade vid en diameterreduktion. En kort oxidativ stabilisering under två timmar i kombination med tunna prekursorfibrer gav kolfiber med en elasticitetsmodul på 76 GPa och dragstyrka på 1070 MPa. Att göra kolfiber från blandningar av lignin och cellulosa är ett lovande koncept om det höga utbytet (39%), den korta stabiliseringstiden samt de lovande mekaniska egenskaperna tas i beaktande. / <p>QC 20190226</p>

<p dir="ltr">Several industrial and commercial bulk material management applications rely on accurate, current stockpile volume estimation. Proximal imaging and LiDAR sensing modalities can be used to derive stockpile volume estimates in outdoor and indoor storage facilities. Among available imaging and LiDAR sensing modalities, the latter is more advantageous for indoor storage facilities due to its ability to capture scans under poor lighting conditions. Evaluating volumes from such sensing modalities requires the pose (i.e., position and orientation) parameters of the used sensors relative to a common reference frame. For outdoor facilities, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) combined with an Inertial Navigation System (INS) can be used to derive the sensors’ pose relative to a global reference frame. For indoor facilities, GNSS signal outages will not allow for such capability. Prior research has developed strategies for establishing the sensor position and orientation for stockpile volume estimation while relying on multi-beam spinning LiDAR units. These approaches are feasible due to the large range and Field of View (FOV) of such systems that can capture the internal surfaces of barn and dome storage facilities.</p><p dir="ltr">The mechanical movement of multi-beam spinning LiDAR units together with the harsh conditions within indoor facilities (e.g., excessive humidity, dust, and corrosive environment in deicing salt storage facilities) limit the use of such systems. With the increasing availability of solid-state LiDAR units, there is an interest in exploring their potential for stockpile volume estimation. In spite of their higher robustness to harsh conditions, solid-state LiDAR units have shorter distance measurement range and limited FOV when compared with multi-beam spinning LiDAR. This research presents a strategy for the extrinsic calibration (i.e., estimating the relative pose parameters) of installed solid-state LiDAR units inside stockpile storage facilities. The extrinsic calibration is made possible using deployed spherical targets and a complete, reference scan of the facility from another LiDAR sensing modality. The proposed research introduces strategies for: 1) automated extraction of the spherical targets; 2) automated matching of these targets in the solid-state LiDAR and reference scans using invariant relationships among them; and 3) coarse-to-fine estimation of the calibration parameters. Experimental results in several facilities have shown the feasibility of using the proposed methodology to conduct the extrinsic calibration and volume evaluation with an error percentage less than 3.5% even with occlusion percentages reaching up to 50%.</p>

Ce travail de recherche porte sur les symboliques de pouvoirs magiques liées à la production du textile en Scandinavie médiévale durant l’âge viking, en particulier sur la quenouille, emblème de la vie quotidienne des femmes vikings. L’analyse établit qu’elle était porteuse d’une pluralité de métaphores magiques et mythiques et était rattachée à une multitude d’objets, de personnages et de créatures de la mythologie scandinave. Cette étude est fondée sur les découvertes archéologiques ainsi que les descriptions textuelles de pratiques cultuelles magiques vikings, et démontre que la quenouille était non seulement perçue comme un outil typiquement féminin au cœur de la production du textile, mais aussi comme un objet fantastique qui permettait de pratiquer la magie. Ces attributs surnaturels jouaient un rôle décisif dans l’expression de l’autonomie et du pouvoir social féminin dans la société scandinave, qui était alors presqu’uniquement centrée sur le masculin. L’indépendance et les privilèges de ces femmes s’articulaient principalement à travers une conception du monde foncièrement issue du polythéisme scandinave, dont le motif le plus important semble avoir été la quenouille. L’hégémonie chrétienne cause la disparition lente de cette base mythologique, et donc des connotations surnaturelles de la quenouille, entraînant avec elles le pouvoir et l’influence sociale des femmes. / This research concerns the symbols of magical powers linked to the production of textiles in medieval Scandinavia during the Viking Age as expressed through the distaff, emblem of the daily life of Viking women. The analysis establishes that distaffs represented a variety of magical and mythical metaphors, and were also associated to multiple objects, characters and creatures in Scandinavian mythology. This study is based on archaeological discoveries and textual descriptions of viking magical cult practices and demonstrates how the distaff was perceived not only as the heart of ancient textile production, but also as a fantastical and characteristically feminine object that could achieve a variety of magical acts. These supernatural attributes played a decisive role in the determination and the expression of female autonomy and power in the male-centric Viking society. The independence and privileges of these women hinged on the Nordic mythological world, and its main motif seems to have been the distaff. With the spread of Christianity in the Scandinavian world, this polytheistic understanding of the world slowly disappeared, alongside the magical connotation of the distaff, and with it, the social power and influence of women.

