The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of lipolysis by growth hormone in rat adipocytes. GH-induced lipolysis, in contrast to that of isoproterenol (ISO), is slow in onset (lag time >1h), small in magnitude (~2X basal). and requires corticosteroid. Evidence for direct coupling between GH receptors and adenylyl cyclase or G-proteins is lacking, and although we could detect no measurable change in cAMP content after treatment with GH + dexamethasone (Dex), it is likely that cAMP activation of protein kinase A is a central event in GH-induced lipolysis. Rp-cAMPS, a competitive antagonist of cAMP was equally effective in decreasing lipolysis in tissues treated with GH/Dex or a comparably lipolytic dose of ISO. Incorporation of 32P from γ-32P-ATP into kemptide, a synthetic oligopeptide substrate for protein kinase A, was increased in homogenates of GH/Dex-treated tissue. This increase was correlated with increased lipolysis. Earlier estimates based upon 32P-ribosylation of Gi catalysed by pertussis toxin (PTx) suggested that the abundance of Gi in adipocyte membranes was decreased 4h after treatment of hypophysectomized rats with GH. We therefore examined the possibility that changes in amount or distribution of G-proteins in adipocyte membranes might account for the lipolytic action of GH. Homogenates of GH/Dex-treated and control adipocytes were subjected to differential centrifugation and the abundance of G-proteins in low speed, l6k x g (16k), pellets and high speed, 100k x g (100k), pellets were determined by quantitative Western analysis with densitometry. A 35% loss of Giα2 from the l6k pellet compared from tissues treated with GH/Dex was associated with a 70% increase of Giα2 in the 100k pellet. No change in Gsα was observed in the l6k pellet but a 35% loss of Gsα was seen in the 100k pellet. The G proteins in the l6k pellet were fractionated on a continuous sucrose gradient followed by quantitation with Western analysis or autoradiography after 32P-NAD ribosylation. Giα2 was consistently shifted from heavier to lighter fractions of the l6k pellet after treatment with GH/Dex. Similar shifts of Gsα were not seen. The distribution of 32P-labelled proteins was comparably altered after incubation of homogenates of control and GH/Dex treated adipocytes with PTx and 32P-NAD. These shifts were blocked by treatment of adipocytes with 100μM colchicine which also blocked the lipolytic action of GH/Dex. We propose that an action of GH/Dex on the cytoskeleton of fat cells may change the cellular distribution of G-proteins in a manner that produces a relative decrease in the tonic inhibitory influence of Gi on adenylyl cyclase.

The main aim of the thesis was to uncover opportunities and to identify threats for the selected company and offer the firm use of the information obtained. In the theoretical part of the thesis I used the information to perform a situational analysis and further analysis of the methods of marketing environment and SWOT analysis. To determine the opportunities and threats in the practical part of my thesis, I chose Československá obchodní banka, a. s. , which operates as a universal bank in the Czech Republic. SWOT analysis was used for these purposes. Before performing a SWOT analysis it was necessary to first develop an analysis of the marketing environment of the company. I used STEP analysis to analyse the company's macro environment. The bank's microenvironment was evaluated using Porter's five forces model analysis, and to analyse the company I made financial analysis of selected economic data and financial ratios from the annual reports for the period 2010 up to 2014. The SWOT analysis that was performed uncovered the following opportunities: population growth, an increasing number of households with a personal computer and Internet connection, smart banking development and interconnection of distribution networks. The most significant threat to the bank is growth in rivalry among competitors, increased bargaining power of customers, threat in the form of substitutes, the end of the contract with Česká pošta and the planned transfer of Česká pošta to a franchise. To achieve the objectives of the work, I suggested to the bank the following recommendations: specialized products for children and young adults with public campaign events, as well as alternative distribution channels, virtual Video Banker and virtual branches, competition and poll applications on social networks, Smart banking development, interconnection of distribution networks and merging brands. In terms of threats I recommend reducing the fees for account maintenance, increase the interest rate on accounts, create questionnaires regarding clients who close their account, higher commissions on sales and investments for Česká pošta, and last but not least, benefits and training for employees of Česká pošta.

