O recente aumento da procura por implantes osseointegráveis consequentemente levou ao aumento dos procedimentos de enxertos ósseos. Com isso, novos materiais têm surgido para estes procedimentos. Um destes materiais é o osso bovino integral (OBIN), cujo diferencial é o seu método de processamento, que visa manter suas características o mais próximas possível ao osso in natura. Por se tratar de um material novo, ainda existem poucos estudos avaliando seu desempenho, sendo a maioria deles estudos pré-clínicos testando sua biocompatibilidade. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do OBIN na região maxilofacial através de um modelo experimental em animais. Foram criados defeitos ósseos na base da mandíbula de coelhos, onde foram enxertados blocos de OBIN nos grupos experimentais e deixados vazios nos grupos controle. Os animais foram sacrificados nos tempos 0 (imediatamente após a cirurgia), 3 e 6 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. As mandíbulas foram analisadas através de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico, onde foi analisada a regeneração óssea qualitativamente e quantitativamente. Na análise qualitativa observou-se que aos três e seis meses, nos animais do grupo controle, não houve regeneração total, restando um defeito côncavo na base da mandíbula, confirmando que o defeito criado possuía tamanho crítico. No grupo experimental, no tempo 0, observou-se grande variação de densidade entre os enxertos e esta variação pareceu influenciar seu desempenho, havendo mais regeneração óssea nos menos densos. No tempo 3, todos os enxertos haviam integrados, com perda de densidade, sugerindo uma reabsorção parcial. Aos seis meses, a reabsorção e regeneração pareciam mais avançadas do que aos três meses. Na análise quantitativa houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos grupos controles entre os tempos 0 e os tempos 3 e 6. Nos grupos experimentais não houve diferença entre os tempos e na comparação entre os grupos controles e experimentais houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre todos os tempos. Os resultados observados sugerem que o OBIN é um material indicado para a realização de procedimentos de enxerto na região maxilofacial, com aparente reabsorção e substituição por osso regenerado, ideal para a reabilitação com implantes ósseo integráveis. / The recent increase in the demand for dental implants consequently led to increased bone grafting procedures. Therefore, new materials have emerged for these procedures. One of these materials is integral bovine bone (IBB) whose differential is its processing, which aims to maintain its characteristics as close as possible to the raw bone. Because it is a new material, there are only a few studies evaluating its performance, with the majority of them constituted of preclinical studies testing its biocompatibility. For this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the IBB at the maxillofacial region through an experimental model in animals. Bone defects were created on the basis of the mandible of rabbits, which were grafted with blocks of IBB in the experimental groups, while control groups were left empty. The animals were sacrificed at time 0 (immediately after surgery), 3 and 6 months after surgery. The jaws were analyzed using cone beam computed tomography, where bone regeneration was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis showed that at three and six months, in the control group, there was not full regeneration, leaving a concave defect in the base of the mandible, confirming that the defect created had critical size. In the experimental group, at time 0, there was wide variation in density between the grafts and this variation appeared to influence their performance, seeming to be more bone regeneration in less dense ones. At time 3, all grafts were integrated, and a density loss, suggesting a partial resorption of the graft, was also observed. At six months, resorption and regeneration seemed more advanced than at three months. The quantitative analysis did not showed statistically significant difference in controls between time 0 and times 3 e 6. In experimental groups there was no difference between times and comparison between control and experimental groups were statistically significant different between all time. The data suggest that the IBB is a material suitable for the realization of grafting procedures in the maxillofacial region, with apparent resorption and replacement by regenerated bone, ideal for rehabilitation with dental implants.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-20T16:39:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunosallessottomaior.pdf: 12704173 bytes, checksum: c4e7331f49ab0ac31f7db172d785f1d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T12:28:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunosallessottomaior.pdf: 12704173 bytes, checksum: c4e7331f49ab0ac31f7db172d785f1d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:28:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunosallessottomaior.pdf: 12704173 bytes, checksum: c4e7331f49ab0ac31f7db172d785f1d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-17 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação histológica e histomorfométrica do efeito da associação da terapia laser de baixa intensidade e o enxerto ósseo bovino orgânico Gen-ox® no reparo de defeitos ósseos de fêmures de ratos Wistar albinus nas fases iniciais do processo de reparo. Cinquenta ratos foram divididos em três grupos de 25 fêmures cada, da seguinte forma: grupo I (controle), grupo II (Gen-ox®) e grupo III (LLLT e Gen-ox®). Os animais do grupo III foram irradiados, transcutaneamente, em