<p dir="ltr">Strategic risks are characterized by exogenous market shocks which create a misalignment between a business’s current strategy, business resources, and capabilities. These risks come from a variety of sources including changes in government policies, unprecedented shifts in weather patterns, labor shortages, evolving consumer preferences, and geopolitical conflicts. Each source of risk presents unique threats to farming operations yet are similar in that they lack off-the-shelf risk management tools. Rather, producers must build operational resilience to accommodate for these risks, where resilience encompasses a farm’s ability to weather through, adapt to and recover from strategic risks.</p><p dir="ltr">This study uses survey data from 403 commercial producers within the United States to assess farm resilience to strategic risks. Prior to this research, there have been no estimates of resilience for U.S. agricultural producers. Our results are critical in bridging this gap by providing an assessment of resilience to strategic risk for commercial farms within the United States. Correlations, regression analysis, and cluster analysis are used to analyze how farm level characteristics relate to a producer’s resilience to strategic risk. Results suggest that resilience is positively related to management practices, producer sentiment, farm growth expectations, risk preference, and adoption of precision agriculture technologies. </p><p dir="ltr">Conclusions of this study detail an ongoing need for improvements to farm resilience to strategic risk and related educational resources. With projected increases in stressors to U.S. agricultural systems via population growth, weather uncertainties, pest prevalence, and unpredictable market shocks, improving farm resilience should be a primary focus for producers in the years ahead. By identifying key farm characteristics associated with resilience, we provide a path for producers to improve resilience and mitigate impacts of strategic risk.</p>

Diante do aumento da concorrência e da complexidade dos projetos e especificidades dos serviços business-to-business, o empreendedor pode adotar estratégias corporativas para manter a competitividade e superar barreiras comerciais para atuar em novos mercados e acessar clientes de grande porte, por meio, por exemplo, de alianças estratégicas, ou seja, acordos de cooperação entre empresas para o compartilhamento de riscos e investimentos, complementaridade de competências e acesso a recursos, mercados e clientes não disponíveis de forma independente. No entanto, tais alianças, ao mesmo tempo que apresentam oportunidades como ampliação do mercado e do escopo de atuação, também implicam riscos corporativos para os agentes envolvidos, especialmente o pequeno empreendedor quando associado a uma empresa de grande porte. Este estudo tem como finalidade propor uma estrutura para analisar os principais riscos corporativos envolvidos no processo de formação e ao longo da aliança estratégica entre uma empresa de pequeno porte e uma empresa de grande porte. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de caso único com base no processo de formação e desenvolvimento da aliança estratégica firmada entre a Gestiona, consultoria brasileira de pequeno porte que atua no setor de gestão da inovação para empresas fixadas em território nacional de todos os portes e setores, e a PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). Sendo assim, este estudo identifica os elementos estruturais da aliança estratégica entre a Gestiona e a PwC, bem como os principais riscos corporativos, com forte ênfase para o relacionamento interpessoal, além de propor uma estrutura de riscos corporativos para análise de contextos correlatos. Por fim, também é objeto de investigação deste estudo o nível de maturidade dessa aliança estratégica. / Faced with increased competition and complexity of the projects and specificities of business-to-business services, the small entrepreneur can adopt corporate strategies to remain competitive and overcome trade barriers to operating in new markets and access large clients through, for example, strategic alliances, that is cooperation agreements between companies with risk-sharing objectives and investments, complementary skills and access to resources, markets and customers not available independently. However, such alliances, while presenting opportunities such as market expansion and scope of action, also imply corporate risks for the agents involved, especially the small entrepreneur when associated with a large company. This study aims to propose a structure to analyze the main corporate risks involved in the training process and throughout the strategic alliance between a small company and a large company. A single case study was carried out based on the training and development process of the strategic alliance signed between Gestiona, a small Brazilian consultancy that operates in the innovation management sector for companies established in national territory of all sizes and sectors, and PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). Thus, this study identifies the structural elements of the strategic alliance between Gestiona and PwC, as well as the main corporate risks, with a strong emphasis on interpersonal relationships, as well as proposing a corporate risk structure to analyze related contexts. Finally, the study also investigates the level of maturity of this strategic alliance.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-08-20T17:50:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 17e.pdf: 4833899 bytes, checksum: bf223781f226b67de43eb30160a4b491 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:50:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 17e.pdf: 4833899 bytes, checksum: bf223781f226b67de43eb30160a4b491 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / A aplicação de incentivos monetários e não monetários a executivos, com objetivo de obter uma performance empresarial, de curto ou longo prazo, constitui um dos mecanismos de governança corporativa para alinhamento entre os interesses do acionista majoritário e proprietário (principal) e executivos (agentes). Como ajustador deste alinhamento o papel do Conselho de Administração, bem como dos comitês de apoio como de riscos e de remuneração, são fundamentais. Dependendo do ajuste do sistema, poderá haver uma exposição ao risco estratégico em maior ou menor grau. No Brasil, conforme percepção de conselheiros de administração, este mecanismo não é regulado com objetivo de regular a exposição ao risco estratégico e as políticas de incentivo são alinhadas, em geral, no curto prazo, conforme a performance desejada, levando a custos de controle e monitoramento. Além disto, algumas peculiaridades brasileiras leva a necessidade de modelos de incentivo adequados ao Brasil, sendo, os componentes de incentivo usuais na Europa e Estados Unidos, em alguns casos, conflitantes com a legislação trabalhista e fiscal brasileira. / The application of monetary and non monetary incentives to executives in order to obtain a performance business, short or long term, are corporate governance mechanisms for aligning the interests of shareholders, and majority owner (principal) and managers (agents). As this alignment adjusting the role of Board of Directors and committees of support as risk and return are key. Depending on the setting of the system, there may be a strategic risk exposure to greater or lesser degree. In Brazil, as perceptions of board members, this mechanism is not regulated for the purpose of regular exposure to strategic risk and incentive policies are aligned generally in the short term, as the desired performance, leading to control costs and monitoring. Moreover, some peculiarities Brazilian models leads to the need for adequate incentive to Brazil, being the components of incentive usual in Europe and the United States, in some cases, conflicting with the Brazilian labor legislation and tax.

Esta tese trata das Redes de Cooperação e seus riscos corporativos. As Redes de Cooperação ficam definidas como associações de empresas atuantes em um mesmo setor da economia, explorando mercados de fatores e mercados de produção. A Rede Arrozeiras do Sul, com sede em Santa Maria/RS, organizada em 2005, é a primeira rede de indústrias orizícolas do Brasil. Surgiu com onze empresas associadas, para fortalecer suas cooperadas, abrangendo inicialmente toda a região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Atualmente, conta com dezesseis indústrias de beneficiamento de arroz e tem como missão criar diferenciais competitivos às cooperadas no que diz respeito à compra, industrialização e comercialização de arroz. As associadas à Rede Arrozeiras do Sul recorrem praticamente aos mesmos fornecedores de matérias-prima e insumos, e/ou concorrem pela preferência dos mesmos clientes em potencial. Quando bem gerenciado, esse tipo de empreendimento, que alguns veem como uma associação que se destina a unir esforços e interesses comuns a todos os cooperados, reduz os riscos decorrentes de se operar em mercados competitivos no curto e médio prazo. Paradoxalmente, no longo prazo, podem surgir riscos de um ou mais participantes colocarem seus interesses particulares acima e em oposição aos objetivos da Rede. Em outras palavras, a possibilidade de ocorrerem procedimentos conflitantes, que possam impedir a realização dos objetivos da Rede no longo prazo, demanda gerenciamento estratégico de tais riscos. No contexto desse trabalho, considerando-se os conceitos propostos pelo IBGC, COSO e ISO 31000, riscos gerenciais são definidos como a consequência lógica e natural de se ousar a ter uma atitude. E quando se ousa a fazer algo em conjunto ou com a participação de varias entidades - sejam elas pessoas físicas, ou jurídicas - os riscos se multiplicam na razão direta do número de participantes. A estratégia, por sua vez, é definida como o conjunto de planos e medidas necessárias para atingir-se a um objetivo ou finalidade colimada. Assim, esta pesquisa buscou responder à seguinte pergunta: quais as possibilidades e as limitações de a gestão estratégica de risco apoiar a gestão da Rede Arrozeiras do Sul? Com esse questionamento, o objetivo básico e fundamental foi o de propor uma sistematização de riscos corporativos (normativo e descritivo), para a Rede de Cooperação. O método empregado para identificar tal instrumento foi de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, classificada como uma pesquisa do tipo avaliação e aplicação, cuja população foi composta por dezesseis [16] empresas integrantes da Rede Arrozeira do Sul. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a rede encontra-se plenamente implantada, mas que os associados não exploram todas as possibilidades e vantagens que uma rede pode lhes propiciar. Verificou-se que as compras de matérias-prima e insumos, por meio da entidade \"Rede Arrozeiras do Sul\", ficavam limitadas ao intervalo de 2% a 20% do volume requisitado nos processos produtivos dos associados. Entretanto, para 75% dos entrevistados, os interesses dos associados à rede são efetivamente compartilhados. Os principais riscos existentes para a Rede Arrozeiras do Sul, na opinião dos entrevistados, são a questão tributária, seguida por políticas governamentais e negociações externas, ocorridas após decisões tomadas na rede em relação as compras/vendas e redução nos padrões de qualidade dos produtos. A tabulação dos dados coletados nos questionários e/ou obtidos por meio de entrevistas permitiu apresentar um esboço de proposta para um modelo teórico, a fim de sistematizar riscos corporativos para uma Rede de Cooperação. / This thesis deals with the Networks for co-operation and its corporate risks. The Networks for co-operation are defined as associations of companies that operate in a same sector of the economy, exploring its factors and production markets. The southern Brazil rice processing Network was established in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, in 2005 and was the first of its kind in Brazil. It arose from the association of eleven companies in order to strengthen all of them, initially encompassing the whole central region of Rio Grande do Sul state. Nowadays it has sixteen rice processing companies members and its mission is to create competitive differences for its members regarding to rice purchasing, processing and selling. Those companies associated to the Southern rice processing Network practically deal with the same suppliers of raw materials, and compete for the preference of the same potential customersen it is well managed, this type of project, which is seen as an association to join common efforts and interests to all members, contributes to reduction of risks of operating in competitive markets, in the short or medium term. Paradoxically, in the long run, it can present stronger risks to members in the case one or more of them place personal interests above or contrary to the objectives proposed by the network. In other words, the chance of such conflict may prevent the association to achieve its long term objectives, and claims for the risk management. In the context of this work, in the light of concepts proposed by IBGC, COSO and ISO 31000, management risk is defined as the natural and logical consequence of daring to have an attitude. When someone dares to do something together or with the participation of several entities - physical or legal persons - the risk is increased in the direct reason of the number of participants. In turn, the strategy is defined as the set of plans and measures necessary to achieve an objective or to collimated purpose. Therefore, this research aimed answer the following question: what are the possibilities and limitations of the risk management strategy to support the management of the southern Rice processing network? With this question, the basic and fundamental objective was to propose a systematic corporate risk (normative and descriptive) for the Network. The method used to identify such instrument was a qualitative research, classified as an assessment and application research, whose population consisted of sixteen [16]members of the Southern rice processing network. The results showed that the network is fully established, but members don\'t take advantage of the possibilities the network offers, because it was announced that the purchases of raw materials and other supplies, by the Network are limited to 2% to 20% of the required volume by a member productive process. However, for 75% of the interviewees, the interests of the network members are effectively shared. The main existing and / or potential risks for the southern brazil rice processing network, according to the interviewees, are the tax issues, followed by governmental policies and external negotiations occurred after decisions taken into the network regarding to product purchasing, selling and reducing quality standards. The tabulation of data collected allows to draft a proposal for a theoretical model in order to systematize corporate risks for a co-operative Network.

L'objectif de cette thèse est analyser les formes pour lesquelles la présence d'un contrôle stratégique des risques de mise en oeuvre des processus de relations de collaboration entre la petite entreprise et ses parties prenantes, influence sa performance et son apprentissage, et permet de caractériser la relation d’ordre « supérieure ». Les recherches sont fondées sur des entreprises de petite et moyenne taille, du secteur de la restauration, établies au Brésil, en France et au Maroc. La recherche est une étude de cas multiple, dont lesquelles a l'analyse des informations selon l'approche contextuelle, l'utilisation de la technique d'analyse du discours et la cartographie de risques. Les résultats indiquent que la Relation Supérieure est la capacité dynamique de l’entreprise, qui permet d'ajouter la singularité, les différentiels compétitifs et la pérénité à la stratégie relationnelle, parce que cette stratégie est créée à partir de mécanismes du contrôle stratégique de risques et de l’apprentissage organisationnel, qui renforce les processus de collaboration existants, permettant ainsi l’augmentation de l’engagement entre l’entreprise et ses publics et l’obtention d’un plus grand résultat face à la concurrence. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze the forms in which the presence of a strategic risk control implementation process of collaborative relationships between small business and its stakeholders, influence its performance and learning, and can characterize the "Relation Superior". The research is based on small-and medium-sized sector catering, established in Brazil, France and Morocco. Research is a multiple case study, which has the information's analysis according to the contextual approach, using the technique of discourse analysis and mapping risks. The results indicate that the Relationship Superior how the dynamic capacity of the company, which adds uniqueness, competitive differentials and the durability to relational strategy, because this strategy is created from control mechanisms strategic risks and organizational learning, which strengthens the existing collaboration processes, thereby increasing engagement between the company and its public and obtaining greater profit to compete. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as formas pelas quais a presença de um controle estratégico de riscos, observados na implementação de processos colaborativos entre as pequenas empresas e seus stakeholders, influencia o desempenho e a aprendizagem organizacional, caracterizando o "Relacionamento Superior". Esta pesquisa está fundamentada em um estudo de caso múltiplo de empresas de pequeno e médio portes, do setor de restaurantes, estabelecidas no Brasil, na França e no Marrocos. A análise de informações é realizada de acordo com a abordagem contextual e uso das técnicas de análise proposital do discurso e da cartografia de riscos. Os resultados indicam que a Relação Superior é uma capacidade dinâmica da empresa, que agrega singularidade, diferenciais competitivos e durabilidade aos processos colaborativos estabelecidos entre a empresa e seus públicos, pois é criada a partir de mecanismos de controle de riscos estratégicos e da aprendizagem organizacional. Estes fatores diretivos reforçam as interações já existentes, aumentando o compromisso entre as partes e obtendo, como consequência, o aumento da competitividade da organização.

Diante do aumento da concorrência e da complexidade dos projetos e especificidades dos serviços business-to-business, o empreendedor pode adotar estratégias corporativas para manter a competitividade e superar barreiras comerciais para atuar em novos mercados e acessar clientes de grande porte, por meio, por exemplo, de alianças estratégicas, ou seja, acordos de cooperação entre empresas para o compartilhamento de riscos e investimentos, complementaridade de competências e acesso a recursos, mercados e clientes não disponíveis de forma independente. No entanto, tais alianças, ao mesmo tempo que apresentam oportunidades como ampliação do mercado e do escopo de atuação, também implicam riscos corporativos para os agentes envolvidos, especialmente o pequeno empreendedor quando associado a uma empresa de grande porte. Este estudo tem como finalidade propor uma estrutura para analisar os principais riscos corporativos envolvidos no processo de formação e ao longo da aliança estratégica entre uma empresa de pequeno porte e uma empresa de grande porte. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de caso único com base no processo de formação e desenvolvimento da aliança estratégica firmada entre a Gestiona, consultoria brasileira de pequeno porte que atua no setor de gestão da inovação para empresas fixadas em território nacional de todos os portes e setores, e a PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). Sendo assim, este estudo identifica os elementos estruturais da aliança estratégica entre a Gestiona e a PwC, bem como os principais riscos corporativos, com forte ênfase para o relacionamento interpessoal, além de propor uma estrutura de riscos corporativos para análise de contextos correlatos. Por fim, também é objeto de investigação deste estudo o nível de maturidade dessa aliança estratégica. / Faced with increased competition and complexity of the projects and specificities of business-to-business services, the small entrepreneur can adopt corporate strategies to remain competitive and overcome trade barriers to operating in new markets and access large clients through, for example, strategic alliances, that is cooperation agreements between companies with risk-sharing objectives and investments, complementary skills and access to resources, markets and customers not available independently. However, such alliances, while presenting opportunities such as market expansion and scope of action, also imply corporate risks for the agents involved, especially the small entrepreneur when associated with a large company. This study aims to propose a structure to analyze the main corporate risks involved in the training process and throughout the strategic alliance between a small company and a large company. A single case study was carried out based on the training and development process of the strategic alliance signed between Gestiona, a small Brazilian consultancy that operates in the innovation management sector for companies established in national territory of all sizes and sectors, and PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). Thus, this study identifies the structural elements of the strategic alliance between Gestiona and PwC, as well as the main corporate risks, with a strong emphasis on interpersonal relationships, as well as proposing a corporate risk structure to analyze related contexts. Finally, the study also investigates the level of maturity of this strategic alliance.

Esta tese trata das Redes de Cooperação e seus riscos corporativos. As Redes de Cooperação ficam definidas como associações de empresas atuantes em um mesmo setor da economia, explorando mercados de fatores e mercados de produção. A Rede Arrozeiras do Sul, com sede em Santa Maria/RS, organizada em 2005, é a primeira rede de indústrias orizícolas do Brasil. Surgiu com onze empresas associadas, para fortalecer suas cooperadas, abrangendo inicialmente toda a região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Atualmente, conta com dezesseis indústrias de beneficiamento de arroz e tem como missão criar diferenciais competitivos às cooperadas no que diz respeito à compra, industrialização e comercialização de arroz. As associadas à Rede Arrozeiras do Sul recorrem praticamente aos mesmos fornecedores de matérias-prima e insumos, e/ou concorrem pela preferência dos mesmos clientes em potencial. Quando bem gerenciado, esse tipo de empreendimento, que alguns veem como uma associação que se destina a unir esforços e interesses comuns a todos os cooperados, reduz os riscos decorrentes de se operar em mercados competitivos no curto e médio prazo. Paradoxalmente, no longo prazo, podem surgir riscos de um ou mais participantes colocarem seus interesses particulares acima e em oposição aos objetivos da Rede. Em outras palavras, a possibilidade de ocorrerem procedimentos conflitantes, que possam impedir a realização dos objetivos da Rede no longo prazo, demanda gerenciamento estratégico de tais riscos. No contexto desse trabalho, considerando-se os conceitos propostos pelo IBGC, COSO e ISO 31000, riscos gerenciais são definidos como a consequência lógica e natural de se ousar a ter uma atitude. E quando se ousa a fazer algo em conjunto ou com a participação de varias entidades - sejam elas pessoas físicas, ou jurídicas - os riscos se multiplicam na razão direta do número de participantes. A estratégia, por sua vez, é definida como o conjunto de planos e medidas necessárias para atingir-se a um objetivo ou finalidade colimada. Assim, esta pesquisa buscou responder à seguinte pergunta: quais as possibilidades e as limitações de a gestão estratégica de risco apoiar a gestão da Rede Arrozeiras do Sul? Com esse questionamento, o objetivo básico e fundamental foi o de propor uma sistematização de riscos corporativos (normativo e descritivo), para a Rede de Cooperação. O método empregado para identificar tal instrumento foi de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, classificada como uma pesquisa do tipo avaliação e aplicação, cuja população foi composta por dezesseis [16] empresas integrantes da Rede Arrozeira do Sul. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a rede encontra-se plenamente implantada, mas que os associados não exploram todas as possibilidades e vantagens que uma rede pode lhes propiciar. Verificou-se que as compras de matérias-prima e insumos, por meio da entidade \"Rede Arrozeiras do Sul\", ficavam limitadas ao intervalo de 2% a 20% do volume requisitado nos processos produtivos dos associados. Entretanto, para 75% dos entrevistados, os interesses dos associados à rede são efetivamente compartilhados. Os principais riscos existentes para a Rede Arrozeiras do Sul, na opinião dos entrevistados, são a questão tributária, seguida por políticas governamentais e negociações externas, ocorridas após decisões tomadas na rede em relação as compras/vendas e redução nos padrões de qualidade dos produtos. A tabulação dos dados coletados nos questionários e/ou obtidos por meio de entrevistas permitiu apresentar um esboço de proposta para um modelo teórico, a fim de sistematizar riscos corporativos para uma Rede de Cooperação. / This thesis deals with the Networks for co-operation and its corporate risks. The Networks for co-operation are defined as associations of companies that operate in a same sector of the economy, exploring its factors and production markets. The southern Brazil rice processing Network was established in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, in 2005 and was the first of its kind in Brazil. It arose from the association of eleven companies in order to strengthen all of them, initially encompassing the whole central region of Rio Grande do Sul state. Nowadays it has sixteen rice processing companies members and its mission is to create competitive differences for its members regarding to rice purchasing, processing and selling. Those companies associated to the Southern rice processing Network practically deal with the same suppliers of raw materials, and compete for the preference of the same potential customersen it is well managed, this type of project, which is seen as an association to join common efforts and interests to all members, contributes to reduction of risks of operating in competitive markets, in the short or medium term. Paradoxically, in the long run, it can present stronger risks to members in the case one or more of them place personal interests above or contrary to the objectives proposed by the network. In other words, the chance of such conflict may prevent the association to achieve its long term objectives, and claims for the risk management. In the context of this work, in the light of concepts proposed by IBGC, COSO and ISO 31000, management risk is defined as the natural and logical consequence of daring to have an attitude. When someone dares to do something together or with the participation of several entities - physical or legal persons - the risk is increased in the direct reason of the number of participants. In turn, the strategy is defined as the set of plans and measures necessary to achieve an objective or to collimated purpose. Therefore, this research aimed answer the following question: what are the possibilities and limitations of the risk management strategy to support the management of the southern Rice processing network? With this question, the basic and fundamental objective was to propose a systematic corporate risk (normative and descriptive) for the Network. The method used to identify such instrument was a qualitative research, classified as an assessment and application research, whose population consisted of sixteen [16]members of the Southern rice processing network. The results showed that the network is fully established, but members don\'t take advantage of the possibilities the network offers, because it was announced that the purchases of raw materials and other supplies, by the Network are limited to 2% to 20% of the required volume by a member productive process. However, for 75% of the interviewees, the interests of the network members are effectively shared. The main existing and / or potential risks for the southern brazil rice processing network, according to the interviewees, are the tax issues, followed by governmental policies and external negotiations occurred after decisions taken into the network regarding to product purchasing, selling and reducing quality standards. The tabulation of data collected allows to draft a proposal for a theoretical model in order to systematize corporate risks for a co-operative Network.

Bakgrund: Kvinnors väg till toppositioner inom näringslivet kantas av fler hinder än deras manliga motsvarigheter. En anledning kan vara de antaganden som finns kring kvinnors riskundvikande. Liknande antaganden finns även när det kommer till ålder och ämbetstid i beslutsfattande positioner. Det strategiska risktagandet är ett resultat av det strategiska beslutsfattande styrelser och ledningsgrupper utför, varpå intresse finns i att se om samband råder mellan variablerna eller om antagandena är felaktiga. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att få ökad förståelse för relationen mellan ledningsgruppens och styrelsens sammansättning och bolags strategiska risktagande. Metod: Det är en kvantitativ metod som appliceras på studien med en deduktiv ansats. Teorierna som behandlas är Prospect theory, Social identity approach och Upper echelons. Datainsamlingen utgår från nyckeltal från respektive bolags årsredovisningar och Infotorg Företag. Resultat: Alla hypoteser förkastas och slutsatsen blir därför att kvinnor, ålder och styrelsens respektive ledningsgruppens ämbetstid inte har något specifikt inflytande på det strategiskt risktagande då det inte hittades några samband för detta. / Background: Women's path to top positions in organisations is lined with more obstacles than their male counterparts. One reason may be the assumptions that exist about women's risk avoidance. Similar assumptions also exist when it comes to age and tenure in decision-making positions. The strategic risk-taking is a result of the strategic decision-making boards and top management teams carry out, whereupon there is interest in seeing if there is a connection between the variables or if the assumptions are false. Purpose: The study aims to gain an increased understanding of the relationship between the composition of the board of directors and the top management team, and companies' strategic risk-taking. Method: It is a quantitative method that is applied to the study with a deductive approach. The theories covered are Prospect theory, Social identity approach and Upper echelons. The data collection is based on key figures from each company's annual reports and Infotorg Företag. Conclusion: All hypotheses are rejected and the conclusion is therefore that women, age and the term of office of the board and management team have no specific influence on the strategic risk-taking as no connection was found for this.

摘 要 　　國內銀行傳統上最擅長及投注最多資源之領域即是企業金融業務，然經驗顯示此處亦為金融業者蒙受最多損失之處，甚至導致中興銀行及高雄企銀退出市場，大型行庫兩、三年前，每年打銷呆帳之金額係以新台幣數十億元、甚至上百億元計。其後消金業務盛行，信用卡循環信用業務之興起尤為引人注目，而現金卡亦在萬泰銀行的「George & Mary」之強勢促銷下製造出另一波高峰。然由於風險控管之鬆散，在卡債呆帳暗潮隱然成型，外資券商開始對現金卡業務暴衝至前幾名之銀行投以質疑的眼光之際，部份銀行也在此刻宣布停掉現金卡之業務。「財富管理」便是在銀行亟思轉向提高以手續費收入為基礎之殷殷期盼下，在國內銀行的業務領域中逐漸萌芽、茁壯。 在短短兩三年間，財富管理業務從在銀行營業廳一隅的小規模經營，到現在引領國人開啟投資理財之風潮，其方興未艾之勢頗值吾人加以探討。其成因包括人口老化問題衍生之退休規劃需求，因經濟活動之暢旺，造成富裕人口及富裕家庭數目之提昇，因微利時代的來臨等，皆實質地催化民眾對於理財之迫切需求，而「財富管理」即順應這種經濟金融環境之變遷，此其時地走入人群，成為眾所矚目之焦點，也成為這一年來銀行短兵相接之處。 　　其次，國際金融法規之變動，尤其是新巴塞爾資本協定(The Basel Capital Accord II)即將在2006年底實施，導致銀行在經營策略上不得不思考導入既能獲利，又屬低度資本需求業務之必要性，更何況銀行本身本應多元化其業務收入來源，以分散業務經營之風險。本文即從這些角度，探討財富管理業務之確具經營價值。 　　然財富管理業務之經營，終究有其須注意之風險，一為「策略風險」，一為「作業風險」。雖「策略風險」難以量化，也未普遍為業者所重視，然有謂「錯誤的決策，比貪污更可怕」，姑不論此言之對錯，但錯誤之決策會造成績效之不彰及資源之浪費，確屬不爭之事實。故本文專章論述經營策略，期所提出之分析與探討有助於業者經營時之省思。另有關「作業風險」，亦是日常之業務經營中稍有不慎即有可能對銀行造成重大損失、甚至被迫退出市場之風險。霸菱銀行殷鑑不遠，甚至以國際知名之花旗集團，其日本之私人銀行亦因涉未注意洗錢防制及資訊揭露等作業風險問題，而被勒令關閉。故內部稽核及內部控制等基本功之具體落實，確有其必要。本文就作業風險部份亦專章論述，從主管機關之相關規範，到國外相關機構之規範及做法，作業風險案例介紹，相關作業風險之管理等，皆做一分析與探討，期從所提出之案例，讓銀行業者於從事財富管理業務時，非僅注意手續費收入之多寡，或僅專注於市場佔有率之提升，而是實質注意到伴隨手續費收入而來之風險；盼所提出之風險分析，讓業者因瞭解風險之無所不在，而正視其重要性與迫切性，期將財富管理業務之作業風險減至最低。 / Abstract Just not long ago, domestic banks in Taiwan, with little differentiations, claimed their expertise in corporate finance and have allocated simultaneously most of their resources in this business. Ironically, however, corporate finance was also the area where the banking industry suffered the most. The problematic exiting of Chung Shing Bank and Kaohsiung Business Bank were obviously costly examples. Actually, almost all major banks were writing off their bad loans every year in billion of New Taiwan dollars for the past few years. Banking institutions tried to develop alternative business models by engaging in consumer banking, and some has indeed found its success. One of the stars that owned the spotlight was the revolving interest income from credit cards. Later, with the aggressive and successful marketing campaign of so-called “George & Mary” Cash Card by Cosmos Bank, the importance of consumer banking was pushed to its plateau. Nonetheless, loose risk management caused the bad debts of credit/cash cards to mount up and become potentially a serious problem. Foreign securities firms have already indicated their reservation of those top cash card business banks. A few banks have even suspended their cash card business. In light of the challenging environment facing corporate and consumer banking, banking institutions gradually turned to “Wealth Management” and holds high expectation that it will become a means to enhance their fee income. Indeed, wealth management has, in a matter of two to three years, started from a neglected corner of a bank’s business lobby developed progressively as a business trend leading how Taiwanese invest their wealth. The rapid pace of development in wealth management business certainly warrants our closer examination of various major issues relate to this phenomenon. To begin with the backgrounds, the aging of population has derived the need for retirement planning. The economic success of Taiwan over the years has contributed to the growth of numbers of wealthy families. The low interest rate environment has directed people to manage their wealth more actively. It was against this background that wealth management made its debut in the financial market, and caught the attention of the market, and became the central focus of the banking battleground. Additionally, recent changes in banking regulations, particularly, the introduction and planned implementation of Basel Capital Accord II, also pressured banking institutions to adjust their business strategy. Under Basel II, a bank will be required of more capital when engaging in corporate or consumer banking to cover credit risks. In contrast, wealth management needs to cover only operational risks. Not to mention that it also helps to diversify a bank’s source of income and risks portfolio. In terms of risks relate to wealth management, there are basically strategic risks and operational risks. Strategic risk may be difficult to quantity and certainly was not paid enough attention than it deserves. As people often said, “an erroneous strategic decision is