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of external product attributes on consumers’ perceived acceptance of pea protein as a protein substitute in food products. The interest in pea protein as a possible protein source was investigated and the various advantages of consuming pea protein were highlighted. In previous studies, pea protein was identified as a possible substitute for red meat (Davies & Lightowler, 1998), but also as protein containing the amino acid profile which corresponds with the profile recommended for adults by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (Swendseid, 1981). Additionally the nutritional and health benefits, the environmental benefits of growing pea protein as well as the non-allergen declaration accompanying pea protein were discussed. The various factors that will influence the consumer’s decision making process when introduced to a new and unfamiliar protein source such as pea protein were investigated in terms of the external product attributes as well as the factors indicated in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The external product attributes were identified as the influence of price, marketing of the product, packaging attributes of new food products, branding importance of a product and new product education and knowledge perceived necessary for acceptability of a new food product. The additional factors which were investigated, as indicated by the TRA, included the influence of the subjective norms or significant others, as well as the consumers’ personal attitude. attitude. Due to the limited insight and understanding of the influences that external product attributes have on a consumer’s perceived acceptance of pea protein as a protein substitute in food products, a qualitative exploratory research design was initiated. An exploratory research design was incorporated because this afforded the researcher the opportunity to gather thorough and comprehensive data or information and it also increased the richness and depth of explorations that could be researched (Key, 2002). The fact that an exploratory research design was incorporated, a non-probability sampling strategy was implemented. Additionally a convenient sampling strategy was also implemented because this type of sampling strategy represents sites or individuals from which data can easily be collected and where access is convenient (Cresswell, 2007). The unit of analysis for this research was female shoppers, being the main grocery and food shoppers in the household, who were living in suburban areas. The participants of the research, therefore, resided mainly in the Johannesburg and Pretoria suburban areas, within the Gauteng province and were chosen because these are two of the major suburban cities in South Africa. The data were collected through means of a multi-method approach whereby different data collection instruments were applied. In this regard focus group interviews, sentence completion exercise and a vignette were used which addressed the objectives set out in the study. From the findings of the study on the influence of external product attributes on consumers’ perceived acceptance of new products in general and new products containing pea protein, it was found that there were not any noticeable differences between a new food product and a new food product containing pea protein. The consumer did not indicate a greater willingness to accept general new products in comparison to a pea protein product. On the contrary, the fact that a new product contained pea protein did not make any difference. For consumers external product attributes in general played a major role in their purchasing decision making process. The most important requirement that the consumers had was that additional information regarding the pea protein should be provided. It was indicated by the participants that they would be interested in the pea protein product and consider purchasing it and incorporating it into their daily diet, providing they knew more about the product and had sufficient background information about the new product. Furthermore, the importance of marketing of a new product was highlighted and the fact that the packaging of the new product should be attractive and eye-catching. Price competiveness was mentioned, however, should a new and unfamiliar product be introduced by a well-known brand, this would lower the initial resistance to the new product. One of the main limitations of this study is the relatively small sample size from a particular area in South Africa and, therefore, resulting in a very selective sample. The sample, therefore, remains one of convenience which limits the ability to generalize or transfer findings to a bigger group of consumers. Furthermore the study location was within a limited area, namely Gauteng. For this reason no assumptions were made nor were findings considered to be transferable to other population groups or consumer groups. Another limitation is that the topic of this study is very new and unfamiliar; there are, therefore, no previous studies with which to compare the