quatro pontos ao redor do defeito a cada 48 horas. A primeira irradiação foi imediatamente após o procedimento. Em cada ponto, foi aplicada uma dose de 5 J/cm2 (Ø~0,4; 70 mW) e a dose total por sessão foi de 20 J/cm2. Os animais foram sacrificados com overdose de anestésico geral 1, 3, 5, 7 e 15 dias após a cirurgia. Para análise histológica dos dias 1, 3 e 5, os espécimes foram incluídos em parafina, feitos cortes seriados corados pela HE e analisados em microscopia de luz. Para a análise histomorfométrica, a média do volume de osso neoformado foi estimada pela captura digital (Axiovision®) de três áreas em cada espécime nos dias 5, 7 e 15. Os valores histométricos foram analisados estatisticamente pela análise de variância (ANOVA), com p ≤ 0,05 e pelo teste post hoc LSD. Os resultados mostraram que os espécimes do grupo III apresentaram maior concentração de fibras colágenas, intensa reação no periósteo celular oposto ao defeito nos dias 3 e 5 quando comparados com os grupos I e II. Foi observada maior formação óssea no grupo III em todos os períodos experimentais, com diferença estatisticamente significativa nos dias 5 e 15 quando comparado com os grupos I e II. Dentro dos parâmetros deste estudo, foi concluído que a LLLT associada ao enxerto ósseo bovino orgânico teve um efeito positivo no reparo de defeitos ósseos de ratos. / The aim of this study was to assess histologically and histometrically the effect of the association of low level laser therapy and organic bovine bone graft Gen-ox® on the repair of bone defects on the femur of Wistar albinus rats during the early stages of bone repair. Fifty rats were divided in three groups of 25 femurs each, as follow: group I (control), group II (Gen-ox®) and group III (Gen-ox® and LLLT). The animals on group III were irradiated transcutaneously at four points around the defect every 48 h. The first irradiation was immediately after the procedure. At each point a dose of 5 J/cm2 was given (Ø~0.4, 70 mW) and the total dose per session was 20 J/cm2. The animals were killed by an overdose of general anesthetic 1, 3, 5, 7 e 15 days after surgery. For histological assessment at days 1, 3 and 5, the specimens were routinely processed by embedding in paraffin, serially cut and stained with H&E and analyzed under light microscopy. For histomorphometric assessment, the mean volume of the newly formed bone was estimated by digital capture (Axiovision®) of three areas in each specimen at days 5, 7 and 15. Statistical analyses of the mean values were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with p ≤ 0,05 and post hoc LSD test. The results showed that the specimens of group III presented a higher concentration of collagen fibers, intense reaction in the periosteum cell opposite to the defect at days 3 and 5 as compared to groups I and II. It was observed an increased bone formation in group III in all experimental periods of time. These results showed statistical significance at days 5 and 15 as compared to groups I and II. Within the parameters of this study, it was concluded that LLLT associated to organic bovine bone graft had a positive effect on the repair of bone defects of rats.

Introdução: A mastoidectomia cavidade aberta é considerada por muitos autores o procedimento cirúrgico de escolha para o tratamento da otite média colesteatomatosa, devido à alta incidência de recidiva da doença. Porém, a formação desta cavidade única pode gerar algumas complicações e a obliteração da cavidade mastóidea é uma técnica descrita e estudada para a eliminação desta cavidade. Materiais aloplásticos têm sido estudados em cirurgias de obliteração da cavidade mastóidea, porém estes materiais podem apresentar problemas de biocompatibilidade e de rejeição O cimento de osso alfa -tricálcio-fosfato é um material composto por cálcio e fosfato e apresenta composição bioquímica semelhante à fase mineral do osso. Embora já utilizado em cirurgias há mais de 10 anos, não existem estudos sobre a sua aplicação nas cirurgias de obliteração de cavidade mastóidea na literatura. Objetivo: Estudar a biocompatibilidade do cimento de osso alfatricálcio- fosfato na obliteração da cavidade mastóidea em guinea pigs. Casuística e Métodos: Vinte Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) fêmeas foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico na bula timpânica esquerda. Em 10 cobaias (grupo cimento) a bula timpânica foi obliterada com o cimento de osso alfa-tricálcio-fosfato e em 10 cobaias (grupo controle) a cavidade foi deixada sem preenchimento. 60 dias após o procedimento os animais foram sacrificados e avaliados quanto à presença de sinais clínicos de rejeição ao material e outras complicações. Os ossos temporais foram removidos e submetidos à análise histopatológica. Foram avaliados o tipo e o grau de resposta inflamatória e o grau de ossificação. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade foi igual em ambos os grupos. As mortes foram atribuídas a complicações anestésicas. Entre as cobaias que completaram o estudo não foram observados sinais de complicações em nenhum caso. Oito animais (100%) do grupo cimento em e cinco animais (62,5%) apresentaram resposta inflamatório graus I e II que correspondem histopatologicamente a alterações cicatriciais normais ao procedimento cirúrgico. Não foi observado presença de reação inflamatória crônica tipo corpo estranho em nenhuma amostra de ambos os grupos. Quanto ao grau de ossificação, a média dos escores de ossificação no grupo controle (3,5) foi maior que o observado no grupo cimento (1,0). O grupo controle (3,5 ± 5) apresentou grau de ossificação estatisticamente maior quando comparado com o grupo cimento (1,0 ± 0,0) (p < 0,01). Conclusões: 1) O cimento de osso alfa-tricálciofosfato é biocompatível em osso temporal de cobaia. 