The thesis deals with Czech cultural standards and their development in recent 20 years, during the time of economic transformation. After theoretical introduction it presents findings gained by research. The research was conducted in the form of survey (with Czechs) and in the form of personal interviews (with foreigners living in Prague).

Thesis (PhD (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 1996. / This study analysed the bacteria numbers of Hake products manufactured at 6 different levels of processing complexity, analyses were conducted at 20°C on Salt Water Agar (SWA) for a 48h incubation period. This enumeration method was suitable for indicating time and temperature related abuse in the processing system. This method was sensitive in indicating the level of processing complexity. The aerobic bacteria enumerations at 20°C (SWA) were compared to the current EU/FDA (European Union/Federal Drug Administration USA) standard procedure testing samples on Plate Count Agar, (PCA) incubated at 30 - 35°C. The method using SWA incubated at 20°C provided better and more accurate bacterial counts under "good" and "poor" manufacturing practice. The hurdle concept was applied, using gamma irradiation, temperature (Time), chemical preservatives and Vacuum packaging in an attempt to prolong the shelf life of fresh, uncooked Cape hake and Kingklip products. Radurization was effective only when the treated product was kept at refrigerated temperatures. Temperature was the most important control measure in extending the shelf life of the products. No shelf life extension was achieved with the use of chemical preservatives. Vacuum packaging was not effective in prolonging shelf life of the products and did not show any benefit when compared to oxygen permeable vacuum (microaerophilic) packaging. Determination of the total aerobic viable bacteria numbers at 20°C SWA, were suitable for estimating the shelflife of deepsea whitefish products.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management. February 1999. / One of the levers of competitiveness is innovation. with the increased cost pressures, it is recognised that the innovative potential of all employees must be leveraged. The literature suggests that innovation is innate. It follows, therefore, that an appropriate performance management system, based on an understanding of the requirements of innovative individuals, must harness and encourage innovation to a greater or lesser extent in all employees. The purpose of this study was to assess whether there are any differences in the performance management preferences of innovative and non-innovative employees, with a view to designing appropriate performance management systems. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire distributed among the employees of the retail banking arm of a financial services sector organisation. Responses were elicited from 34 employees. These were then subjected to statistical analysis. The findings point to no real differences between the preferences of innovative and non innovative employees, with the exception of 4 dimensions. The absence of many differences is consistent with the view that innovative capability is a continuum and is an innate ability that is developed to different extents in different people. It suggests that other aspects of the individual personality are equally important in defining a suitable enviromnent of work. The recommendation is that a single performance management system is employed in an organisation with opportunities for customisation for the individual. / AC2017

Mostrou-se por argumentação que a análise sobre conceitos e definições contidos nas Normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, série NBR ISO 9000, pode contribuir para identificar sugestões para estudos, análise e aceitação de ações para construção e manutenção de pavimentos, e comportamento de pavimentos durante as solicitações pelo tráfego de veículos do ponto de vista dos que usam rodovias. Para isso estudaram-se conceitos sobre qualidade e \"qualidade de pavimentos ou seus serviços\", conceituaram-se organizações, relataram-se e discutiram-se conceitos sobre \"sistema da qualidade\", \"garantia da qualidade\", manuseio de informações para ações sobre a qualidade; \"gestão da qualidade\", especificação e suas relações com clientes; qualidade de processos; qualidade de serviços. Por fim através de uma série de relatos sobre fatos discutiram-se a aplicabilidade de normas a estudos de qualidade de pavimentos, conclusões e sugestões. / Arguments were used to show that definitions and concepts from National Brazilian for Standards Association documents, the NBR ISO 9000, should contribute to identify concepts and suggestions to analyze and accept actions in construction and maintenance of pavements, or their performance using the user\'s point of view. lt was studied concepts on quality, pavement quality, organizations, quality systems, quality warranty, information to quality actions, actions on quality, process quality and service quality. After this it was reported some facts to guide the discussion on standard applications to pavement quality studies.