findings. This study was exploratory in nature and the instruments were chosen specifically to explore a new and unfamiliar topic. The transferability of this study might be limited, but care was taken to describe the research context in as much detail as possible. In doing so, an attempt was made to enhance the transferability, should another researcher wish to duplicate the study. From the findings of this study certain recommendation can be made as most participants were of the opinion that they would be interested in the pea protein product and consider purchasing it and incorporating it into their daily diet provided they knew more about the product and sufficient background information had been supplied. Furthermore, it was noted from the findings that these external attributes would influence the new product acceptability and, therefore, giving the research and developers as well as the marketing team of a manufacturing company the information necessary to understand the requirements from the consumers regarding the product containing pea protein better and how this product should be marketed as a healthy alternative to other vegetable protein sources. Further recommendations are that should a food manufacturing company wish to develop a pea protein product, they would need to promote the product beforehand and create an awareness of the advantages and benefits of pea proteins. This can be done by editorials in magazines as well as promotions in printed media. Additionally, the competition between products and brands is fierce and, therefore, manufacturing companies need to differentiate their products to keep consumers interested in their product or brand. Pea protein is a new and innovative product and can, therefore, add that differentiation and benefit to food products. Future research that can be considered is that of a sensory study, to determine the actual viability of the pea protein products based on sensory evaluation. One of the main criteria indicated for the acceptability of a food product containing pea protein has been the taste. The present research was theoretical and exploratory in nature and, therefore, there were no actual products which the participants could taste. Additionally, the inclusion criteria for this study was identified as female shoppers who are in charge of household grocery and food purchases and were, therefore, specifically recruited to participate in the research. However, based on a study done by Jensen (2011), it is recommended that further studies specifically include males because men are doing more of the household grocery shopping and they are not as brand loyal as females and would, therefore, be more willing to try and experiment with new food products. A study based on the gender differences of the acceptability of new products, could highlight different extrinsic attributes that would influence the purchasing decision. / Business Management / M. Consumer Sc.

Prostate cancer increases its incidence with age after men in their fifth decade as the ratio of estrogen to androgen rises. Epidemiological studies indicated that high levels of estrogens are associated with the high-risk ethnic groups for prostate cancer. Therefore, estrogens may be involved in prostatic carcinogenesis. It is widely believed that the actions of estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptors. However, expression of estrogen receptor in normal prostate and lesions of the gland was controversial. With the recent discovery of second estrogen receptor (ER-β), this issue became more complicated and it needs to be readdressed. In addition, the biological involvement of ER-β in human prostate remains to be investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that human normal prostate epithelial cells express ER-β but not ER-α, suggesting that estrogens act directly on these epithelial cells via ER-β. Using RT-PCR analysis, the transcripts of ER-β were detected in our primary human prostatic epithelial cell cultures that were derived from the ultrasound-guided peripheral zone biopsies and the cells express two estrogen-regulated genes such as progesterone receptor (PR) and pS2. Moreover, we had developed an ER-β antibody with fully characterizations and used it for immunohistochemistry. Results indicated that ER-p protein is expressed in the basal compartment of prostatic epithelium of the gland. Our findings lead to a new hypothesis that estrogens directly act on human prostatic epithelial cells to modulate its biological functions. To investigate expression of ERs in prostate cancer, RT-PCR analysis was used. We found that all three human prostate metastatic cancer cell lines, DU145, PC-3 and LNCaP, express ER-β transcripts while ER-α mRNA expression only in PC-3 cells. Expressions of PR and pS2 in these cell lines are various. LNCaP cells express both PR and pS2 mRNAs but DU145 cells with only PR and PC-3 cells with only pS2. Our immunohistochemical results on prostatic lesions revealed down-regulation of ER-β expression in high-grade of dysplasia and carcinoma of peripheral zone of the prostate compared to their