2) O cimento de osso alfa-tricálcio-fosfato sofre remodelação óssea, porém não apresenta propriedade de osteocondução / Introduction: Many authors consider open cavity mastoidectomy the surgical procedure of choice for the treatment of otitis media with cholesteatoma, due to the high incidence of recurrence of the disease. However, the formation of this open cavity can generate some complications and mastoid cavity obliteration is one type of technique for the elimination of this cavity. Alloplastic materials have been testes in mastoid cavity obliteration, however such materials can present problems of biocompatibility and rejection. Alphatricalcium phosphate bone cement is a material compose of calcium and phosphate and presents physicochemical characteristics similar to the bone mineral fase. Although it has been used for more than 10 years, there are no studies in the literature on its application in mastoid cavity obliteration. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of alphatricalcium phosphate bone cement in the obliteration of the mastoid cavity in guinea pigs. Methods: We studied 20 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) submitted to surgical manipulation of the left dorsal tympanic bulla. In the study group animals (n = 10), mastoid cavity obliteration was conducted with alphatricalcium phosphate bone cement. In the control group animals (n = 10), the cavity was left unfilled. On postoperative day 60, the animals were sacrificed and studied for signs of rejection of the material and other complications. Temporal bones were removed for histopathological study, in which the type and degree of inflammatory response, as well as the degree of ossification, were analyzed. Results: The mortality rate was the same in both groups. Deaths were attributed to anesthetic complications in the initial postoperative period. In the animals that survived, there were no complications. The histological analysis of the degree and type of inflammatory response shown no signs of foreign body in both groups, 8 (100%) of the samples in cement group and 5 (62,5%) of the samples in control group presenting category I or II inflammatory responses that corresponds histopathologically to an inflammatory response that normally occurs in tissues submitted to surgical trauma. There were no histopathological signs of foreign body reaction in none samples of both groups. As for the study of the degree of ossification, the mean ossification in the control group (3.5) was greater than that shown by the cement group (1.0). The control group showed statistically significant (p < 0.01) higher degrees of ossification (mean 3.5 ± 0.5) when compared to the cement group (1.0 ± 0.0). Conclusion: 1) Alpha-tricalcium phosphate bone cement is biocompatible in the mastoid cavity of guinea pigs 2) Alphatricalcium fosfato bone cement undergoes bone remodeling but it doesn´t present osteoconductive properties

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T17:13:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilafurtadodesouza.pdf: 5685988 bytes, checksum: 3839666b330ec847c407224304ff1de5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T13:53:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilafurtadodesouza.pdf: 5685988 bytes, checksum: 3839666b330ec847c407224304ff1de5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T13:53:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilafurtadodesouza.pdf: 5685988 bytes, checksum: 3839666b330ec847c407224304ff1de5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-26 / A remodelação tecidual ocorre em todos os alvéolos dentais após a extração do elemento dentário, comprometendo a reabilitação funcional e estética do paciente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações dimensionais alveolares ocorridas com a técnica da preservação alveolar com pôntico ovóide provisório, comparando-a com outras duas técnicas já estabelecidas. Trinta pacientes foram selecionados e divididos em três grupos de acordo com a técnica de preservação alveolar utilizada: Grupo 1: fechamento com deslize de retalho palatino; Grupo 2: associação de substituto ósseo sintético de fosfato de cálcio bifásico e fechamento com deslize de retalho palatino; e Grupo 3: vedamento das margens do alvéolo com pôntico ovóide provisório. Modelos de gesso e exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) realizados antes das cirurgias e no pós-operatório imediato respectivamente, e repetidos após quatro meses, foram utilizados para comparar a remodelação alveolar. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que houve remodelação óssea horizontal em todos os grupos com resultados semelhantes entre as três técnicas. Entretanto, todas as técnicas avaliadas foram capazes de manter as dimensões verticais do rebordo alveolar durante o período de quatro meses sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre elas. Conclui-se que a técnica proposta do pôntico ovóide provisório é eficaz na preservação alveolar, visto que apresentou resultados semelhantes a técnicas já estabelecidas, além de gerar menor morbidade, menor custo e ser facilmente reproduzível. / Tissue remodeling occurs in sockets after tooth extraction, compromising the functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the sealing technique with provisional pontic ovoid for ridge preservation compared with two other standard techniques. Thirty patients were selected and divided into three groups according to the used ridge preservation technique: Group 1: closure with palatal pedicle flap; Group 2: association of synthetic bone substitute and