Este trabalho trata da análise de problemas da Mecânica da Fratura Elástica Linear (MFEL) utilizando o Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC). Esse método constitui uma poderosa e precisa técnica de análise numérica. A necessidade da discretização somente do contorno do modelo é um dos grandes atrativos do MEC. Na Mecânica da Fratura, o MEC é adequado pela própria natureza de sua formulação, a qual está baseada em soluções fundamentais. Dentre os parâmetros da MFEL, destaca-se o Fator de Intensidade de Tensão (FIT). No presente desenvolvimento, esse parâmetro é analisado numericamente pela técnica da correlação dos deslocamentos e por uma técnica alternativa a qual emprega o campo de tensões presente na extremidade da trinca. A direção do crescimento da trinca é analisada por meio do critério da Máxima Tensão Circunferencial. Os resultados obtidos são comparados à solução analítica e a outros resultados encontrados na literatura. / This work deals with the analysis of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) problems using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). This method is a powerful and accurate technique of numerical analysis. The need of discretization only of the boundary of the model is one of the major advantageous features of the BEM. In Fracture Mechanics, the BEM is adequate due to its intrinsic formulation, which is based on fundamental solutions. In the LEFM, the Stress Intensity Factors (SIF) is one of the most important parameters. In the present study, this parameter is numerically analyzed by the correlation displacement technique and by an alternative technique which considers the stress field at the crack tip. The direction of the crack growth is analyzed using the criterion of Maximum Circumferential Stress. The results are compared to the analytical solution and to other results of literature.

No description available.

No description available.

A new testing method was introduced and developed to determine Mode I fracture toughness of disc type rock specimens. The new method was named as Straight Notched Disc Bending and it uses disc specimens under three-point bending. 3D Numerical modeling was carried out with a finite element program ABAQUS to find stress intensity factors for both well-known Semi-circular Bending specimen models and Straight Notched Disc Bending specimen models for varying disc geometries. Both specimen types included notches where a crack front is introduced at the tip of the notch to compute the stress intensity factors. For stress intensity analysis, crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed. Fracture toughness testing was carried on Ankara G&ouml / lbaSi pink colored andesite for both specimen types / crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed during the tests. For both specimen geometries, notch lengths changing from 5 mm to 20 mm were used. For each notch length, two different roller supports with span lengths 60 mm and 70 mm were used. For both methods, fracture toughness values determined by using numerically computed stress intensity factors and failure loads obtained from the experiments were very close / the new method was verified by comparing the results. The new method had advantages of lower confining pressure at the crack front and lower stress intensities with a possible smaller crack tip plasticity region.

Flattened Brazilian disc and modified ring test methods are attractive methods being simpler compared to the other mode I fracture toughness testing methods on rock cores. The aim of this study is to improve these simple methods to yield fracture toughness values that are close to the ones determined by the suggested methods. ABAQUS finite element program was used to determine stress intensity factors of models with various dimensions. Comparing fracture toughness to the results obtained by semicircular bending method tests (0.94 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for andesite and 0.56 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for marble) and the cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc method tests (1.45 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for andesite and 1.08 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for marble), proper geometrical parameters were investigated by changing diameter, central-hole diameter, and loading angle of Ankara andesite and Afyon marble specimens. Semicircular bending method results were lower than the cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc method results. With flattened Brazilian disc method, the closest results (1.45 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for andesite and 1.12 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for marble) to the suggested method was obtained by 54 mm diameter discs with loading angles between 32.5&deg / and 38.0&deg / and with thicknesses between 19 mm and 34 mm. With modified ring test on andesite, the closest results to the suggested method was obtained by 75 mm diameter discs with 8 mm central-hole diameter and 25&deg / loading angle (1.47 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for andesite and 1.07 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for marble), and with 14 mm central-hole diameter and 16&deg / loading angle (1.50 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for andesite and 1.05 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for marble).

No description available.

No description available.

