ABSTRACT Every year approximately 90,500 people die in Sweden, about 19 000 of these die suddenly. A large portion dies in the hospital and many times the death comes unexpected. It is the health professionals task to find and support the relatives. Nurses working with emergency care, almost daily come in contact with relatives who have lost a loved one and they are expected to manage the related parties grief in a professional manner. Some of the people have undergone a preparation time, while others may experience a more unexpected and sudden death of their relatives. The aim of this literature overview was to examine nurses' experiences to meet and take care of the relatives after a sudden death in emergency care. The method has been implemented as a literature review with descriptive design that is to say that the result is based on an already published research, which the author has compiled into an elaborated text in the results section. The literature review is based on fourteen scientific articles. Articles were searched in approved scientific databases and all the articles included was of good quality according to the guidelines from Sophiahemmets quality control and all the included articles were relevant to the literature review purpose. The result is based on three main categories that were developed during the data analysis. The main categories were the nurse's perspective, factors influencing the meeting with the relatives and the effect of care relationship when meeting with the relatives. The nurse's obvious task was to support and see and meet the needs of the related parties. To do so required a good care relationship. The articles gave examples of what the nurses were considered to be part of and the difficulty in the meeting with the relatives who have suddenly lost a loved one. Articles highlights the nurses own feelings and experiences, but also the organization behind the nurses, both the good and bad sides. The nurses also noticed a deficiency in their education and that they lacked the knowledge and guidance of activities in the area. The discussion shows that in situations where relatives lose their loved one suddenly and unexpectedly, often perceived as a difficulty by nurses. In some cases nurses are experiencing emotional difficulties and discomfort that causes that they feel that they are not enough for the family and their needs and expectations. Which means that the nurses are unsure whether they satisfy the related enough in these situations. From previous studies it is seen that nurses' experiences is that the training and knowledge of the subject is, and inadequate grounds. In order to prevent their negative thought patterns and their uncertainty in the care of relatives who unexpectedly lost a loved one, it will need more knowledge and theoretical knowledge given space in practice. Conclusion of the literature is that emergency nurse would strengthen their working profession in the care of relatives who have suddenly lost a loved one through more knowledge and then with both theoretical and practical teaching, better structure and clearer guidelines. Keywords: Sudden death, relatives, emergency care, nurse and experiences. / Varje år dör det cirka 90 500 människor i Sverige, cirka 19 000 av dessa dör plötsligt. En stor del avlider på sjukhuset och många gånger mycket oväntat. Det är vårdpersonalens uppgift att finnas och stötta de närstående. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom akutsjukvård kommer nästan dagligen i kontakt med närstående som förlorat en anhörig och förväntas kunna hantera de närståendes sorg på ett professionellt sätt. En del närstående har genomgått en förberedelse tid medan andra får uppleva en mer oväntad och plötsligt bortgång av sina anhöriga. Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta och ta hand om de närstående efter ett plötsligt dödsfall inom akutsjukvård. Metoden har genomförts som en litteraturöversikt med deskriptiv design det vill säga att resultatet bygger på ett redan publicerat forskningsresultat som författaren har sammanställt till en genomarbetad text i resultatdelen. Litteraturöversikten bygger på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna söktes i vetenskapliga godkända databaser och alla artiklar som inkluderades höll god kvalitet enligt riktlinjer från Sophiahemmets kvalitetsgranskning och alla inkluderade artiklar var relevanta till litteraturöversiktens syfte. Resultatet grundar sig på tre huvudkategorier som arbetades fram under dataanalysen. Huvudkategorierna var sjuksköterskans perspektiv, faktorer som påverkar möte med närstående och vårdrelationens betydelse i mötet med närstående. Sjuksköterskans tydligaste arbetsuppgift var att stödja och se och tillmötesgå de närståendes behov. För att kunna göra det krävdes en god vårdrelation. Artiklarna gav exempel på vad sjuksköterskorna ansågs vara en del av svårigheten i att möta närstående som förlorat en anhörig plötsligt. Artiklarna lyfter framförallt fram sjuksköterskornas egna känslor och erfarenheter men även verksamheterna och då både bra respektive dåliga orsaker. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde även en bristfällighet i deras grundutbildning och att de saknade kunskap och riktlinjer från verksamheten inom området. Diskussionen visar att i situationer där närstående förlora sin anhörig plötsligt och oväntat många gånger upplevs som en svårighet av sjuksköterskorna. I vissa fall upplever sjuksköterskorna känslomässiga svårigheter och obehag som leder till att de upplever en känsla av att de inte räcker till för de närstående och deras behov och förväntningar. Det leder till att sjuksköterskorna är osäkra på om de tillgodoser de närstående tillräckligt i dessa situationer. Tidigare studier visar att sjuksköterskor upplever att grundutbildningen är bristfällig, utbildningen erbjuder inte tillräckligt med kunskap om vården av närstående. För att förhindra deras negativa tankemönster och osäkerhet vid omvårdnaden av närstående som plötsligt har förlorat en anhörig, behövs mer kunskap och att den teoretiska kunskapen får utrymme i praktiken. Slutsatsen är att akutsjuksköterskan skulle stärka sin yrkesprofession i omhändertagandet av närstående som plötsligt har förlorat en anhörig genom mer kunskap och då med både teoretiskt och praktiskt undervisning, bättre struktur och tydligare riktlinjer ute i verksamheten.

