Pisolithus is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal genus that exists in native and plantation forests worldwide. Despite many aspects of the genus having been studied over the years, there is limited knowledge of the genetic population structure of Pisolithus spp. The major aim of this study was to begin to elucidate the genetic structure of populations of Pisolithus native to the eastern states of Australia. Initially, the number of species represented in the University of Western Sydney Pisolithus culture collection was investigated using ITS-RFLP and previously developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. From these analyses, two clear groupings emerged with the RFLP groups corresponding to the SSR groups identified. To study genetic population structure, appropriate markers were required and SSR markers were considered to be most suited to this end. The developed SSR markers were successfully used to amplify P. microcarpus and P. albus DNA from ECM root tips and soil samples. Therefore, these markers will be a useful tool for future investigations into the population structure of above and below-ground structures of P. microcarpus and P. albus populations. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars with genetic reduction in seed phytate concentration will be a valuable resource to livestock producers both nutritionally and economically, as well as in the preservation of the environment. However, due to association with reduced seed germination and field emergence potential, low phytate (LP) soybean cultivars are not being advanced to commercialization. Soybean breeders of LP lines must adjust their techniques and resources in order to efficiently select LP germplasm. Reduced seed germination and field emergence potential associated with LP germplasm eliminates many individuals with the desired LP trait during early generation population development, making improvement of agronomic performance among LP lines difficult. Thus, development of resources for improved phenotyping, genotyping, and early generation population development will facilitate the commercialization of LP cultivars. Discovery of variation for field emergence potential among F2-derived LP families suggests the potential for using a pedigree method for early generation population development in LP germplasm, as it preserves diversity and allows selection for improved field emergence. Integration of markers into a pedigree method will be useful to breeder. An example is BARCSOYSSR_11_1495 with 90-93% selection efficiency in various V99-5089-derived populations. Another resource for improved LP selection is a time-efficient, high-throughput modified iron (Fe) colorimetric phytate assay that does not suffer from inorganic phosphorus (P) concentration interference. Together these tools will provide breeders more accurate selection of LP lines. / Master of Science

Les oliviers cultivés et leurs parents sauvages (oléastres), représentent deux variétés botaniques de l'espèce Olea europaea, subsp. var. europaea et var. sylvestris, respectivement. Selon des études génétiques et archéobotaniques antérieures, l'existence de populations d'oléastres dans l'est et l'ouest du bassin méditerranéen remonte à avant le néolithique. La domestication de l'olivier aurait eu lieu au moins dans ces deux zones. Néanmoins, la lignée maternelle qui caractérise les oléastres de l'est de la Méditerranée est majoritaire au sein des variétés méditerranéennes. Une telle signature génétique est probablement le résultat de migrations humaines essentiellement d'est en ouest. En dépit de ces travaux, les origines et les processus de diversification à l'ouest de la méditerranée demeurent méconnus. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les origines et les processus de diversification chez l'olivier à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Deux hypothèses sont formulées: (i) une co-existence entre variétés sélectionnées localement et variétés introduites à partir de l'est de la Méditerranée et maintenues par clonage, (ii) une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par les populations locales à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Dans une première partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification par une analyse des pratiques paysannes à une échelle localisée et dans une zone d'extrême diffusion : le Maroc. Il s'agissait de comprendre comment les paysans traitent la diversité variétale dans un contexte fortement impacté par une seule et même variété, la ‘Picholine marocaine'. Sur la base d'enquêtes semi-dirigées menées auprès des paysans dans les agro-écosystèmes traditionnels et selon une approche d'ethnobiologie, nous avons mis en évidence l'importance des logiques de classifications locales (usage, origine, âge, conservation de l'huile, méthode de propagation…) dans le traitement, le maintien et la gestion de la diversité variétale. Nos résultats montrent la présence d'un système de dénomination basée sur des catégories englobantes où les types d'oliviers sont regroupés sous des noms génériques en fonction des critères socioculturels et techniques plutôt que sur des critères morphologiques. Nous avons montré que ces catégories sont définies par des contours permissifs permettant aux types d'oliviers d'être classées dans plusieurs catégories. Nous soutenons l'hypothèse que ce système de classification permet de maintenir la diversité et est une force motrice pour la diversification variétale dans ces agro-écosystèmes caractérisés par une faible diversité d'oliviers. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification variétale par une approche basée sur la phylogéographie à l'échelle de la Méditerranée. Les analyses génétiques des variétés méditerranéennes d'olivier basées sur l'utilisation des marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires et chloroplastiques selon une approche bayésienne montrent une structure génétique est-ouest. La plupart des variétés de l'ouest de la méditerranée ont une lignée maternelle de l'est mais un génome nucléaire proche du "pool" génétique de l'ouest de la Méditerranée, ce qui indique une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par le "pool" génétique ouest et suggère que la sélection des oliviers à partir du semis n'a pas cessé aux premières étapes de domestication. Nos analyses sur les pratiques paysannes montrant que l'oléastre issu de semis fait partie intégrante de l'agro-écosystème et fait l'objet de sélection et d'usage (greffage sur oléastre, utilisation de l'huile de l'oléastre), ce qui plaide en faveur de l'hypothèse de l'introgression. En adoptant l'approche ABC (Approximative Bayesianne Computation), nous montrons que le scénario basé sur l'introgression des oliviers de l'est par les oléastres de l'ouest est le plus probable avec une introgression. / Olive cultivars and their wild relatives (also named oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea, respectively var. europaea and var. sylvestris. Archaeobotanical and genetic studies showed the occurrence of Oleasters populations in east and west Mediterranean areas before the Neolithic. The domestication of the olive tree has taken place at least in these two areas. However, the maternal lineage that characterizes the eastern Mediterranean oleasters predominates among Mediterranean olive varieties. Such genetic signature is probably the result of human migrations mainly from east to west. Nevertheless, the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean remain unknown. The objective of this thesis is to study the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean areas. Two assumptions are formulated: (i) a co-existence between locally selected and introduced olive varieties from the eastern Mediterranean and maintained by cloning, (ii) a selection from the eastern olive varieties and their introgression by local populations of the western Mediterranean pool. Firstly, we examined the process of olive diversification through analysis of farming practices on a localized scale and in an area of extreme diffusion, in Morocco. Our aim is to understand how farmers treat the olive varietal diversity in a highly impacted context by a single variety, the ‘Picholine marocaine'. Based on semi-structured surveys conducted with farmers in traditional agro-ecosystems and using an approach of ethnobiology, we highlighted the importance of local classification logic (use, origin, age, conservation oil, propagation methods ...) in the treatment, maintenance and management of the varietal diversity. Our results show the presence of a naming system based on inclusive categories which olives types are grouped under generic names based on cultural and technical criteria rather than morphological criteria. We have shown that these categories are defined by permissive contours allowing the olive types to be classified in several categories. We support the hypothesis that this classification system helps to maintain diversity and is a driving force for varietal diversification in these agro-ecosystems characterized by a low diversity of olive trees. Secondly, we examined the varietal olive diversification process by an approach based on a phylogeographic study at a Mediterranean scale. Genetic analyses of Mediterranean olive varieties based on the nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites markers and a Bayesian approach show an east-west genetic structure. Most of western olive varieties have a maternal lineage of the oleasters Mediterranean east, but a nuclear genome close to the gene pool of western Mediterranean, indicating a selection from the eastern forms that were introgressed by the western Mediterranean gene pool and suggests that selection from seedling has not ceased in the early stages of domestication. Our analyzes on the farmers' practices show that oleasters from seedling is an integral part of the agroecosystem and are subject to selection and use (grafting, use of oil oleasters), which argues in favor of the introgression hypothesis. By adopting the ABC approach (Approximate Computation Bayesianne), we show that the scenario based on the introgression of olive varieties of the east by the western oleasters is the most likely scenario. We enrich the knowledge about the domestication process in the western Mediterranean by crossing analysis of farmers' practices and phylogeographic study of olive trees in the Mediterranean basin. Results were discussed with respect to ex-situ versus in-situ conservation and with the questions raised by the evolution of plant diversity involving clonal and sexual propagation.