closure with palatal pedicle flap; Group 3: sealing the margins of the socket with a provisional ovoid pontic. Plaster casts and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams performed before the surgeries and at immediate postoperatively, respectively, and repeated after four months, were used to compare socket remodeling. The results demonstrated horizontal bone remodeling in all groups with similar results noted among all groups. However, the three techniques were able to maintain the vertical dimensions of the ridge over the four-month period without significant statistical diferences among them. It is concluded that the proposed technique involving provisional ovoid pontic is effective in ridge preservation, once it presented similar results to previously established techniques, besides generating lower morbidity, lower cost and being easily reproducible.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is considered one of the most successful international efforts to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. The initiative has proven impact, increasing the likelihood of babies being exclusively breastfed for six months. Official designation as Baby Friendly requires careful assessment completed by a trained external team to confirm that the institution is truly carrying out all Ten Steps of successful breastfeeding and conforming to the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (BMS).The implementation of these principles are however challenging for facilities as it requires "strategic planning, implementation and maintaining change" within the facilities. Aim: To assess the factors influencing the implementation of BFHI principles in non accredited MOU` s in the Metropole region of the Western Cape. / South Africa

Sveriges regering införde 1 april 2018 en passagerarskatt på flygresor, med målet att flyget ska bära sina egna klimatkostnader och minska flygets miljöpåverkan. Denna studies syfte är att undersöka hur den svenska flygskatten har påverkat antalet inrikesflyg- och tågresor i Sverige. Metoden som används är den kvasi-experimentella metoden difference-in-difference, där Sverige används som behandlingsgrupp och Finland som kontrollgrupp. Perioden som studeras är januari 2013 till december 2019. Resultatet i studien visar att förändringen i antalet tågresor är betydligt större än minskningen i antalet flygresor, vilket beror på den starkare ökande trenden i tågresandet som råder i Sverige. Effekten av flygskatten på det inhemska tågresandet går därför inte att utläsa i studien. En minskning av antalet inrikesflygresor i Sverige med 53 000 resor i månaden kan emellertid utläsas. Detta resultat är statistiskt signifikant på fem procentsnivå och påvisar att flygskatten haft en effekt på inrikesflygresandet. / On the 1st of April 2018, the Swedish government introduced a tax on air travel, with the intention that the airlines should bear their own climate costs and to reduce the plane’s environmental impact. The object of this study is to examine how the Swedish aviation tax has affected the amount of total internal flight and train journeys in Sweden. The method used is the quasi-experimental method difference-in-differences, where Sweden is used as the treatment group and Finland as the control group. The period of analysis is from January 2013 to December 2019. The result of this study shows that the increase in the amount of train passengers is considerably larger than the decrease in the amount of flight passengers, which depicts the stronger upgoing trend in train journeys in Sweden. Therefore, it is not possible to see the effect of the aviation tax on the internal train journeys in this study. Yet it is feasible to see a diminishment in the amount of internal flight journeys by 53 000 journeys a month in Sweden. This result is statistically significant on a level of five percent and demonstrates that the aviation tax has had an effect on the amount of internal flight journeys.

The purpose of this thesis was to study similarities and differences between a meat product and its plant-based substitutes in terms of how they enable people to reach the recommended daily intakes (RDI). The meat product included in the study were meatballs and its substitutes were three different plant-based alternatives. One was mainly based on soy, one on pea protein and one consisted of several different vegetables. The parameters studied were iron, zinc and calcium content as well as protein quality. By analyzing the four different products with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), the mineral content was calculated and protein quality was determined using amino acid analyzis carried out by the laboratory analysis company ALS. The method used to determine protein quality was DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score). Example meals and example days were created to visualize any differences and similarities when the products were put in a wider perspective. The results showed that there were differences between the products when they were compared individually, but that the differences were negligible when the products were included in an example meal or example day. This indicates that the products fulfill comparable dietary requirements and that the plant-based products were good substitutes for the meat product. The soy-based product was the best plant-based alternative when it comes to iron content, calcium content and protein quality. However, the soy product and the remaining substitutes reached recommended intakes for the same parameters when included in example days, which shows that the differences between the products are only present when analyzed individually.