Fusarium virguliforme (Aoki, O’Donnell, Homma & Lattanzi), the causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill), is responsible for major soybean yield losses in North America and South America. Despite the importance of SDS, few agronomic practices have been used to manage SDS successfully. Understanding the pathogen and the mechanisms it uses to cause disease is vital to devise effective disease control strategies. However, our knowledge of the pathogenicity mechanisms used by F. virguliforme is limited. The identification of pathogenic genes will shed light on the molecular basis of the interaction between F.virguliforme and soybean, which may ultimately lead to better management of SDS. Therefore, the studies presented in this thesis were aimed at identifying and characterizing candidate pathogenicity genes in F. virguliforme.To fulfill this objective, 40 candidate pathogenicity genes of F. virguliforme were identified based on a combined approach, which included hands-on literature and database mining, functional genomics as well as transcriptome analyses. From these genes, the FvSNF1gene (a sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase 1 ortholog), the Fvstr1 gene (a striatin protein ortholog) were functionally characterized through a gene knock-out strategy. Targeted disruption of the FvSNF1 locus in wild type F. virguliforme strain reduced virulence significantly on soybean and abolished galactose utilization. In addition, the FvΔSNF1 mutant displayed significant reduction in expression of several CWDEs genes and was defective in colonizing the vascular system of the roots. To identify putative target genes regulated by FvSNF1, transcriptome analyses were performed in the FvSNF1 deletion mutant and in the wild-type. Disruption of FvSNF1 affected the level of transcription of 393 genes and a majority of the genes were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lignin degradation, and cellular signaling pathway. The disruption of Fvstr1, a striatin ortholog in F. virguliforme, resulted in a complete loss of virulence as well as impaired conidiation, conidiophore development and pigmentation in the fungus. The FvΔstr1 mutant also failed to colonize the vascular tissues of roots of inoculated soybean plants. The results suggest that FvSNF1and Fvstr1 have critical roles in pathogenicity. Another part of the study was to investigate the efficacy of ILeVO®, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide from Bayer CropScience, against F. virguliforme. Our results showed that ILeVO® was very active against F. virguliforme in vitro and was very effective in minimizing F. virguliforme infection thus providing yet another tool to combat SDS.