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T16:20:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Romero de Lima Sousa.pdf: 670144 bytes, checksum: d35f2bc03e9baddbb24bad3b4dfd477e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T16:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Romero de Lima Sousa.pdf: 670144 bytes, checksum: d35f2bc03e9baddbb24bad3b4dfd477e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The Brazilian Northeast is the center of origin of cotton Gossypium mustelinum (Miers) Watt. This cotton has not been improved or exploited commercially, but there is evidence of their introgression into the genome of varieties of upland cotton G. hirsutum L. variety marie galante Hutch. When considering the loss of variability can be said that G. mustelinum, G. barbadense L. and G. hirsutum L. var. marie galante Hutch of extinction are very high, high and medium, respectively, requiring immediate efforts for their preservation. This study aims to determine whether there is competition between pollen G. mustelinum and herbaceous in relation to fertilization of wild species, as well as whether there are differences of competition in different proportions of pollen of these species. For both crossings were performed between the two species used the G. mustelinum mother as having been fertilized by pollen from: i) mixture of 50% G. mustelinum and 50% herbaceous ii) a mixture of 75% herbaceous and 25% G. mustelinum iii) a mixture of 25% herbaceous and 75% G. mustelinum iv) herbaceous v) G. mustelinum. The latter two were used as controls to determine the expression pattern of alleles in polyacrylamide gels and validate the crosses with mixed pollen. We obtained seeds from each cross. The molecular analysis determined the proportion of seeds from crosses inter-and intra-specific by genotyping with SSR markers of the type. The frequency of offspring in each proportion of pollen used in crosses were compared using statistical test, chi-square (x²), with expected frequencies of 50% of hybrid seeds and 50% of seeds derived from selfing, 75% of seeds hybrid and 25% of the seeds of self-fertilization, 25% seed and 75% hybrid seed selfing. Were pollinated between 10:42 Flowers in the crosses with mixed pollen. The average number of seeds obtained ranged between nine and 11. Comparing these values with the average number of seeds from the intersection with 100% of pollen of the respective species, it was found that there was little variation. There were no differences in fertility or crossability between the genotypes of G. mustelinum. The only male parent in crosses that did not get the seeds was C27, and this was possibly caused by physiological conditions unfavorable. Through the data can be seen that the higher the percentage of pollen from G. hirsutum, the greater tendency of hybrids between two species. Therefore the higher the percentage of pollen from G. mustelinum, the lower the amount of hybrids. After analyzing the results, the chi-square (x²), a 1% probability it was established that there was competition between pollen from wild species and cultivated at all levels studied. / O Nordeste brasileiro é o centro de origem do algodão Gossypium mustelinum (Miers) Watt. Esta espécie ainda não foi melhorado ou explorado comercialmente, entretanto há evidências de sua introgressão no genoma das variedades de algodoeiro herbáceo G. hirsutum L. variedade marie galante Hutch. Ao considerar a perda de variabilidade pode-se afirmar que G. mustelinum, G. barbadense L. e G. hirsutum L. variedade marie galante Hutch estão com risco de extinção muito alto, alto e médio, respectivamente, necessitando de esforços imediatos para sua preservação. Este trabalho tem por finalidade verificar se há competição de pólen entre G. mustelinum e herbáceo em relação à fertilização da espécie silvestre, bem como se há diferença de competição em diferentes proporções de polens das referidas espécies. Para tanto, foram realizados cruzamentos entre as duas espécies, utilizado o G. mustelinum como genitor feminino tendo sido fecundado por pólen de: i) mistura de 50% herbáceo e 50% de G. mustelinum; ii) mistura de 75% herbáceo e 25% de G. mustelinum; iii) mistura de 25% herbáceo e 75% de G. mustelinum; iv) herbáceo e v) G. mustelinum. Estes dois últimos foram utilizados como controle para saber o padrão da expressão dos alelos nos géis de poliacrilamida e validar os cruzamentos com misturas de pólen. Foram obtidas sementes provenientes de cada cruzamento. Na análise molecular foi determinada a proporção de sementes provenientes de cruzamentos inter e intraespecíficos por meio da genotipagem com marcadores do tipo SSR. A frequência de descendentes em cada proporção de pólen usada no cruzamento foi comparada por meio de teste estatístico do qui-quadrado (x²), com frequência esperada de: 50% de sementes híbridas e 50% de sementes oriundas de autofecundação; 75% de sementes hibridas e 25% de sementes de autofecundação; 25% de sementes hibridas e 75% de sementes de autofecundação. Foram polinizadas entre dez e 42 flores nos cruzamentos com mistura de pólen. O número médio de sementes obtidas variou entre nove e 11. Comparando-se tais valores com o número médio de sementes provenientes do cruzamento com 100% de pólen das respectivas espécies, verificou-se que houve pouca variação. Não foi verificada diferenças de fertilidade ou de cruzabilidade entre os genótipos de G. mustelinum. Os únicos genitores masculinos nos cruzamentos que não obtiveram sementes foram o C27 e Mac 01, fato este ocasionado possivelmente por condições fisiológicas desfavoráveis. Por intermédio dos dados pode-se constatar que quanto maior a porcentagem de pólen de G. hirsutum, maior tendência de híbridos entre as duas espécies. Consequentemente, quanto maior a porcentagem de pólen de G. mustelinum, menor a quantidade de híbridos. Após análise dos resultados obtidos pelo teste de qui-quadrado (x²), a 1% de probabilidade, foi possível constatar que houve competição entre pólen da espécie silvestre e cultivada em todos os níveis estudados.