In dieser Arbeit wird der Ansatz der Weltlinienquantenfeldtheorie (WQFT) zur Berechnung von Observablen des klassischen allgemeinen relativistischen Zweikörpersystems vorgestellt. Kompakte Körper wie Schwarze Löcher oder Neutronensterne werden im Rahmen einer effektiven Feldtheorie mit Weltlinienfeldern beschrieben. Die WQFT behandelt alle Weltlinienfelder gleichberechtigt mit dem Gravitationsfeld und ist definiert als die tree-level-Beiträge eines Pfadintegrals auf diesen Feldern. Zuerst wird die effektive feldtheoretische Beschreibung von kompakten Körpern mit Weltlinien und die post-Minkowski'schen Approximation der Streuung dieser Körpern vorgestellt. Die Einbeziehung des Spins wird mit besonderem Augenmerk auf ihre supersymmetrische Beschreibung in Form von antikommutierenden Grassmann-Variablen analysiert. Anschließend wird die WQFT mit einer Diskussion ihrer in-in Schwinger-Keldysh-Formulierung, ihrer Feynman-Regeln und Graphengenerierung sowie ihrer on-shell Einpunktfunktionen vorgestellt. Die Berechnung von Streuobservablen erfordert im Allgemeinen die Auswertung von Multi-Loop-Integralen, und wir analysieren die Zwei-Loop-Integrale, die in der dritten post-Minkowski'schen Ordnung der Weltlinienobservablen auftreten. Schließlich wenden wir uns den Ergebnissen der WQFT zu und beginnen mit der gravitativen Bremsstrahlung bei der Streuung zweier rotierender Körper. Diese Wellenform wird zusammen mit der Strahlungsinformation der Linear- und Drehimpulsflüsse diskutiert. Der gesamte abgestrahlte Drehimpuls führender post-Minkowski'schen Ordnung wird abgeleitet. Wir präsentieren dann die Ergebnisse des konservativen und strahlenden Impulses und des Spin-Kicks bei dritter post-Minkowski'scher Ordnung und quadratischer Ordnung in Spins zusammen mit der Abbildung der ungebundenen Ergebnisse auf einen konservativen (gebundenen) Hamiltonian bei der entsprechenden perturbativen Ordnung. / In this work the worldline quantum field theory (WQFT) approach to computing observables of the classical general relativistic two-body system is presented. Compact bodies such as black holes or neutron stars are described in an effective field theory by worldline fields with spin degrees of freedom efficiently described by anti-commuting Grassmann variables. Novel results of the WQFT include the gravitational bremsstrahlung at second post-Minkowskian order and the impulse and spin kick at third post-Minkowskian order all at quadratic order in spins. Next, the WQFT is presented with a comprehensive discussion of its in-in Schwinger-Keldysh formulation, its Feynman rules and graph generation and its on-shell one-point functions which are directly related to the scattering observables of unbound motion. Here, we present the second post-Minkowskian quadratic-in-spin contributions to its free energy from which the impulse and spin kick may be derived to the corresponding order. The computation of scattering observables requires the evaluation of multi-loop integrals and for the computation of observables at the third post-Minkowskian order we analyze the required two-loop integrals. Our discussion uses retarded propagators which impose causal boundary conditions of the observables. Finally we turn to results of the WQFT starting with the gravitational bremsstrahlung of the scattering of two spinning bodies. This waveform is discussed together with its radiative information of linear and angular momentum fluxes. Lastly we present the conservative and radiative impulse and spin kick at third post-Minkowskian order and quadratic order in spins together with the a conservative Hamiltonian at the corresponding perturbative order. The results obey a generalized Bini-Damour radiation-reaction relation and their conservative parts can be parametrized in terms of a single scalar.