Background: The consumption of meat in western societies keeps growing. This leads to a paradox, with a growing awareness in the society of health and environmental issues regarding meat consumption and a growing willingness to substitute meat more often.  Purpose: Explore the intentions of households with elementary school children to consume meat substitutes and to match these intentions with the actual behavior to find the extent of the intention-behavior gap and how they explain their intentions, behavior, and potential disconnect. Method: To understand the actual behavior of the households, two weeks' worth of grocery receipts were collected and analyzed. To explore intentions, additional semi-structured interviews were conducted, where the participants got the opportunity to explain their intentions, behavior, and gap.  Conclusion: The results show that there are three types of consumers, depending on the level of intention. The profiles differ whether they feel the need to explain their intention or the intention-behavior gap. To explain themselves,  All profiles state that meat is too delicious to leave out and that meat is a habit formed in childhood. Depending on the profile, additional reasoning was more internal or external.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Background: The Mother baby friendly initiative (MBFI) is an initiative that was launched in 1991 as a global programme to create an environment that enables and supports women to breastfeed their infants, providing advice to mothers and practical assistance to promote breastfeeding. This initiative plays an important role in improving infant’s nutritional status, growth, development and health for both mother and infant and supports exclusive breastfeeding. MBFI aims at increasing breastfeeding rate by supporting, protecting and promoting breastfeeding in health facilities. Aim: of the study is to explore the knowledge and challenges related to the implementation of the mother-baby friendly initiative at Standerton hospital. Method: A qualitative descriptive design was used to explore the knowledge and challenges related to the implementation of the mother-baby friendly initiative at selected hospital. Purposive sampling of the healthcare providers were the target population for the study as they are responsible for the implementation of MBFI in the hospital. In this research, data collected were in a form of interviews, audiotapes and written notes from interviews. Tesch’s eight steps in data analysis was used to analyse data. Results: The studies key theme and sub theme give the study’s findings and perspective of the issues found. The studies key theme were: 1. Knowledge of participants on MBFI at Standerton hospital, 2. Views about current practices of MBFI at Standerton –hospital and 3. Challenges regarding MBFI implementation at Standerton. MBFI was considered significant in the facility, however, due to inconsistences and challenges faced by the nurses the initiative was not fully implemented to improve breastfeeding rates. Conclusion: the study conclude that nurse’s had some knowledge on the MBFI initiative as they understood their role in breastfeeding advocacy and enhancing maternal and child health. There were significant challenges in MBFI implementation such as shortage of staff, lack of resources and training that hindered MBFI compliance and mothers not receiving the full benefits of the initiative, which contribute to decreased breastfeeding rates within the facility.

The worldwide consumption of meat continues to increase and in Sweden the annual consumption has gone from 24 kg/person in 1990 to about 78 kg/person in 2005. This contributes to large environmental impacts such as an increase of greenhouse gas emissions, unsustainable land and resource use and shortage of water. A solution to the problem is to change our diets to be more sustainable. The purpose with this research is therefore to study the positive environmental and health aspects of alternative protein rich products based on soya, grown meat, algae and insects in comparison with meat. The goal is then to compare the environmental impacts from these products by studying different LCA-studies. Furthermore, also to understand how the future will be developed by interviewing producers of meat substitutes in Sweden. Some difficulties of comparing different LCA-studies are the choice of system boundaries, functional units and environmental aspects in the studies. Nevertheless, after studying a large amount of reports and articles about the products conclusions could yet be drawn. The carbonfootprint from beef is up to 20 times larger than from the substitutes and the land use is up to 125 times larger for beef compared to substitutes. Pork and chicken have lower impact but the lowest impact seems to come from producing substitutes based on soya beans. Insects and algae also have a low impact, but the products are still in the stage of development in Sweden due to laws, regulations and lack of knowledge. Regarding the health aspects substitutes could possibly replace meat since both insects and soya are rich of protein. Insects are also rich oniron and other nutrition. Algae consist as well of good nutrition. The companies interviewed in this study were Kung Markatta, Ekko gourmet and Veggi. They had some different opinions on future products, but they could all agree on that we need to eat less meat and more substitutes. The conclusions of this research are that the environmental aspects considered in the analysed LCA-studies are mostly carbon footprint and land use. They show that beef have a larger environmental impact than meat substitutes. It is however recommended to do new studies on products with the same system boundaries and functional units to get a more accurate and comparable result.