<p>Poznavanje genetičke divergentnosti predstavlja osnovni preduslov uspe&scaron;nog oplemenjivačkog programa. Pored poznavanja genetičke divergentnosti, u proizvodnji hibrida &scaron;ećerne repe je od izuzetne važnosti i poznavanje kombinacionih sposobnosti oplemenjivačkog materijala. Svako ukr&scaron;tanje inbred linija nema uvek za posledicu pojavu heterozisa, pa je stoga neophodno ispitati op&scaron;te i posebne kombinacione sposobnosti onih linija koje se planiraju koristiti kao roditeljske komponente hibrida. U ovom istraživanju ispitivane su kombinacione sposobnosti multigermnih opra&scaron;ivača, razvijenih u okviru četiri različita oplemenjivačka programa: programa oplemenjivanja &scaron;ećerne repe Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, i tri programa oplemenjivanja &scaron;ećerne repe istraživačkih stanica Ministarstva poljoprivrede SAD (Michigan, Salinas i Fort Collins). Opra&scaron;ivači su se razlikovali u stepenu homozigotnosti u zavisnosti od prisustva gena autofertilnosti, odnosno autosterilnosti. Kao testeri kori&scaron;ćene su dve citoplazmatski sterilne linije Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Pored određivanja genetičke divergentnosti i kombinacionih sposobnosti cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje vrednosti kvantitativnih svojstava za najvažnija svojstva korena: masu korena, sadržaj &scaron;ećera, sadržaj suve materije, masu glave korena, obim korena, procenat iskori&scaron;ćenja, prinos kristalnog &scaron;ećera i na osnovu njih određivanje genetičke divergentnosti ispitivanih opra&scaron;ivača. Takođe na osnovu dobijenih vrednosti određen je efekat gena i način nasleđivanja za ispitivana kvantitativna svojstva.Opra&scaron;ivač FC220 se izdvojio kao potencijalno stabilan kombinator u<br />iii<br />obe godine istraživanja, beležeći pozitivne vrednosti op&scaron;tih kombinacionih sposobnosti za sva ispitivana svojstva. Sa druge strane opra&scaron;ivač EL53 je u obe godine istraživanja beležio negativne vrednosti op&scaron;tih kombinacionih sposobnosti za sva ispitivana svojstva. U pogledu načina nasleđivanja mase korena, obima korena i prinosa kristalnog &scaron;ećera superiornost su pokazali autofertilni polinatori u odnosu na populacije slobodne oplodnje. Veći stepen homozigotnosti i uniformnost F1 generacije doveli su do ispoljavanja efekta heterozisa kod hibridnih kombinacija gde su roditelji bili autofertilni polinatori. Na osnovu načina grupisanja multigermnih opra&scaron;ivača u zbirnom klasteru, potvrđena je negativna korelacija između mase korena i sadržaja &scaron;ećera. U okviru jedne grupe su se na&scaron;li opra&scaron;ivači sa velikom masom korena i nižim sadržajem &scaron;ećera, a u drugoj grupi sa malom masom korena i vi&scaron;im sadržajem &scaron;ećera. Analizom međusobnih odnosa multigermnih opra&scaron;ivača &scaron;ećerne repe pomoću SSR markera konstruisan je dendrogram u kome su opra&scaron;ivači podeljeni u četiri grupe, shodno centrima porekla iz kojih su dobijeni. Između genetičke udaljenosti određene pomoću podataka dobijenih SSR markerima i posebnih kombinacionih sposobnosti nisu ustanovljene korelacije.<br />Datum prihvatanja</p> / <p>Information about genetic diversity is basic requirement of every successful breeding program. Beside information about genetic diversity for development of sugar beet hybrids it is very important to know combining abilities of breeding material. Since not all crosses result with appearance of heterosis, it is necessary to test general and specific combining abilities of potential parental lines. In this research were used multigerm pollinators from four different breeding programs: sugar beet breeding program of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, and three programs from different breeding station of the US Department of Agriculture (Michigan, Salinas and Fort Collins). Pollinators differed in the degree of homozygosity, depending on the presence of genes for autofertility or sterility. Testers used in this work were two cytoplasmic sterile lines of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. In addition to determining the genetic diversity and combining ability, objective of this study was to determine values of quantitative traits for sugar beet root traits: root weight, sugar content, dry matter content, root head weight, root circumference, extractable sugar content, crystal sugar yield and from them a genetic diversity of pollinators. Also on the basis of the obtained values it was determined gene effect and mode of inheritance of studied<br />vi<br />quantitative traits. Pollinator FC220 segregated as a potentially stable combiner, in both years, having positive values of general combining abilities for all traits. On the other hand pollinator EL53 in both years had negative values of general combining abilities for all traits. In terms of the mode of inheritance for root weight, root circumference and crystal sugar yield self-fertile pollinators showed superiority comparing to the population of open pollination. A higher level of homozygosity and uniformity of the F1 generation resulted in the expression of heterosis in hybrid combinations where the parents were self-fertile pollinators. Multigerm pollinators in aggregate cluster confirmed the negative correlation between root weight and sugar content. In one group were found pollinators with a large root mass and lower sugar content, while in the second group were pollinators with a small root mass and higher sugar content. Cluster analysis of multigerm sugar beet pollinators using SSR markers resulted in construction of dendrogram in which pollinators were divided into four groups, according to the centers of origin from which they were obtained. There was no correlation between genetic distance calculated from the data obtained by SSR markers and specific combining ability.</p>