Twist plays an important role in textile technology, particularly in the production of staple yarn structures. Due to the higher yarn quality and flexibility of the process, most short staple fiber yarns are produced in the ring spinning process in comparison to other high-speed spinning processes, such as rotor or air jet spinning. To impart twist in the yarn, the ring/traveler system, rotor and air jet nozzle are used in the ring, rotor and air jet spinning processes respectively. However, the productivity of the ring spinning process is limited significantly due to the frictional heat generated between the ring and traveler, especially at higher angular spindle speeds, which is crucial for the spinning of man-made fibers. This paper aims to describe the recent developments and solutions for increasing productivity in the ring spinning process in a systemic way. To reduce the friction, different topologies and surface modifications in the ring/traveler system were made to increase the angular spindle speed of maximum 23,000 rpm. To eliminate the friction, the twisting element was made of an air bearing or magnetically elevated rings were developed by replacing the ring/traveler system completely, thus permitting a higher angular spindle speed of up to 50,000 rpm. Further approaches deal with cap, loop and nova spinning or Nu-Torque technology to reduce yarn tension or residual torque in the yarn, respectively. The results of the presented work reveal the potential of different developments, especially in the field of twisting system, so that the productivity of ring spinning can be increased drastically.

This research uses the ‘demand-side thesis’ to examine the decline of the Dundee jute industry. In particular, it examines the effect of international competition and the strategic response of the industry during the inter-war (1919-1939) and the post-war (1945-1960s) period to counter this challenge. The strategic response is studied by examining strategies employed at the firm and the industry level. Strategy at the firm level is studied in the form of capability development using the capabilities approach. The thesis also makes an attempt to redress the issue of determinism in the capabilities approach which suggests that the pattern of capability development is governed by path-dependency. By drawing on the techniques employed in the history literature, this research identifies strategic options that were being considered by firms at the time of capability development and examine why certain alternatives were not pursued. This will bring to light aspects other then those associated with path-dependency that played a role in the pattern of capability development. The capabilities developed by firms during the two periods are compared and contrasted in order to understand the pattern over this period. These findings are juxtaposed with the British cotton textile industry, a related sector, to examine the effectiveness of the demand-side thesis in explaining the decline of the jute industry in particular and the textile industry in general. This thesis makes contribution to three areas of literature: First, the thesis helps to further develop the demand-side framework by introducing a new case (Dundee jute industry) and developing a better understanding of strategic response within the jute and textile industry in general. Second, this thesis contributes to the theoretical development of capabilities approach in two specific areas: a) it helps to address the issue of determinism inherent in the capabilities approach through the notion of path-dependency. This was done by also examining the strategic options that were available to firms while developing their capabilities and underlining the reasons for not pursuing them. b) the analysis sheds new light on the nature of branching of capabilities in an industry over a long period. Third, this research makes significant contribution to the existing literature on the business history of the Dundee jute industry, which is sparse. The contributions can be categorised into four key aspects which have not been examined in the current literature: a) period (inter-war and post-war), b) issue (systematic examination of the Dundee jute industry’s decline, strategic response and role of collective strategies), c) method (detailed study of individual firm’s strategies), and d) cross comparison of industry’s experience with related sectors (for example, the cotton industry). Focusing on these issues has helped to throw new light on the challenges, especially technological, facing the industry in developing its strategic response.