worse than embezzlement”. Wrong decision often caused underperformance and waste of resources. This thesis, accordingly, attempts to analyze business strategies as it relates to a bank’s engagement in wealth management business. Furthermore, operational risk is also an area which could cause significant damages to a banking institution. In its worst case, operational risks might even cause the collapse of a bank. Baring’s scandal doesn’t seem to have happened that long ago. Even Citicorp private banking was sanctioned by the Japanese authority for failed to comply with the money laundry and disclosure requirements. It is therefore, essential that banks pay enough attention to its internal control and audit. This paper will also discuss operational risks issues, including relevant regulations, the practices in other major jurisdictions, case studies, and management of operational risks. The desire of the author is to alert the banking institutions that when engaging in wealth management, neither fee income nor market share should be their only focus. The effectiveness to control operational risks to its minimum is equally if not more important for a bank wishing to achieve success in wealth management business.

Bakgrund/problem: Företag blir alltmer utsatta av tryck från intressenter att de ska agera hållbart vid inköp och därmed ökar kraven på att leverantörer ska följa företags code of conduct. Code of conduct är företagets formulering av strategiska risker som ska undvikas. Strategiska risker är beroende av företagets affärsstrategi och intressenter.  Företag måste övervaka att code of conduct följs av leverantörer, annars utsätts företag för risken att deras rykte och värdeskapande förmåga försämras. Inköpsprocessens olika steg är sammankopplade och beroende av beslut som tagits i tidigare steg.   Syfte: Vårt syfte var att utvärdera hur Andritz hanterar strategiska risker i deras inköpsprocess gentemot deras leverantörer samt ge förslag på hur Andritz kan förbättra hanteringen av strategiska risker i inköpsprocessen.   Metod: Vår forskningsansats var en fallstudie med utvärderingsdesign. Insamling av material har samlats in genom företagsdokument och intervjuer utifrån målstyrt urval.   Resultat/Slutsats: Andritz hanterar de ekonomiska riskerna; kvalitet och pris. Det finns förbättringar som Andritz kan göra med sociala och miljörisker. Andritz har tillskillnad från kvalitet och pris, inte specificerat vad de vill få ut av leverantören med arbetsmiljö, arbetssäkerhet, avfall och utsläpp. Andritz behöver tydligt specificera vad de vill få ut av leverantörer samt skapa rutiner för hur kontroller ska genomföras. / Background / problem: Companies have experienced an increased pressure from stakeholders to act more sustainable in their purchasing and therefor costumer demands of supplier compliance of code of conduct have increased. Code of conduct is a way for companies to manage strategic risks, which depends on the business strategy and stakeholders. Companies must monitor supplier’s compliance of code of conduct; otherwise the company will be exposed to the risk of reputational damage and decreased value creation. The different steps in the purchasing process are connected and dependent on decisions that have been made in the previously steps Purpose: Our purpose was to evaluate how Andritz manage strategic risks in purchasing process in relationship to their suppliers, in order to bring suggestions of improvements that Andritz can make to improve the strategic risk management in the purchasing process. Method: Our research approach is an evaluation case study. Collection of data has been collected through business documents and interviews based on target-oriented selection. Results / Conclusion: Our conclusion is that Andritz manage their economic risks as quality and low cost, but improvement can be made when it comes to social and environment risks. Andritz have not specified what they want from the suppliers when it comes to work safety, waste and emission and working environment, and because of the lack of clear social and environmental terms, Andritz have to create specifications of what they want of the supplier’s and also create routines of how controls will be carried out.