Scald disease (Rhynchosporium secalis) is one of the major plant diseases causing considerable yield loss in barley (Hordeum vulgare) plantations in Turkey. To develop, scald resistant barley varieties, C.R.I.F.C. of Turkey has a large accumulated collection of barley seed sources in hand, but these samples are difficult to be followed and used in the breeding programs due to lack of genetic studies on them. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize and fingerprint of eighty barley seed sources, and assess the magnitude and pattern of genetic diversity that could be used to have more efficient scald disease resistant breeding programs in the future. Forty scald disease resistant and 40 scald sensitive Turkish barley seed sources were screened using 6 simple sequence repeats (SSR) primers. Each of barley seed source were represented with four seeds, assuming they are genetically uniform since barley is a self-pollinated crop. Estimated genetic parameters indicated that scald disease resistant and sensitive barley seed sources still maintain large amount of genetic diversity. For example, expected heterozygosity was 0.62&plusmn / 0.01 and 0.64&plusmn / 0.01 for resistant and sensitive Turkish barley seed sources, respectively. Thirty-nine percent of total genetic variation was between populations for resistant and 46% for sensitive group, while 61% of total variation was within populations for resistant group and 54% for sensitive group. When overall Turkish barley seed sources were considered, genetic distances between scald sensitive seed source S18 and resistant R1 as well as between sensitive S28 and resistant R1 were large. Scald resistant and sensitive barley seed sources were generally located in different clusters in dendrogram. The presence of R25, R39 and S16 barley seed sources with high genetic diversity parameters among studied seed sources, suggests that this diversity could be important drive in future barley breeding program in Turkey. However, further study is needed to illustrate genetic divergence of Turkish barley seed sources with use of more molecular markers.

Orientador: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes / Resumo: O objetivo principal do trabalho foi o de quantificar a variabilidade genética em progênies de seringueira fundamentando-se na avaliação de caracteres quantitativos e na caracterização molecular do tipo microssatélites (SSR). A primeira população do estudo é originária da floresta primária de Rio Branco- Acre (população selvagem-PS), e a outra, trata-se de uma população, originada de matrizes clonais (população melhorada-PM). Encontram-se instaladas na forma de teste de progênies na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP (FEPE), localizada em Selvíria, MS. Para as duas populações foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres silviculturais de crescimento, altura (ALT), altura comercial (AC), diâmetro médio de copa (DMC), forma do fuste (FOR), perímetro do caule (PAP e P50) e produção de borracha seca (PBS), aos oito (PM) e 23 (PS) anos de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, compostos por 31 famílias, quatro repetições e parcelas lineares de 10 plantas, no espaçamento de 3 x 3 m (PM). Para PS o delineamento experimental foi de blocos causalizados com 37 famílias distribuídas em três repetições, de forma desbalanceada com no máximo 10 plantas por progênies no espaçamento de 5 x 3 m (PS). As estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos foram feitas utilizando-se a metodologia de modelo linear misto univariado aditivo REML/BLUP e ganhos na seleção pelo método índice multiefeitos (IME). O DNA genômico foi e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main objective of this work is to quantify the genetic variability in progenies of rubber tree, based on the quantitative characterization and the molecular characterization of the microsatellite type (SSR). The first population of the study originated in the primary forest of Rio Branco-Acre (wild population-PS), and the other population is a population originated from clonal matrices (improved population-PM). They are installed as progeny tests at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm, That belongs to Engeneering College of the Julio Mesquita Filho State University of São Paulo, In Selvira, State of South Mato Grosso Brazil. For the two populations, the following silvicultural characteristics of growth, height (ALT), commercial height (AC), average crown diameter (DMC), stem shape (FOR), stem perimeter (PAP and P50) and dry rubber yield (PBS) at eight (PM) and 23 (PS) years old. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, composed of 31 families, four replications and linear plots of 10 plants, spaced 3 x 3 m (MP). For PS the experimental design was of causalized blocks with 37 families distributed in three replications, unbalanced with a maximum of 10 plants per progeny in the spacing of 5 x 3 m (PS). Estimates of the genetic parameters were made using the mixed linear univariate model (REML / BLUP) methodology and gains in selection by multi-effects index (MEI). Genomic DNA was extracted, quantified and genotyped for the two study populations. The anal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Cecília Luzia Dourado (douradocl.cl@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T14:32:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cecília_Dourado_Tese_final.pdf: 2809054 bytes, checksum: 3b7bae6fc7d04f1ab484508fc4a7496d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T18:22:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dourado_cl_dr_ilha.pdf: 2809054 bytes, checksum: 3b7bae6fc7d04f1ab484508fc4a7496d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T18:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dourado_cl_dr_ilha.pdf: 2809054 bytes, checksum: 3b7bae6fc7d04f1ab484508fc4a7496d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo principal do trabalho foi o de quantificar a variabilidade genética em progênies de seringueira fundamentando-se na avaliação de caracteres quantitativos e na caracterização molecular do tipo microssatélites (SSR). A primeira população do estudo é originária da floresta primária de Rio Branco- Acre (população selvagem-PS), e a outra, trata-se de uma população, originada de matrizes clonais (população melhorada-PM). Encontram-se instaladas na forma de teste de progênies na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP (FEPE), localizada em Selvíria, MS. Para as duas populações foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres silviculturais de crescimento, altura (ALT), altura comercial (AC), diâmetro médio de copa (DMC), forma do fuste (FOR), perímetro do caule (PAP e P50) e produção de borracha seca (PBS), aos oito (PM) e 23 (PS) anos de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, compostos por 31 famílias, quatro repetições e parcelas lineares de 10 plantas, no espaçamento de 3 x 3 m (PM). Para PS o delineamento experimental foi de blocos causalizados com 37 famílias distribuídas em três repetições, de forma desbalanceada com no máximo 10 plantas por progênies no espaçamento de 5 x 3 m (PS). As estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos foram feitas utilizando-se a metodologia de modelo linear misto univariado aditivo REML/BLUP e ganhos na seleção pelo método índice multiefeitos (IME). O DNA genômico foi extraído, quantificado e genotipado para as duas populações de estudo. As análises do sistema de reprodução e diversidade foram baseadas no modelo misto de reprodução e modelo de cruzamentos correlacionados. Foram detectadas diferenças significativas pelo teste da razão de verossimilhança na análise de deviance das procedências para os caracteres, diâmetro médio de copa (DMC), perímetro a 50 cm do solo (P50), perímetro a 1,30m do solo (PAP) e produção de borracha seca (PBS), para PM. Para população selvagem foram significativos, os caracteres ALT, DMC, P50 e PAP. Os caracteres que apresentaram maior magnitude para as herdabilidades foram a PBS, para população melhorada e PAP, PBS para a população selvagem, com herdabilidades acima de 60%. As estratégias de seleção de 50%, 40% e 22% dos indivíduos para o caractere PBS e PAP utilizando o índice multiefeitos revelaram de altos e baixos ganhos na seleção as duas populações. Para PM foi mais indicado a estratégia de seleção entre e dentro e para PS a seleção individual. Os ganhos obtidos na seleção foram de 54% para o caráter PBS na população melhorada e de 0,46% para o caráter PAP para população selvagem. A heterozigosidade observada foi de 0,839 a 0,747 para adultos e de 0,425 a 0,399 para as progênies, para as duas populações estudas. A taxa de cruzamento multiloco ( ) variou de 0,726 (PM) a 0,798 (PS), indicando que grande parte das sementes foram originadas por cruzamentos, mas houve presença de autofecundação, caracterizado por um sistema de reprodução misto. A endogamia apresentada foi gerada por cruzamentos correlacionados e não por autofecundação. Devido ao ao tamanho efetivo (Ne) menor que 4, resultou na necessidade de coletar-se sementes para fins de conservação genética, recuperação ambiental e melhoramento florestal de pelo menos 94 e 89 árvores, para PM e PS respectivamente. / The main objective of this work is to quantify the genetic variability in progenies of rubber tree, based on the quantitative characterization and the molecular characterization of the microsatellite type (SSR). The first population of the study originated in the primary forest of Rio Branco-Acre (wild population-PS), and the other population is a population originated from clonal matrices (improved population-PM). They are installed as progeny tests at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm, That belongs to Engeneering College of the Julio Mesquita Filho State University of São Paulo, In Selvira, State of South Mato Grosso Brazil. For the two populations, the following silvicultural characteristics of growth, height (ALT), commercial height (AC), average crown diameter (DMC), stem shape (FOR), stem perimeter (PAP and P50) and dry rubber yield (PBS) at eight (PM) and 23 (PS) years old. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, composed of 31 families, four replications and linear plots of 10 plants, spaced 3 x 3 m (MP). For PS the experimental design was of causalized blocks with 37 families distributed in three replications, unbalanced with a maximum of 10 plants per progeny in the spacing of 5 x 3 m (PS). Estimates of the genetic parameters were made using the mixed linear univariate model (REML / BLUP) methodology and gains in selection by multi-effects index (MEI). Genomic DNA was extracted, quantified and genotyped for the two study populations. The analyzes of the breeding and diversity system were based on the mixed breeding model and correlated crosses model. Significant differences were detected by the likelihood ratio test in the deviance analysis for the characters, mean crown diameter (DMC), stem perimeter at 50 cm from soil (P50), stem perimeter at 1,30m from soil (PAP) and dry rubber yield (PBS) for PM. For wild populations were significant, the characters ALT, DMC, P50 and PAP. The characters that presented the greatest magnitude for the heritabilities were PBS, for improved population and PAP, PBS for the wild population, with heritabilities above 60%. The selection strategies of 50%, 40% and 22% of individuals for the PBS and PAP using the multi-effects index revealed high and low gains in the selection of the two populations. For PM it was more indicated the strategy of selection between and within and for PS the individual selection. The gains obtained in the selection were 54% for the PBS character in the improved population and 0,46% for the PAP character for the wild population. The observed heterozygosity was 0,839 to 0,747 for adults and 0,425 to 0,399 for the progenies, for the two populations studied. The multilocus crossing rate ( ) varied from 0,726 (MP) to 0,798 (PS), indicating that most of the seeds originated by crosses, but there was a presence of self-fertilization, characterized by a mixed mating system.The presented inbreeding was generated by correlated crosses and not by self-fertilization. Due to the effective size (Ne) of less than 4, it resulted in the need to collect seeds for purposes of genetic conservation, environmental recovery and forest improvement of at least 94 and 89 trees, for PM and PS respectively. / FAPESP: 2013/03074-5

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MilenaFA.pdf: 1164866 bytes, checksum: 847b20831744976f00087ef23a650106 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Gossypium mustelinum Miers ex Watt is the only cotton species native from Brazil. It is endemic of the semi-arid region from North-east of the country, where it occur near from resilient water sources. The threats to the in situ conservation of the populations are caused by human interference in its habitat, mainly by excessive cattle graze and deforestation. Establish efficient strategies of in situ conservation depend on the accomplishment of a diagnosis of how the specie is found in its natural environment, and the knowledge about the genetic structure of the populations. The objectives of this work were i) to determine the in situ conditions of two populations present in rivers from basin of Rio Paragua?u at the Bahia State, ii) to evaluate the structure and genetic variability presented in both populations, iii) to establish in situ and ex situ conservation strategies. It were realized collection in november 2007, when was realized in situ characterization of G. mustelinum. SSR markers were used for analyze 218 genotypes deriving from two populations of the G. mustelinum, localized at Toc? river and the Capivara river. The allelic frequencies, the heterozigosity and the F statics were estimated. All the plants were classified as wild and natives, and there was no evidence of the use the plants or its parts. The populations showed different conservation conditions in situ. Few plantlets were found in sites with excessive cattle feed, an indication that the damages in young plants should be high enough to compromise the renovation of the populations. On the other hand, populations were well preserved when the anthropic damages was low or inexistent. The 14 SSR primer pairs amplified 17 loci with a medium number of 5 alleles per locus (a total of 85 alleles). The high level of endogamy estimated (FIS=0,808) and the low observed heterozygosity (H0=0,093) were indicatives that the populations reproduce mainly by selfing, geitonogamy and crosses between related individuals. The genetic diversity was high (HE=0,482) and the differentiation between the populations was very high (FST=0,328). At least two sites from both populations of G. mustelinum must be preserved to achieve suitable in situ conservation. Actions that preserve the gallery forest and keep the cattle away should implemented, and could be as simple as erecting a fence. It is not possible anticipated if the in situ preservation will be possible. Therefore collections and ex situ preservation of representative specimens are essential to conserve the genetic diversity of native G. mustelinum / Gossypium mustelinum Miers ex Watt ? a ?nica esp?cie de algod?o nativa do Brasil. ? uma esp?cie end?mica do semi-?rido nordestino do pa?s, ocorrendo pr?ximo a fontes de ?gua mais duradouras. Os riscos para conserva??o in situ das popula??es est?o associados a interfer?ncia humana em seu habitat, principalmente devido ao excessivo pastejo por bovinos e caprinos, al?m do desmatamento em matas ciliares. Estabelecer estrat?gias eficazes de conserva??o in situ depende da realiza??o de um diagn?stico da esp?cie em seu ambiente natural, e do conhecimento acerca da estrutura gen?tica das popula??es. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) determinar as condi??es in situ de duas popula??es presentes em rios da bacia do Rio Paragua?u no estado da Bahia, ii) avaliar a estrutura e variabilidade gen?tica presente em ambas as popula??es, iii) e estabelecer estrat?gias de conserva??o in situ e ex situ. Foram realizadas coletas em novembro de 2007, quando foi realizada a caracteriza??o in situ de G. mustelinum. Marcadores SSR foram usados para analisar 218 gen?tipos de duas popula??es, localizadas nos rios Toc? e Capivara. As freq??ncias al?licas, a heterozigozidade e as estat?sticas F foram estimadas. Todas as plantas foram classificadas como selvagens e nativas, e nenhuma evidencia de explora??o antr?pica foi observada. As popula??es apresentavam diferentes condi??es de conserva??o in situ. Poucas plantas foram encontradas em locais onde havia pr?tica de pecu?ria extensiva, um ind?cio de que os danos causados a plantas jovens sejam maiores, comprometendo a renova??o das popula??es. Em contraste, popula??es foram encontradas em adequadas condi??es de preserva??o quando os danos causados pela a??o antr?pica eram pequenos ou inexistentes. Os 14 pares de primers SSR amplificaram 17 locos com n?mero m?dio de 5 alelos por loco (85 alelos no total). O alto ?ndice de endogamia estimado (FIS=0,808) e a baixa quantidade de heterozigotos (Ho=0,093) indicam que as popula??es propagam-se preferencialmente por autofecunda??o, geitonogamia e cruzamentos entre indiv?duos aparentados. A diversidade gen?tica total foi alta (HE=0,482) e a diferencia??o entre as popula??es foi muito elevada (FST=0,328). No m?nimo duas sub-popula??es devem ser preservadas em cada rio para uma adequada conserva??o in situ. A??es de preserva??o das matas ciliares e que impe?am o acesso do gado ?s popula??es devem ser implementadas, erguendo cercas pr?ximas as plantas. N?o ? poss?vel prever se as sugest?es propostas para preserva??o in situ ser?o implementadas. Coletas devem ser intensificadas e a??es para preserva??o ex situ devem ser realizadas para conserva??o da diversidade gen?tica presente nesta esp?cie nativa do Brasil

Orientadores: Anete Pereira de Souza, Antonio Augusto Franco Garcia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T06:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marconi_ThiagoGibbin_D.pdf: 16468359 bytes, checksum: 01e191ac164eff1d269733328f5be31e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A utilização dos marcadores moleculares em estudos de mapeamento genético e de QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) tem proporcionado um importante progresso no conhecimento da genética e da estrutura genômica da cana-de-açúcar. O projeto de sequenciamento de ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) do programa Genoma da FAPESP (SUCEST) identificou aproximadamente 43 mil clusters que representam os genes de cana-de-açúcar. Sabe-se que os ESTs apresentam grande potencial para serem utilizados no desenvolvimento de marcadores genético-moleculares. Tendo em vista os avanços possíveis no melhoramento genético da cana-de-açúcar com a construção de um mapa genético funcional a partir de ESTs de interesse, este trabalho teve como objetivos o mapeamento genético em uma população F1 de cana-de-açúcar utilizando marcadores moleculares do tipo EST-SSRs (Expressed Sequence Tags - Simple Sequence Repeats) e SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), desenvolvidos a partir de seqüências ESTs homólogas a genes de interesse. Os SNPs desenvolvidos e mapeados demonstraram novos tipos de segregações possíveis de serem incorporadas ao mapeamento genético em cana-de-açúcar, representando avanços para a análise genética de poliplóides e possibilitando a saturação do mapa genético com marcadores completamente informativos. Os marcadores moleculares EST-SSRs e SNPs desenvolvidos e integrados ao mapa genético da cana-de-açúcar aumentaram sua resolução e também as possibilidades de mapeamento dos QTLs com maior precisão / Abstract: The use of molecular markers in genetic mapping studies and QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) has provided an important advance in knowledge of genetics and genomic structure of sugarcane. The sequencing project of ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) form FAPESP's Genome Program (SUCEST) identified approximately 43 000 clusters representing the sugarcane genes. It is known that the ESTs have great potential for use in the development of genetic molecular markers. Given the possible advances in genetic breeding of sugarcane with the construction of a functional genetic map from ESTs of interest, the aim of this study was the construction of a genetic map in a F1 population of sugarcane using molecular markers EST-SSR (Expressed Sequence Tags - Simple Sequence Repeats) and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) derived from ESTs sequences homologous to genes of interest. The developed and mapped SNPs demonstrated new types of segregation ratio that could be incorporated in the genetic mapping of sugarcane, representing advances for the genetic analysis of polyploid and allowing the saturation of the genetic map with fully informative markers. The EST-SSR markers and SNPs developed and integrated into the genetic map of sugarcane increased the resolution, coverage of the genome and also the possibilities of mapping QTLs with greater precision / Doutorado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular