Univ., Diss.--Bayreuth, 2000.

by Yiu Wing-Yee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-116). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGYRES --- p.vii / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Overview --- p.1 / Purposes of The Study --- p.2 / Scope of The Study --- p.4 / Foreign Entry Mode --- p.4 / Country- of-Destination --- p.5 / Country-of-Origin --- p.5 / Industries --- p.5 / Importance of the Study --- p.5 / Theoretical Importance --- p.5 / Methodological Importance --- p.6 / Practical Importance --- p.6 / Structure of The Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- FOREIGN ENTRY MODE CHOICE - AN OVERVIEW --- p.8 / "What is ""Foreign Entry Mode Choice""" --- p.8 / Research Streams on Foreign Entry Mode Choice --- p.9 / Determinants of Foreign Entry Mode Choice --- p.9 / Foreign Entry Mode and Performance --- p.12 / Theoretical Overview --- p.14 / Transaction Cost Approach to Entry Mode Choice --- p.14 / Eclectic Approach to Foreign Entry Mode Choice --- p.16 / Overview of Past Empirical Studies --- p.18 / Comment on Existing Literature --- p.20 / Chapter 3. --- FOREIGN ENTRY MODE CHOICE - AN INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE --- p.24 / Overview of Institutional Theory --- p.24 / Which Version of Institutional Theory to Be Used --- p.28 / Phenomenon to be Explained --- p.28 / Definition of Institution --- p.29 / Mechanism --- p.30 / Consequence --- p.30 / Level of Analysis --- p.31 / Summary --- p.31 / A Conceptual Model of Institutional Factors and Foreign Entry Mode Choice --- p.32 / Institutional Factors and Foreign Entry Mode Choice --- p.33 / Host country restrictiveness and foreign entry mode choice --- p.33 / Cultural distance and foreign entry mode choice --- p.35 / Historical norm and foreign entry mode choice --- p.37 / Transaction Cost Factors and Foreign Entry Mode Choice --- p.38 / Host market potential --- p.38 / Diversification --- p.39 / Parent experience --- p.40 / Asset specificity --- p.41 / Relative size of subsidiary to parent --- p.42 / Subsidiary age --- p.43 / Chapter 4. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.44 / Sample --- p.45 / Measures --- p.48 / Dependent Variable --- p.48 / Independent Variables --- p.48 / Institutional variables --- p.48 / Transaction cost variables --- p.61 / Analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 5. --- RESULTS --- p.65 / Relationship Among Variables --- p.65 / Overview of the WOS and TV Distribution among Countries --- p.65 / Logistic Regression Analysis --- p.68 / Additional Findings --- p.72 / Chapter 6. --- DISCUSSION --- p.80 / Institutional Factors --- p.80 / Transaction Cost Factors --- p.83 / Comparisons between Institutional Factors and Transaction Cost Factors --- p.85 / Synthesizing Institutional Factors and Transaction Cost Factors --- p.91 / Chapter 7. --- CONCLUSION --- p.94 / APPENDIX --- p.98 / REFERENCES --- p.108

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala universitet, 2003. / A duplicate abstract in 1 leaf inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Univ., Diss.--Frankfurt (Main), 2004.

Zugl.: Zürich, Universiẗat, Diss., 1992. / Zugl.: Zürich, Univ., Diss., 1992.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-201).

Thesis--University of Oregon. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 332-356).

The objectives of this study are to determine the effect on certain financial statement relationships of using the equity method to account for subsidiaries in lieu of consolidation and to gather evidence to suggest whether or not bond rating agencies take into consideration these effects in rating corporate bonds. Sixty manufacturing companies listed in COMPUSTAT as having a subsidiary accounted for by the equity method compose the experimental group. The remaining manufacturing companies in COMPUSTAT compose the control group. Computation of eight variables from COMPUSTAT provided data from the companies' original financial statements. Consolidating the subsidiaries of the experimental companies using annual 10-K data made it possible to recompute the same eight variables with these subsidiaries consolidated into the parents' statements. Comparison of the variables for the companies before and after consolidation revealed that five of the eight variables were substantially different and that the differences were statistically significant. Horrigan's multiple regression bond rating model provided indirect evidence to examine which method (equity or consolidation) bond raters use in their rating process. The model is a surrogate for the rating process. Use of the model necessitated calculation of two sets of regression coefficients—one using data in which subsidiaries were accounted for by the equity method and a second when the subsidiaries are consolidated. A derivation sample drawn randomly from both the experimental and control groups provided the data for computation of the coefficients. Comparison of predictions using the two sets of coefficients and validation sample company data revealed that the consolidated method data generated predictions in greater agreement with Moody's bond ratings than did the equity method data. The N-probit technique indicated that the predictions of Horrigan's model are not biased. The research suggests that bond raters find data based on consolidation of subsidiaries more important in their analyses than data based on the equity method. This suggests that the FASB should modify generally accepted accounting principles with regard to the equity method of accounting for unconsolidated, majority-owned subsidiaries.

Multinational corporations face the dilemma of global integration and local responsiveness. Further, they have to contend with trying to minimise agency costs in managing remote subsidiaries. An alternative to regional headquarters was proposed in regional management mandated (RMM) subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are profit and loss units that are delegated headquarters functions to manage peripheral subsidiaries. The study aimed to examine the headquarters-RMM-subsidiary structure through determining whether the RMM-subsidiary was relevant to a multi-business subsidiary with four industry sectors and examining the roles played by the business units within the industry sectors. A qualitative and single-case, exploratory study was conducted, which consisted of twenty-five semi-structured interviews with respondents within the headquarters, the RMM-subsidiary and the peripheral subsidiaries. This research found that the RMM-subsidiary does perform most of the headquarters’ functions for the peripheral subsidiaries and business partners – the performance of which is impacted by the type of business and the channel to market. The performance of these functions further highlighted that each business unit within an industry with the RMM charter plays multiple roles to varying degrees within a given framework and across multiple frameworks, and that the roles are also impacted by type of business and channel to market, local resources and competencies. Peripheral subsidiaries were highlighted as being unimportant, compromising their local responsiveness; however, it was indicated that potentially their role would change as business opportunities dictated. Finally, the deployment of expatriates seems not for purposes of control but to fill resource, knowledge and skill gaps as necessary. This highlighted an alternative to expatriate deployment – the development of staff at the headquarters. This would serve two purposes: equip the individual with knowledge and skills needed in the home country and develop networking and trusting relationships that were found to foster better working ties between the headquarters and subsidiaries. As a result the key components in the HQ-RMM-subsidiary structure are identified as the balance between control and autonomy, RMM-subsidiary roles and networking and trusting relationships, as all three components have a direct bearing on the MNC achieving global integration and local responsiveness. Keywords: headquarters functions, regional management mandated subsidiary, peripheral subsidiary, multi-business multinational corporation, subsidiary roles / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / zkgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

DISC and FSC are two trade policy instruments of the United States that proV'ide a tax incentive for exporting. The two measures provide a stimulus for investment in the export sector by reduci.ng the cost of capital for exporting firms. According to a model based on the neoclassical theory of optimum capital accumulation, the minimum effect either DISC or FSC can have is surprisingly small, reducing the cost of capital by less than percent in either case. The maximum effect is large, reducing the cost of capital in the export sector by around 20 percent. However, the maximum effect of DISC and FSC is accompanied by side-effects that reduce economic efficiency significantly. These results therefore call into question the effectiveness of DISC and FSC as instruments of trade policy. / Master of Arts