Steel straps are being used for confinement purposes of steel-free bridge deck slab. The objective of this study was to use GFRP prestressed concrete straps as an alternative to steel straps, and assess the effect of the alkaline concrete environment on the long-term performance of GFRP. Each strap was 160 x100 mm2 in cross section, 2000 mm in length and pre-tensioned with two 16 mm diameter GFRP strands. The experimental study included testing three sets of concrete straps, pre-stressed at 35%, 45%, and 55% of ultimate strength of GFRP. The straps were tested in tension after being subjected to temperatures from -25oC to +40 oC in an environmental chamber. Another two sets of straps were cast and tested two and a half years later. The control and conditioned samples achieved comparable results proving that GFRP can withstand prestressing levels higher than 25% and up to 35% of their ultimate strength.

Steel straps are being used for confinement purposes of steel-free bridge deck slab. The objective of this study was to use GFRP prestressed concrete straps as an alternative to steel straps, and assess the effect of the alkaline concrete environment on the long-term performance of GFRP. Each strap was 160 x100 mm2 in cross section, 2000 mm in length and pre-tensioned with two 16 mm diameter GFRP strands. The experimental study included testing three sets of concrete straps, pre-stressed at 35%, 45%, and 55% of ultimate strength of GFRP. The straps were tested in tension after being subjected to temperatures from -25oC to +40 oC in an environmental chamber. Another two sets of straps were cast and tested two and a half years later. The control and conditioned samples achieved comparable results proving that GFRP can withstand prestressing levels higher than 25% and up to 35% of their ultimate strength.

This thesis begins by transposing two specific architectural design approaches upon the design of residence quarters for a school of architecture. There are numerous approaches in design conception. Any one of these can assist in an architectsâ building design, from the organization of the spaces inside, to how the form is generated. However many of these are confined to the architectural type in which they are derived. This project explores the possibility of transposing two approaches in museum design toward a different â typeâ of building. The Labyrinth is a design approach which focuses on the intent of the architect to direct the patron through a museum building on a designated path. The building is conceived as a container to house the art and give the patron a defined path of movement through space. Although, from the outside, the building would appear simple the path on the inside increases in complexity through a series of interconnected spaces. The â white boxâ approach is based upon an idea of creating a building as a palette for the artist. The building lends itself to giving the artist boundaries that they must explore in order to express their individual work. The artist uses the space to portray their artwork as they wish the patron to encounter it. The building doesnâ t exist as a silent landscape, but creates a dialogue between the artist, the work, and itself. From these thoughts, the design of the residence building began. The intent is to design a structure which allows the students to discover a new interaction with their residence. The concept of the â transformation of a lineâ , questions the depth of space that can be created by the cut and shift of a single line in a two-dimensional plane. The form quickly evolved into complexity, making the architecture a frame for a dynamic quality of life. / Master of Architecture

No description available.

When animals are stressed they use a trait called social support to alleviate their stress responses. With domestication many traits from the ancestor red junglefowl have changed in the domesticated breed white leghorn. White leghorns are bred to be able to live in large groups where it becomes hard to recognize every chicken. They are therefore not as dependent of familiar stimuli birds for social support as red junglefowl. Our hypotheses were that red jungle males would be more interested in unfamiliar stimuli birds than white leghorn male before stress due to their territoriality. We tested total 56 chickens in an open field test. The test arena was divided in three zones and the time the focal birds spent in each zone was recorded. The focal bird was recorded in 300 seconds before being stressed by being suspended in a net and then recorded again in 300 seconds. The results showed that social support and social behaviour differs between females and males for both breeds. No significant differences were found between the breeds. There was a tendency for significant of breed (P=0.08) effects in the central zone unstressed. The two interactions before stressed between breed and sex, central zone (P<0.01) and unfamiliar zone (P<0.01) had significant effects. We observed fights between white leghorn males and familiar stimuli. Waltzing did also occur in red jungle males in front of unfamiliar. In conclusion, numeric differences can be seen but not large enough to be significant and our hypotheses are not confirmed.

No description available.

No / This paper draws a comparison between the 700-year-old historically reported will-o'-the-wisp phenomenon and the more recent discovery of extremophilic colonization of hostile environments; both have been observed as present in isolated, stressed environmental regions and originating from biological phenomena. However, whereas extremophilic activity can be understood in terms of a survival strategy based upon the synthesis of specific suites of protective biochemicals which are designed to control biogeologically the stressed habitats and to provide protection against the extreme environments, the analytical techniques that have proved so successful for the illumination of these survival strategies of extremophiles and which are now being miniaturized for in-field studies and for extraterrestrial exploration have not been applied to a clarification or evaluation of the phenomenon of will-o'-the-wisp. The reason is simply that the will-o'-the-wispsightings have now disappeared completely. Tantalizingly, all of the most reasonable physico-chemical and biological explanations for the will-o'-the-wisp phenomenon proved to be unsatisfactory in some respect and it is clear that, just as in the case of extremophilic colonization, will-o'-the-wisp would benefit from a modern rigorous analytical study which would produce the data from which the potentially novel biological behaviour could be characterized and which would help a better understanding to be made of our natural world.

O conceito de pontes de madeira em tabuleiro laminado protendido surgiu na década de 70, no Canadá, como forma de reabilitação para tabuleiros laminados pregados. Diversas pesquisas foram desenvolvidas para verificar o desempenho estrutural e a durabilidade do sistema, e estes estudos comprovaram a eficácia do método. Devido ao enorme déficit de pequenas e médias pontes em todo o seu território, o Brasil tem buscado cada vez mais materiais e tecnologias alternativas economicamente competitivas para sua construção. Partindo de pesquisas desenvolvidas em outros países, desde 1993 começaram a ser desenvolvidas pesquisas nacionais para verificar a viabilidade em se utilizar madeiras brasileiras para construção de pontes, e a resposta, mais uma vez, foi positiva. Este trabalho tem como objetivos o estudo teórico e experimental das pontes de eucalipto protendidas transversalmente, através do projeto e construção da primeira ponte protendida de madeira da América do Sul. Por meio de provas de carga, foi avaliado o desempenho da ponte e a influência dos guarda-rodas e defensas na rigidez do tabuleiro. Os resultados mostram que o sistema protendido de eucalipto é uma ótima alternativa para o Brasil. / The concept of pre-stressed laminated timber bridges come from 70s, in Canada, as an alternative for the rehabilitation of damaged nailed laminated timber decks. Many researches were developed to verify the structural performance and the durability of the system, which corroborated the system\'s high efficience. Because of a great deficit in short-span and medium-span bridges in Brazil, the country has searched more and more competitive materials and technologies for their construction. Based on studies developed in other countries, since 1993 Brazil has developed studies to verify the viability of using brazilian woods to build such bridges, and the answer was positive. The present work aims to investigate the project and behavior of transversally pre-stressed timber bridges of eucalyptus, through the project and construction of the first stress-laminated timber bridge in South America. The bridge performance was evaluated as well as the influence of the guard-rail system in the deck stiffness, across proof loading. The results showed that this system is a good alternative for bridge construction in Brazil.

O conceito de pontes de madeira em tabuleiro laminado protendido surgiu na década de 70, no Canadá, como forma de reabilitação para tabuleiros laminados pregados. Diversas pesquisas foram desenvolvidas para verificar o desempenho estrutural e a durabilidade do sistema, e estes estudos comprovaram a eficácia do método. Devido ao enorme déficit de pequenas e médias pontes em todo o seu território, o Brasil tem buscado cada vez mais materiais e tecnologias alternativas economicamente competitivas para sua construção. Partindo de pesquisas desenvolvidas em outros países, desde 1993 começaram a ser desenvolvidas pesquisas nacionais para verificar a viabilidade em se utilizar madeiras brasileiras para construção de pontes, e a resposta, mais uma vez, foi positiva. Este trabalho tem como objetivos o estudo teórico e experimental das pontes de eucalipto protendidas transversalmente, através do projeto e construção da primeira ponte protendida de madeira da América do Sul. Por meio de provas de carga, foi avaliado o desempenho da ponte e a influência dos guarda-rodas e defensas na rigidez do tabuleiro. Os resultados mostram que o sistema protendido de eucalipto é uma ótima alternativa para o Brasil. / The concept of pre-stressed laminated timber bridges come from 70s, in Canada, as an alternative for the rehabilitation of damaged nailed laminated timber decks. Many researches were developed to verify the structural performance and the durability of the system, which corroborated the system\'s high efficience. Because of a great deficit in short-span and medium-span bridges in Brazil, the country has searched more and more competitive materials and technologies for their construction. Based on studies developed in other countries, since 1993 Brazil has developed studies to verify the viability of using brazilian woods to build such bridges, and the answer was positive. The present work aims to investigate the project and behavior of transversally pre-stressed timber bridges of eucalyptus, through the project and construction of the first stress-laminated timber bridge in South America. The bridge performance was evaluated as well as the influence of the guard-rail system in the deck stiffness, across proof loading. The results showed that this system is a good alternative for bridge construction in Brazil.

Diploma thesis deals with design pre-stressed road bridge over the local brook and field road. There are designed 3 studies, from which variation trapezial point-supported pre-stressed concrete slabroad bridge with 3 spans is chosen. In the structural analysis of the bridge structure is assessed at the ultimate limit state and serviceability by European standards – Eurocodes. It is developed drawings and visualization of the bridge.