by Chun-pong Kwok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [144]-[151]). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / ABSTRACT / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- ISO 9000 as an isomorphic process in Hong Kong industries --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Theoretical and Empirical Background --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methods --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Internal Organization of each chapter --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- ISO 9000 As An Isomorphic Process In Hongkong industries / Chapter 2.1 --- Origin of ISO9000 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- ISO's Popularity in Global and Local Markets --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Some Characteristics of ISO9000 --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- ISO 9000 as an Isomorphic Process in the Organizational Field --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- The Current Models Explaining the Popularity of ISO9000 / Chapter 2.51 --- ISO as a Trade Restriction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.52 --- The Market Driven Thesis --- p.20 / Chapter 2.53 --- ISO as a Product Promoted by Professional Groups --- p.23 / Chapter 2.54 --- ISO as a Result of Rational Choice --- p.25 / Chapter 2.6 --- Recapitulation --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- Institutional Theories of Organizations and the Sensemaking Perspective / Chapter 3.1 --- What is An Institution? --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Institutional Theory of Organizations: From Old to New --- p.32 / Chapter 3.21 --- The Old Institutional Theory of Organizations --- p.32 / Chapter 3.22 --- Contributions of The Old Institutional School --- p.35 / Chapter 3.23 --- The Neo-Institutionalism In Organizational Analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 3.23 --- a Isomorphic Processes and Mechanisms --- p.39 / Chapter 3.23 --- b An Alternative Model Defined by Richard Scott --- p.40 / Chapter 3.24 --- The Weaknesses of The Neo-Institutional Approach To Organizational Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- What is Sensemaking? --- p.47 / Chapter 3.31 --- Sensemaking In Organizations --- p.47 / Chapter 3.32 --- The Powerfulness of Sensemaking --- p.49 / Chapter 3.33a --- Sources of A Good Sense --- p.51 / Chapter 3.33b --- The Fragility of Sensemaking and Its Maintenance --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- A Closer Examination Of The Institutional Isomorphism / Chapter 4.1 --- Different Organizations are all in the same field --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- How Cocecive/ Regulative Institution Works --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3 --- How Cognitive Institution Works --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4 --- How Normative Institution Works --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Mutual Reinforcement of Institutional Pressures in the Environment --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6 --- Recapitulation --- p.71 / Chapter 5. --- Institutional Sources of Sensemaking and Its Strategies --- p.72 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Nature of Sensemaking --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2 --- Extraorganizational Sources of Sensemaking --- p.76 / Chapter 5.21 --- Market Signaling --- p.77 / Chapter 5.22 --- Reduction Of Responsibility ----Measure To Cope With Inevitable Risk --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3 --- Intraorganizational Sources of Sensemaking --- p.86 / Chapter 5.31 --- ISO 9000 as a Conflict Resolution Device --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3 la --- Misunderstandings --- p.87 / Chapter 5.31b --- Fault Aversion --- p.88 / Chapter 5.32 --- Labour Control and Deskilling Device --- p.89 / Chapter 5.4 --- Sensemaking Strategies --- p.92 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.94 / Chapter 6. --- The Management Of Misfits And Dissonance --- p.96 / Chapter 6.1 --- The Dissonance and The Failure of Prophecy --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Puzzle of Quality and Efficiency Improvement --- p.98 / Chapter 6.21 --- The Shortcomings of The System --- p.98 / Chapter 6.22 --- The Shortcomings of The Certified Companies --- p.100 / Chapter 6.23 --- The Shortcomings of The Certifying Bodies --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3 --- Strategies used to resolve the dissonance --- p.102 / Chapter 6.31 --- The Postponement Of Realizing Of The Promise --- p.103 / Chapter 6.32 --- Dissociation From The Unqualified Certifying Bodies --- p.103 / Chapter 6.33 --- Redefining The Goals Of Adopting ISO9000 --- p.104 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Transformation From Ambiguity To Flexibility --- p.105 / Chapter 6.5 --- Labour Resistance --- p.108 / Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.111 / Chapter 7. --- Recapitulation: A Theory of Social Action In Insitutional Analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 7.1 --- "A Theory of Constraint: Institutions, Institutional Environment And Institutionalism In the Organizational Field" --- p.114 / Chapter 7.2 --- Theory of Action --- p.118 / Chapter 7.3 --- Implications of the Study --- p.120 / Chapter 7.31 --- The Eclipse of The Actor's Motivations Under Institutions --- p.120 / Chapter 7.32 --- The Extension of Conception of The Organizational Field --- p.122 / Chapter 7.33 --- Overinvestment in ISO 9000 --- p.122 / Chapter 7.4 --- A Possible Research Agenda --- p.124 / APPENDIX I --- p.125 / APPENDIX II --- p.141 / APPENDIX III --- p.143 / BIBLIOGRAPHY

本文研究面向可靠的無線傳感器網絡的協議設計，測試和診斷。 / 在協議設計方面，我們集中研究媒體接入層的協議設計。首先，我們為水下無線傳感器網絡提出一個有效的媒體接入層協議RAS 。這個協議利用了水下無線傳感器網絡和地面無線傳感器網絡的媒體傳輸時延的差別，采用了並行傳輸的優先級方法。由于會導致碰撞，這種並行傳輸的方法不能被用在地面無線傳感器網絡中。該方法為高負荷的傳感器節點分配更長的傳輸時間。這種具有優先級的機制也同時提高了公平方面的性能。第二，我們處理水下無線傳感器網絡中由于報文失導致的不可靠的問題。基于之前提出的協議RAS ，我們提出了可靠的RAS 協議。該協議可以在可靠性和有效性方便達到一個平衡。它里面的報文確認和重傳機制同傳統的方法不同，所以它可以在提高可靠性的同時保證吞吐量不會被大幅降低。 / 第三，在協議測試方面，我們設計了RealProct ，一種新的可靠的用于無線傳感器網絡的一致性協議測試(測試協議實現是否符合協議規範)的架構。RealProct 采用了實際的傳感器節點來保證測試盡可能的接近實際部署。為了節省使用大規模實際部署來測試的硬件成本和控制成本， RealProct 使用少量傳感器節點虛擬各樣的拓撲結構和事件。同時，測試執行和裁決算法也用于最小化測試用例執行次數，並保證假陰和假陽錯誤低于給定值。 / 最後，我們提出了MDiag，一種使用移動智能手機巡視無線傳感器網絡並診斷網絡錯誤的方法。由于該智能手機不是無線傳感器網絡的組成部分，因此該診斷不會像其它已有的診斷方法那樣影響原無線傳感器網絡的運行。並且，使用智能手機巡視並診斷無線傳感器網絡比部署另一個用于診斷的網絡更有效。在巡視過程中，無線傳感器網絡所交互的報文被收集起來，然後被我們所設計的報文解析器所分析。然後，我們設計了統計性規則來指導異常現象的診斷。為了提高巡視效率，我們提出了一個巡視方法MSEP。 / 我們做了大量實驗驗證以上提出的方法和算法，結果表明它們在達到可靠性無線傳感器網絡的目標上很有效。 / This thesis investigates the protocol design, testing, and diagnosis of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to achieve dependable WSNs. / In the aspect of protocol design, we focus on the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer protocol design. First, we propose an efficient MAC protocol RAS (routing and application based scheduling protocol) for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), a type of WSNs that are deployed in the water. Utilizing the medium propagation difference between UWASNs and terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs), RAS performs parallel transmissions which would definitely result in collisions in TWSNs. It schedules the transmissions with different priorities by allocating longer time to heavier-traffic sensor nodes. The priority mechanism also benefits the fairness performance. Second, we tackle the unreliability problem caused by the packet loss in UWASNs. Based on the previously designed RAS, we propose a reliable RAS called RRAS that obtains a tradeoff between the reliability and the efficiency. RRAS applies an ACK and retransmission mechanism that is different from the traditional one, so that it can maintain a comparable throughput while improving reliability. / Third, in the area of protocol testing, we design RealProct (reliable Protocol conformance testing with Real sensor nodes), a novel and reliable framework for performing protocol conformance testing in WSNs, i.e., testing the protocol implementations against their specifications. With real sensor nodes, RealProct can ensure that the testing scenarios are as close to the real deployment as possible. To save the hardware cost and control efforts required by testing with large-scale real deployments, RealProct virtualizes a network with any topology and generates non-deterministic events using only a small number of sensor nodes. In addition, test execution and verdict are optimized to minimize the number of test case runs, while guaranteeing satisfactory false positive and false negative rates. / Finally, we propose MDiag, a Mobility-assisted Diagnosis approach that employs smartphones to patrol the WSNs and diagnose failures. Diagnosing with a smartphone which is not a component of WSNs does not intrude the execution of the WSNs as most of the existing diagnosis methods. Moreover, patrolling the smartphone in the WSNs to investigate failures is more efficient than deploying another diagnosis network. During the patrol, packets exchanged in the WSNs are collected and then analyzed by our implemented packet decoder. Statistical rules are also designed to guide the detection of abnormal cases. Aiming at improving the patrol efficiency, a patrol approach MSEP (maximum snooping efficiency patrol) is proposed. We compare MSEP with a naive method, the greedy method, and a baseline method, and demonstrate that MSEP is better in increasing the detection rate and reducing the patrol time than other methods. / We perform extensive evaluations to verify the proposed techniques and algorithms, and the results confirm their advantages in achieving dependable WSNs. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Xiong, Junjie. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-154). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Background Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Sensor Node --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Base Station (BS) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The Operating System (OS) of the Sensor Node --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- The Protocol Design of WSNs --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Scope and Contributions --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Protocol Design --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Protocol Testing --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Protocol Diagnosis --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Organization --- p.23 / Chapter 2 --- An Efficient MAC Protocol Design --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- Related Work --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- RAS Overview --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Scheduling Element --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- The Scheduling Problem in UWASNs --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Scheduling Principles --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Scheduling Problem Formulation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Scheduling Problem Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- RAS Protocol --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Scheduling Algorithm of the RAS Protocol --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Analysis of the RAS Protocol --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Schedule Length --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Network Throughput --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Average End-to-end Delay --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Average Maximum Queue Length per Node --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7 --- Discussions and Conclusions --- p.49 / Chapter 3 --- A Reliable MAC Protocol Design --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Related Work --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- RRAS Protocol --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Overview of NACK-retransmission Mechanism --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Retransmission Mechanism --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Retransmission Time --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Retransmission Time of RRAS --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Working Time of RRAS and RAS --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Success Rate of RRAS and RAS --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Throughput of RRAS and RAS --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusions --- p.66 / Chapter 4 --- Reliable Protocol Conformance Testing --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2 --- Related Work --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Protocol Conformance Testing --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- PCT Process --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- PCT Architecture --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4 --- Design of the RealProct Framework --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5 --- RealProct Techniques --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Topology Virtualization --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Event Virtualization --- p.81 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Dynamic Test Execution --- p.85 / Chapter 4.6 --- Generality of RealProct --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7 --- Evaluation --- p.89 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Detecting New Bugs in TCP --- p.90 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Detecting Previous Bugs in TCP --- p.94 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Testing Routing Protocol RMRP --- p.98 / Chapter 4.8 --- Conclusions --- p.99 / Chapter 5 --- Mobility-assisted Diagnosis for WSNs --- p.101 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2 --- Related Work --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3 --- MDiag Background --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Network Architecture --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Failure Classification --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4 --- MDiag Framework --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Packet Decoder Input and Output --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Statistical Rules on Packet Analysis --- p.112 / Chapter 5.5 --- Coverage-oriented Smartphone Patrol Algorithms --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Naive Method (NM) --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Greedy Method (GM) --- p.116 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Maximum Snooping Efficiency Patrol (MSEP) --- p.118 / Chapter 5.6 --- Evaluations --- p.119 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Permanent Failure Detection --- p.121 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Short-term Failure Detection --- p.122 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusions --- p.130 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.132 / Bibliography --- p.136

As a result of the Good Start, Grow Smart Initiative (GSGS) in 2002, states began developing Early Learning Guidelines (ELGs), which are utilized by state funded programs for children ages 3 to 5. Although GSGS recommended that states include literacy, language, and pre-reading skills in ELGs, many states developed more comprehensive documents that included broader ranges of skills and activities consistent with each state's conceptualization of what constitutes quality learning environments for this age group. Consequently, music content, if included in ELGs, may vary from state to state. Three national standards documents may have informed music standards included in ELGs, such as The National Music Standards for Prekindergarten, Head Start Child Development and Early Learning Framework, and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) All-Criteria Document. I conducted a content analysis of state ELGs: 1) to determine what musical behaviors and activities states have codified as official knowledge within quality learning environments for young children, and 2) to ascertain the extent to which the musical content reflects music standards included in national prekindergarten standards documents. Findings indicated that the broadly-framed Head Start and NAEYC music indicators were well-represented in state ELGs. The majority of ELGs have addressed two of the Content Standards of The National Music Standards for Prekindergarten, "Singing and Playing Instruments" (88%) and "Responding to Music" (74%). The Content Standards "Creating Music" and "Understanding Music" were addressed in far fewer ELGs (27% and 33%, respectively). The more prescriptive Achievement Standards were less frequently included in ELGs. Additionally, 14.33% of all music-related indictors included in state ELGs did not reflect the music content of any of the national standards and guidelines; rather, the indicators represented additional music content (for example, audience skills), music activities that promote social and emotional development, and facilitating learning in other curriculum areas. When ELGs were examined through a conceptual framework of policy and Developmentally Appropriate Practice, a co-mingling of standards and guidelines constructs was found, suggesting that state ELG committees attempted to balance the opposing segments, resulting in re-contextualization of the content selected for inclusion in the ELGs.

The primary objective of this study is to gain a greater understanding of how the level and type of research and development expenditures are influenced by accounting measurement, if at all.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons tenté d’expliquer les compétitions inter-standards au travers des réseaux interorganisationnelsconstruits par les protagonistes. Sur la base de synthèses de théories émanant de trois principauxchamps académiques (économie des standards et des industries de réseau, analyse de réseaux et managementstratégique) la thèse formule des propositions qui permettent de bâtir un modèle réseau de compréhension de cescompétitions. Elle emploie une étude de cas unique, adopte un positionnement épistémologique réaliste critiqueet s'appuie sur la situation empirique de compétition entre les technologies Blu-ray et HD-DVD pourl’émergence du standard DVD de 2ème génération. Toute l’approche de la thèse se justifie par le postulat d'uneproximité méthodologique et théorique entre réseau inter-organisationnel des sponsors d’un standard et baseinstallée de ce standard. Ce postulat a également permis de poser que le réseau inter-organisationnel permettaitde générer non seulement la base installée idéale pour gagner la compétition, mais aussi d’influencer tous lesautres leviers (la crédibilité et la supériorité technique, le verrouillage des consommateurs par les coûts dechangement, la disponibilité de produits complémentaires, le timing d’entrée sur le marché etc.). En mobilisantdes concepts de « croissance » et « résilience » des approches réseaux complexes (Albert & Barabasi, 2002 ;Newman, 2003a ; etc.) et ceux de « pouvoir potentiel » et « d’usage du pouvoir » des auteurs en management(Brass & Burkhardt, 1993 ; Mintzberg, 1983 ; etc.) nous avons établi que la réussite dans une compétition entrestandards est subordonnée à la construction d’un réseau inter-organisationnel croissant et résilient dont lepotentiel est effectivement employé sur le terrain industriel et commercial. / Throughout this thesis we’ve attempted to explain standard competitions through the interorganizationalnetworks built by the protagonists. Based on the synthesis of theories derived from three main academic fields(economy of the standards and network industries, networks analysis and strategic management), the thesiselaborates proposals which make it possible to build a model network of comprehension of these competitions. Ituses a single case study, chooses a critical realistic epistemological positioning and bases itself on the empiricalsituation of competition between Blu-Ray and HD DVD technologies for the emergence of the secondgeneration standard DVD. The entire trend of the thesis is justified by a postulate of a methodological andtheoretical proximity of the interorganizational network of sponsors of a given standard and the installed base ofthat standard. This postulate made it possible to state that the interorganizational network made it possible notonly to generate the ideal installed base to win the competition, but also to impact all the others components(reliability and technical superiority, availability of complements, lock-in the consumers by the switching costs,timing of entry to the market, etc.). By mobilizing some concepts of “growth” and “resilience” of complexnetworks approaches, (Albert & Barabasi 2002, Newman, 2003a) and those of “potential power ” and “use ofpower” of authors in management (Brass & Burkhardt, 1993, Mintzberg 1983 etc.), we concluded that thesuccess in a competition between standards lies in building up a growing and resilient interorganizationalnetwork, the potential of which must actually be used on the industrial and commercial ground.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 97-98. / by Andrew David Reamer. / M.C.P.