During this thesis, a Boundary Element Method (BEM) has been developed for the solution of static linear elastic problems with microstructural effects in two (2D) and three dimensions (3D).The second simplified form of Mindlin's Generalized Gradient Elasticity Theory (Mindlin's Form II)has been employed. The fundamental solution of the 4th order partial differential equation, that describes the aforementioned theory, has been derived and the integral equations that govern Mindlin's Form II Gradient Elasticity Theory have been obtained. Furthermore, a BEM formulation has been developed and specific Boundary Value Problems (BVPs) were solved numerically and compared with the corresponding analytical solutions to verify the correctness of the formulation and demonstrate its accuracy. Moreover, two new partially discontinuous boundary elements with variable order of singularity, a line and a quadrilateral element, have been developed for the solution of fracture mechanics problems. The calculation of the unknown fields near the crack tip (or front) demanded the use of elements that could interpolate abruptly varying fields. The new elements were created in a way that their interpolation functions were no longer quadratic but their behavior depended on the order of singularity of each field. Finally, the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) of the crack has been calculated with high accuracy, based on the element's nodal traction values. Static fracture mechanics problems for Mode I and Mixed Mode (I & II) cracks, have been solved in 2D and 3D and the corresponding SIFs have been obtained, in the context of both classical and Form II Gradient Elasticity theories. / Κατά τη διάρκεια της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής, αναπτύχθηκε Μέθοδος Συνοριακών Στοιχείων (ΜΣΣ) για την επίλυση στατικών προβλημάτων ελαστικότητας με επιδράσεις μικροδομής σε δύο και τρεις διαστάσεις. Η θεωρία στην οποία εφαρμόστηκε η ΜΣΣ είναι η δεύτερη απλοποιημένη μορφή της γενικευμένης θεωρίας ελαστικότητας του Mindlin. Για τη συγκεκριμένη θεωρία ευρέθη η θεμελιώδης της μερικής διαφορικής εξίσωσης 4ης τάξης που περιγράφει τη συμπεριφορά των συγκεκριμένων υλικών και κατασκευών. Επίσης διατυπώθηκε η ολοκληρωτική εξίσωση των αντίστοιχων προβλημάτων και έγινε η αριθμητική εφαρμογή μέσω της ΜΣΣ. Επιλύθηκα αριθμητικά συγκεκριμένα προβλήματα συνοριακών τιμών και έγινε σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων με τα αντίστοιχα θεωρητικά. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύχθηκαν δύο νέα ασυνεχή στοιχεία μεταβλητής τάξης ιδιομορφίας με σκοπό την επίλυση προβλημάτων θραυστομηχανικής, ένα για δισδιάστατα και ένα για τρισδιάστατα προβλήματα. Συγκεκριμένα, επειδή τα πεδία των τάσεων απειρίζονται στην κορυφή μιας ρωγμής και περιέχουν συγκεκριμένων τύπων ιδιομορφίες δεν ήταν δυνατός ο ακριβής υπολογισμός των πεδίων αυτών κοντά στη ρωγμή με τα συνήθη τετραγωνικά συνοριακά στοιχεία. Ως εκ τούτου τα νέα στοιχεία κατασκευάστηκαν με τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε οι συναρτήσεις παρεμβολής τους να μην είναι τετραγωνικες, αλλά να εξαρτώνται από τον τύπο ιδιομορφίας του κάθε πεδίου. Έπειτα, έγινε ακριβής υπολογισμός του συντελεστή έντασης τάσης της ρωγμής με βάση τις τιμές του πεδίου των τάσεων κοντά σε αυτή. Τέλος επιλύθηκαν στατικά προβλήματα θραυστομηχανικής σε δύο και τρεις διαστάσεις και υπολογίστηκαν οι συντελεστές έντασης τάσης για ρωγμές σε υλικά με επίδραση μικροδομής.

Οι κατασκευές των περισσοτέρων τεχνολογικών εφαρμογών υπόκεινται σε σύνθετες θερμικές καταπονήσεις. Παράλληλα, η επεξεργασία σύγχρονων υλικών συνήθως συνδέεται με ειδικές θερμικές κατεργασίες. Η πολυπλοκότητα στη γεωμετρία των κατασκευών αυτών σε συνδυασμό με τις απότομες μεταβολές της θερμοκρασίας και γενικότερα της επιβαλλόμενης θερμικής καταπόνησης, συχνά οδηγεί στη λύση της συνέχειας των υλικών μέσω της δημιουργίας ρωγμών η οποία μειώνει τα επίπεδα αξιοπιστίας και παράλληλα αυξάνει δραματικά το κόστος συντήρησης και παραγωγής τους. Οι θερμικές φορτίσεις των ρηγματωμένων κατασκευών οι οποίες συνδέονται σχεδόν πάντα με απορρόφηση θερμότητας και επομένως ταυτόχρονη διαστολή των υλικών, οδηγούν στο λεγόμενο «κλείσιμο» της ρωγμής κατά το οποίο οι επιφάνειες της ρωγμής έρχονται τμηματικά ή και εξολοκλήρου σε επαφή δηλαδή συμβάλλουν. Εξαιτίας της πολυπλοκότητας και της μη γραμμικής φύσης του προβλήματος της επαφής, o χαρακτηρισμός της θερμικής θραύσης, υπό την παρουσία φαινομένων συμβολής των επιφανειών της, δεν έχει διερευνηθεί διεξοδικά στη βιβλιογραφία. Η επικρατούσα παραδοχή, ότι δηλαδή η ρωγμή παραμένει εντελώς ανοιχτή κατά τη θερμική φόρτιση, οδηγεί σε εσφαλμένα αποτελέσματα και επομένως δεν έχει πρακτική αξία στον κατασκευαστικό σχεδιασμό. Για το λόγο αυτό, η ανάπτυξη ενός αξιόπιστου και οικονομικού από απόψεως υπολογιστικής ισχύος αριθμητικού εργαλείου για την αντιμετώπιση τέτοιων προβλημάτων είναι αναγκαία. Η αριθμητική προσομοίωση και ο χαρακτηρισμός, μέσω της μεθόδου των συνοριακών στοιχείων, της θερμικής θραύσης η οποία επηρεάζεται από το φαινόμενο της επαφής των επιφανειών της ρωγμής είναι ο σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής. / The structures of most technological applications are subject to complicate thermal loadings. Additionally, the processing of modern materials is usually related with special thermal treatments. The complex geometry of these structures in combination with the rabid changes of the temperature and generally with the imposed thermal load, often leads to the dissolution of continuity of the materials via the creation of cracks, fact that decreases the reliability standards and simultaneously increases dramatically the maintenance and manufacturing cost. The thermal loadings of the cracked structures which are associated with heat absorption and consequently simultaneous dilation of materials, lead to the well known crack closure phenomenon in which the surfaces of the crack come partially or even entirely into contact i.e. they interfering. Due to the complexity and non linear nature of the contact problem, the fracture characterization under crack closure phenomena has not been investigated thoroughly in the literature. The prevalent assumption, that the crack remains completely open during thermal loading, leads to inaccurate results and thus is not of practical importance in structural design. Therefore, the development of a reliable numerical tool offering low computational cost is required for the treatment of such problems. The numerical simulation and characterization, through the boundary element method, of thermal fracture that is influenced by crack closure phenomenon is the aim of the present thesis.

Este trabalho trata da análise de problemas da Mecânica da Fratura Elástica Linear (MFEL) utilizando o Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC). Esse método constitui uma poderosa e precisa técnica de análise numérica. A necessidade da discretização somente do contorno do modelo é um dos grandes atrativos do MEC. Na Mecânica da Fratura, o MEC é adequado pela própria natureza de sua formulação, a qual está baseada em soluções fundamentais. Dentre os parâmetros da MFEL, destaca-se o Fator de Intensidade de Tensão (FIT). No presente desenvolvimento, esse parâmetro é analisado numericamente pela técnica da correlação dos deslocamentos e por uma técnica alternativa a qual emprega o campo de tensões presente na extremidade da trinca. A direção do crescimento da trinca é analisada por meio do critério da Máxima Tensão Circunferencial. Os resultados obtidos são comparados à solução analítica e a outros resultados encontrados na literatura. / This work deals with the analysis of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) problems using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). This method is a powerful and accurate technique of numerical analysis. The need of discretization only of the boundary of the model is one of the major advantageous features of the BEM. In Fracture Mechanics, the BEM is adequate due to its intrinsic formulation, which is based on fundamental solutions. In the LEFM, the Stress Intensity Factors (SIF) is one of the most important parameters. In the present study, this parameter is numerically analyzed by the correlation displacement technique and by an alternative technique which considers the stress field at the crack tip. The direction of the crack growth is analyzed using the criterion of Maximum Circumferential Stress. The results are compared to the analytical solution and to other results of literature.