Bakgrund: ​Akutsjukvården innebär speciella förutsättningar där hastiga beslut tas och medicinska prioriteringar måste göras. En familjemedlems plötsliga dödsfall kan få allvarliga konsekvenser för de anhöriga och de behöver rätt stöd i det akuta skeendet. Personcentrerad vård och dialog med anhöriga är en del av sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsansvar och etiska ansvar. Vårdpersonalen upplever i många fall organisatoriska hinder för att möta de anhöriga på ett adekvat sätt. Ovanstående gör det angeläget att undersöka hur kontakten med akutsjukvården upplevs för de anhöriga. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva anhörigas upplevelse av akutsjukvården i samband med en familjemedlems plötsliga dödsfall. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes. Artikelsökningen gjordes i databaserna Cinahl Complete och Pubmed som innehåller artiklar relaterad till vårdvetenskap, medicin och hälsa. Resultat: ​Löpande information under det akuta skeendet värderades högt och var ofta bristfällig. De anhöriga var känsliga för vårdpersonalens tonfall, kroppsspråk och ansiktsmimik samtidigt som de hade svårt att ta in information och overklighetskänslor var vanligt. Det fysiska rummet spelade också roll. Akutmottagningen upplevdes som en kaosartad plats som många gånger inte var lämplig för ett värdigt farväl efter dödens inträffande. Slutsats: Att förstå de anhörigas upplevelser och behov är essentiellt för att kunna möta dem där de befinner sig i dessa extrema situationer. Brist på information, hur kommunikationen såg ut, att bevittna återupplivningar och vårdmiljön var alla framträdande aspekter av de anhörigas upplevelser. Dessa bör vårdpersonal vara uppmärksamma på i mötet med de anhöriga för att de ska kunna bli delaktiga och för att möjliggöra ett värdigt avslut. / Background: ​Emergency medical care and emergency departments constitute an environment where rapid decisions and medical priorities need to be made. The sudden death of a family member can have great consequenses on the bereaved. Person-centered  care and dialog with the family is a part of the nurse‘s professional and ethical responsibility. Health personnel often experience organizational obstacles for providing adequate care for the family members. The above mentioned makes it relevant to explore how the contact with the emergency medical service and emergency departments is experienced by the surviving relatives.​ Aim: The aim was to describe relatives’ experiences of emergency medical care and emergency departments when a family member died suddenly. Method: A litterature review based on ten academic journals was made. Studies were searched from Cinahl Complete and Pubmed which contain academic journals within the topics of nursing, medicine and health. Results: Ongoing information during the acute phase was important but often not given to a satisfactory degree. They were highly sensitive to a sundry of signals such the tone of voice, body language and facial expressions of the health personnel at the same time as being unable to process information adequately and often described feelings of dissociation from reality. The physical space also weighed in. The emergency department was perceived as a chaotic place not suited for a dignified last goodbye to the deceased family member. Summary: Understanding the experiences and needs of the relatives is essential to be able to meet them where they are in these extreme situations. Lack of information, the way communication is expressed, witnessing resuscitation as well as the physical sorroundings were all prominent aspects of the relatives’ experiences. Health personnel should be attentive to these aspects in order to be able to enable participation and to make a dignified last goodbye possible for the relatives.

Bakgrund: En av sjuksköterskans uppgifter är att visa de efterlevande hänsyn och omtanke när någon avlider. Vårdutbildningar är till stor del somatiskt inriktade och ute i den kliniska verksamheten ges mycket knapphändig information kring hur dödsbesked ska levereras. Ett bristfälligt bemötande från sjuksköterskans sida kan leda till att närståendes sorgearbete kompliceras. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka närståendes situation i samband med ett plötsligt dödsfall samt beskriva relevanta omvårdnadsåtgärder i detta skede. Metod: En litteraturstudie som bygger på fem kvalitativa och fem kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet visade att närstående uppskattade adekvat och ärlig information. Frågor som framkom gällde dödsorsak samt om allting verkligen gjorts för den anhörige. Det som närstående uttryckte som viktigt i dödsögonblicket var möjlighet till närhet till den anhörige och tillgänglighet till vårdpersonal. Det som efterfrågades var uppföljning samt stöd och respekt från vårdpersonal. Med denna litteraturstudie hoppas författarna kunna öka sjuksköterskors förståelse för de närståendes situation i samband med ett plötsligt dödsfall för att på så sätt kunna underlätta sorgearbetet. / Background: One of the nurses' tasks is to show the surviving relatives consideration and care when someone dies. Nursing education is mainly somatic oriented and in the clinical practice very little information about how to deliver the death notification is given. An inadequate treatment from the nursing staff can lead to a more complicated grieving process for the relatives. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the relative’s situation in the context of a sudden death and to describe the relevant nursing interventions at this point. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review based upon five qualitative and five quantitative scientific articles. Results: The findings showed that the relatives appreciated adequate and honest information. Questions that emerged concerned the cause of death and whether everything really had been done for the next of kin. In the moment of death the relatives expressed that proximity to the next of kin and availability of the nursing staff was important. Requested was an opportunity to a follow-up bereavement service and respect and support from the nursing staff. Conclusion: Due to this literature review the authors hope to increase nurses understanding of the relative’s situation in the context of a sudden death to facilitate the grieving process.