low-grade lesions. This down-regulation in high-grade carcinoma was verified in transcriptional level by RT-PCR analysis on micro dissected normal epithelium and lesion samples of the gland. In the metastasis, ER-β was found to be reactivated as we observed ER-β mRNA expression in prostate cancer cell lines. Recent evidence suggests that ER-β may be antiproliferative factor for a protective effect against the mitogenic activity of estrogens in breast and androgens in prostate. Activation of the receptor may exhibit cell growth inhibition. We demonstrated that antiestrogens [ICI-182,780 (ICI) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen], raloxifene and phytoestrogen (resveratrol), but not estrogens (17β-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol), inhibit growth of DU145 cells which express only ER-β while PC-3 cells with both ERs showed growth inhibition in response to estrogen and antiestrogen treatments. In DU145 cells, the ICI-induced cell growth inhibition was prevented by blockade of ER-β expression using antisense oligonucleotide. It indicated that the inhibition is mediated via ER-p associated pathway. Using flow cytometry, we found that ICI-treatment could induce accumulation of cells at GO-G1 phase of cell cycle. Similarly, this GO-G1 cell accumulation was also induced by raloxifene in DU145 cells. For resveratrol, the treatment exhibited dual effects on cell cycle distribution in DU145 cells. In the early treatment, resveratrol induced cell cycle arrests at GO-G1phase. The prolonged treatment leads to S-phase cell cycle arrest. To study the molecular mechanism of this ER-p associated cell growth inhibition, real-time RT-PCR analysis was used to semi-quantitate the transcript levels of tentative ER-β regulated genes such as telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), survivin and thymidylate synthase (TS) in the treated cells compared to those in control. Results demonstrated that the treatment of ICI could down-regulate TERT and survivin mRNA expressions with dose-dependent fashion. As the ICI-treatment, resveratrol downregulated expression levels of TERT, survivin and TS in DU145 cells. Down-regulation of TS may be related to the S-phase cell cycle arrest observed in the prolonged treatment of resveratrol. Taken together, our findings support the concept that ER-β participates in cell cycle regulation in normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells. Presence of ER-β in basal cells of the prostate acini indicates that the direct actions of estrogens may be involved in the normal physiology of the gland. Loss of this receptor in primary prostate cancer and its re-expression in metastasis suggests the roles of ER-β in the cancer progression. Activation of the receptor by antiestrogen and phytoestrogen induced cell growth inhibition in prostate cancer cells. The mechanism may be mediated by reduction of cell survival factors and eventually decrease in cell viability and induction of cell cycle arrests.

With the support of four vegetarian and vegan companies established on the Swedish market, Astrid och Aporna, Ekko Gourmet, Tzay and Quorn, the objective of this study is to understand why companies produce vegan and vegetarian products imitated with real meat products as well as how these companies market these products. The data was collected through interviews with suitable representatives from respective company. The empirical data collected from the interviews have further been analysed together with theories from past researches. The research approaches of this study has been a mixture of inductive and deductive when handling our data. The results from this thesis enlightens that there are contrasting strategies behind the products’ visual appearance, chosen target group and marketing among the different vegetarian and vegan companies on the Swedish market. We have discovered patterns between the companies’ target audiences and how these companies have designed their products depending of target audience Due to time limitations and companies’ unwillingness to participate in interviews, a broader perspective on the topic could not be given. Also, this study only looks at vegan and vegetarian companies operating in Sweden. A suggestion for future research is to investigate the consumer’s perspective and perceptions of vegan and vegetarian products by conducting a quantitative research to distinguish if the companies’ strategies are consistent with the perceptions of consumers on the Swedish market.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sbrana_mc_me_araca.pdf: 400037 bytes, checksum: 3c240d255a4391dd131f0da8059280f1 (MD5) / O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar, histologicamente e histometricamente, a cicatrização de defeitos de fenestração periodontal criados cirurgicamente em ratos e tratados com ABM/P-15 “flow”. Defeitos de fenestração periodontal (4 x 3 x 1 mm) foram realizados na mandíbula de 60 ratos, divididos em dois grupos: C (Controle) - defeito preenchido apenas com coágulo sangüíneo; T (tratado) - defeito preenchido com ABM/P-15 “flow”. Cada grupo foi dividido em 3 subgrupos (n=10), para eutanásia aos 10, 30 e 60 dias pós-operatórios. Medidas lineares e de área da cicatrização periodontal foram avaliadas e calculadas como uma porcentagem do defeito original. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (Análise de variância, Tukey, p < 0,05). Os grupos C e T, em todos os períodos analisados, apresentaram quantidade de novo osso e densidade óssea similares. No Grupo C, não foi observada formação de cemento nos espécimes de 10, 30 e 60 dias, enquanto no Grupo T, novo cemento foi somente observado na maioria dos espécimes de 60 dias. Dentro dos limites deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o ABM/P-15 “flow” propiciou formação de cemento em defeitos de fenestração periodontal em ratos aos 60 dias pós-operatórios. A formação de novo tecido ósseo foi similar nos defeitos tratados com ABM/P-15 “flow” e nos defeitos controle. / This study histologically analyzed the healing of periodontal fenestration defects surgically created in rats and treated with ABM/P-15 “flow”. A periodontal fenestration defect (4 x 3 x 1 mm) was made on the right side of the mandible of 60 rats. They were divided into 2 groups: C (control) - defect filled with blood clot only; and T - defect filled with ABM/P-15 “flow”. These groups were divided into subgroups and euthanized at 10, 30 or 60 days postoperative. Linear and area measurements of periodontal healing were evaluated and calculated as a percentage of the original defect. Data were statistically analyzed (analysis of variance, Tukey, p < 0.05). In all periods of evaluation, Groups C and T presented similar amounts of bone formation and bone density. New cementum formation was not observed in any specimen of Group C at 10, 30 and 60 days post-operative. In Group T, new cementum was observed in most 60-days specimens only. Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that ABM/P-15 “flow” promoted cementum formation in periodontal fenestration defects in rats at 60 days post-operative. Similar bone formation was observed in the defects treated with ABM/P-15 “flow” and in the control defects.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_tp_me_araca.pdf: 3035472 bytes, checksum: 72ae2bd3a12f23f3a6fd42374f2f9d6e (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a associação do PLA/PGA ao redor de implantes osseointegráveis instalados sem estabilidade primária, por meio da análise biomecânica, histométrica e da expressão das proteínas OPG, RANKL, OC e COL-I. Vinte e cinco coelhos receberam 2 implantes de 2,6/ 6,0mm na tíbia direita em leitos receptores preparados com 3,0mm. Um defeito foi preenchido com coágulo sanguíneo e o outro com o PLA/PGA previamente à instalação dos implantes. A eutanásia dos animais foi realizada nos períodos de 5, 15, 40 e 60 dias pósoperatórios e o teste biomecânico foi realizado nos períodos de 40 e 60 dias. As peças foram submetidas ao processamento imunoistoquímico e coradas por HE. As peças de 5 animais do período de 60 dias foram desgastadas e coradas com vermelho de alizarina e azul de Stevenel. Não houve diferenças nos valores de torque-reverso na comparação entre os grupos e os períodos avaliados. A análise das imunomarcações não evidenciou diferença estatística entre os grupos para cada período. Houve evidência estatística de maior expressão de RANKL no período de 15 dias no grupo tratado em relação à expressão de colágeno I. A proteína RANKL apresentou mais percentuais de marcações celulares acima de 50% quando comparada às outras proteínas. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos quanto à extensão linear de contato entre tecido ósseo e implante. Conclui-se que o copolímero apresentou biocompatibilidade e permitiu neoformação óssea em contato com o implante. Além disso, ocorreu o processo de osseointegração em ambos os grupos, mesmo na ausência de estabilidade primária dos implantes. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of the PLA/PGA around of osseointegrated implants installed without primary stability, through the biomechanics, histometric analysis and of the OPG, RANKL, OC and COL-I proteins expression. Twenty-five rabbits received 2 implants of 2.6 / 6.0mm in the right tibia in receptor beds prepared with 3,0mm. A defect was fulfiled with blood clot and the other with the PLA/PGA, previously to the implants installation. The euthanasia of 25 animals was performed at 5, 15, 40 and 60 days and the biomechanical test was performed at 40 and 60 days. The samples followed immunoistochemistry processing and were stained with HE. The pieces of 5 animals of 60 days were trimmed and stained with alizarin red and Stevenel's blue. There were not differences in the torque-reverse between the groups and periods. The analysis of the immunolabelings did not evidence statistic difference between the groups for each period. There was statistics evidence of increase in the RANKL expression in the 15 days period, in the treated group, when compared to the COL-I. The RANKL protein presented more percentiles of immunolabelings above 50% when compared to the other proteins. There was no statistics difference between the groups regarding contact linear extension between bone tissue and implant. It can be concluded that the copolymer presented biocompatibility and it allowed bone neoformation in contact with the implant. Besides, the osseointegration process happened in both groups, even in the absence of primary stability of the implants.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 valentinineto_r_me_araca.pdf: 1016804 bytes, checksum: 73fcc7bf3ee8807a59e2a2d1298a5c30 (MD5) / Proposição: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, através de estudo microscópico por análises histológica, histométrica e imunoistoquímica, o comportamento ósseo frente à presença de cimento de fosfato-carbonato de cálcio em defeitos experimentais. Materiais e Método: Foram confeccionados defeitos não-críticos em tíbias de 30 ratos machos adultos (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar), em dois grupos, Controle e Tratado. As lâminas foram obtidas nos períodos de 10, 20 e 30 dias pósoperatórios e as imagens teciduais foram analisadas qualitativa e quantitativamente. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística na área de neoformação óssea entre os grupos controle e tratado (P=0,258) e entre a expressão de RANK-L e OPG (P=0,589). Observou-se também áreas mínimas de invasão de tecido conjuntivo e periósteo com presença tardia do cimento em áreas distintas do defeito. Conclusão: De acordo com a metodologia aplicada, foi possível concluir que o uso de cimento de fosfato-carbonato de cálcio não alterou significativamente o processo de regeneração ósseo em tíbias de rato. / Proposition: This study had as objective evaluates, through histological, histometric and imuno-histochemical microscopic analysis, the bone behavior face to the presence of calcium phosphate-carbonate cement in experimental defects. Materials and Method: Non-critical defects were made in tibias of 30 adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar), in two groups, Control and Treated. The slices were obtained in the periods of 10, 20 and 30 postoperative days. The snapped images were quantitative and qualitative analyzed. Results: There was not statistics difference in the bone formation area (AO) between the groups control and treated (P=0,258) and between RANK-L and OPG expressions (P=0,589). It was also observed minimal areas of invasion of conjunctive tissue and periosteum with presence of the cement in areas different of the defect. Conclusion: In agreement with the applied methodology, it was possible to conclude that the use of calcium phosphate-carbonate cement didn't alter significantly the process of bone repair in rat tibias.

Peru does not have an articulated and organized student movement that promote clear agendas to improve the quality of higher education. Still, students compete in elections for seats at their university’s governing bodies. This is the case of the National University of Peruvian Amazon (UNAP), where student’s political groups have increased in recent years without a clear agenda about university development. This article explores this paradox describing the new mobilizers for students’ organizations.Firstly, the findings suggest that university’s governing bodies operate under a clientelistic logic between students and authorities. However, at the same time some students have built a new interest in local and regional politics as a result of the Peruvian decentralization process. Therefore, student organizations are also functioning as political operators and supporters of the regional movements.The “big politics” continue to intervene in “petty politics”, and vice versa, turning the university into a relevant arena and students into key actors to understand subnational politics and the functioning of “democracies without parties”. / El Perú no cuenta con un movimiento estudiantil articulado y organizado que busque mejorar la calidad de las universidades públicas y privadas. No obstante, los estudiantes continúan agrupándose al interior de los claustros para postular a cargos de representación en el gobierno universitario. Este es el caso de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), donde aumentaron los grupos estudiantiles en los últimos años sin una agenda clara que busque el desarrollo de la universidad. El presente artículo explora esta paradoja y busca comprender los nuevos movilizadores de la organización estudiantil en la UNAP. Encuentra, en primer lugar, que la política universitaria funciona bajo una lógica clientelar entre estudiantes y docentes dentro de los órganos de gobierno universitario, pero además que hay un re-interés estudiantil por la política local y regional a raíz del proceso de descentralización.Las organizaciones estudiantiles estarían funcionando también como operadores políticos y sustitutos partidarios de los movimientos regionales. La política grande continúa interviniendo en la política chica —y viceversa—, convirtiendo a la universidad y los estudiantes en actores relevantes para comprender la política subnacional y el funcionamiento de las «democracias sin partidos».

Atualmente a implantodontia tem evoluído muito na intenção de substituir perdas dentárias, porém infelizmente nem sempre isto é capaz, uma vez que após a perda dentária, na grande maioria das vezes, o osso remanescente também é reabsorvido, dificultando ou impossibilitando a instalação de implantes osseointegrados. Esse tipo de perda óssea nos maxilares ou as perdas ósseas resultantes de ressecções cirúrgicas, constituem uma preocupação importante na atualidade, uma vez que os cirurgiões dentistas pesquisam um substituto ósseo que devolva a forma e o contorno dos ossos da face e dos maxilares, e/ou que permita a instalação de implantes osseointegrados. Dentre os biomateriais, a utilização do osso bovino liofilizado tem se popularizado e vem ganhando mercado uma vez que reduz a morbidade do paciente evitando a retirada de enxertos autógenos e tem apresentado uma boa previsibilidade de resultados. No presente estudo, foram criados defeitos ósseos na base da mandíbula de coelhos, onde foram enxertados blocos de osso bovino liofilizado com colágeno suíno nos grupos experimentais e deixados vazios nos grupos controle. Os animais foram sacrificados nos tempos 0 (imediatamente após a cirurgia), 3 e 6 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. As mandíbulas foram coletadas e analisadas através de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico, em que se analisou a capacidade do enxerto de auxiliar no reparo ósseo de defeitos de tamanho crítico criados na mandíbula de coelhos, bem como sua capacidade de manter o contorno e forma do osso. Através da análise tomográfica das áreas enxertadas foi possível concluir que de acordo com a metodologia proposta o enxerto de osso bovino com 10% de colágeno suíno não foi capaz de auxiliar em 100% no reparo ósseo dos defeitos de tamanho crítico criados na mandíbula dos coelhos, mostrando uma camada fina de tecido mole entre o enxerto e o leito Tendo sido eficiente no preenchimento do espaço do defeito e manutenção do contorno ósseo. / Currently implant dentistry has evolved tremendously in the intention of replacing missing teeth, but unfortunately this is not always able, since after tooth loss, in most cases, also the remaining bone is reabsorbed, making it difficult or impossible to install dental implants. This type of bone loss in the jaw or bone loss resulting from surgical resections, are a major concern at present, since the dentists researching bone substitute that restores the shape and contour of the bones of the face and jaws, and/or enabling installation of dental implants. Among the biomaterials, the use of lyophilized bovine bone has become popular and has been gaining ground as it reduces the morbidity of the patient avoiding the removal of autogenous grafts has shown a good and predictable results. In the present study, bone defects were created on the basis of mandible in rabbits, which were grafted blocks lyophilized bovine bone with swines collagen in the experimental groups and control groups left empty. The animals were sacrificed at 0 (immediately after surgery), 3 and 6 months after surgery. The jaws were collected and analyzed using cone beam computed tomography, which analyzed the ability of the graft to aid in bone repair of critical-size defects created in the mandible of rabbits as well as its ability to maintain the contour and shape of the bone. Through the analysis of the tomographic grafted areas was concluded that according to the methodology proposed bovine bone graft with 10% swines collagen was not able to assist in 100% of the bone repair critical size defects created in rabbit jaw, showing a thin layer of soft tissue between the graft and the bed having been efficient space filling of the defect and maintain the bone contour.