Bakgrund: Många dödsfall sker idag på sjukhus och detta indikerar att sjuksköterskor mest troligt kommer att uppleva plötsliga eller oväntade dödsfall någon gång under deras yrkesverksamhet. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskor upplevelser när patienter plötsligt eller oväntat dör på sjukhus. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes baserad på åtta kvalitativa studier. Databassökning genomfördes i CINAHL och PubMed. Analys genomfördes enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Vid analysen framkom fem teman. De fem teman var: Sjuksköterskans känslor och reaktioner vid plötsligt eller oväntat dödsfall, Hinder vid omhändertagande av patienter och anhöriga, Sjuksköterskans hantering av plötsligt eller oväntat dödsfall, Kommunikation - en viktig men krävande uppgift och Bristfällig utbildning. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor upplever att plötsliga eller oväntade dödsfall är svåra att hantera. För att klara av denna svåra uppgift kan sjuksköterskor behöva kompetensutveckling i form av utbildning samt informellt och formellt stöd. Vidare forskning inom detta problemområde skulle kunna bidra till en ökad förståelse gällande hur sjuksköterskor upplever, hanterar samt påverkas av plötsliga eller oväntade dödsfall. / Background: Many deaths occur today in hospitals and this indicates that nurses are most likely to experience sudden or unexpected deaths at some point during their professional worklife. Aim: The aim of this litterature study was to describe nurses' experiences when patients die suddenly or unexpectedly in hospital. Methods: A literature study was conducted based on eight qualitative studies. The database search was conducted in CINAHL and PubMed. Fribergs five-step model was used to analyze the studies. Results: Five themes emerged during the analysis. The themes were: The nurse's feelings and reactions in the event of a sudden or unexpected death, Obstacles when caring for patients and relatives, The nurse's management of a sudden or unexpected death, Communication - an important but demanding task and Inadequate education. Conclusion: Nurses find that sudden or unexpected deaths are difficult to deal with. To cope with this difficult task, nurses need competence development in the form of education as well as informal support. Further research regarding this subject could contribute to an increased understanding of how nurses experience, manage and are affected by sudden or unexpected deaths.

Swine stocks are endemically infected with the major porcine pathogen Streptococcus (S.) suis. The factors governing the transition from colonizing S. suis residing in the tonsils and the exacerbation of disease have not yet been elucidated. We analyzed the sudden death of fattening pigs kept under extensive husbandry conditions in a zoo. The animals died suddenly of septic shock and showed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Genotypic and phenotypic characterizations of the isolated S. suis strains, a tonsillar isolate and an invasive cps type 2 strain, were conducted. Isolated S. suis from dead pigs belonged to cps type 2 strain ST28, whereas one tonsillar S. suis isolate harvested from a healthy animal belonged to ST1173. Neither S. suis growth, induction of neutrophil extracellular traps, nor survival in blood could explain the sudden deaths. Reconstituted blood assays with serum samples from pigs of different age groups from the zoo stock suggested varying protection of individuals against pathogenic cps type 2 strains especially in younger pigs. These findings highlight the benefit of further characterization of the causative strains in each case by sequence typing before autologous vaccine candidate selection.

No description available.

A partir da década de 1950, o limoeiro \'Cravo\' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) passou a ser o principal porta-enxerto para citros no Estado de São Paulo. Devido à sua suscetibilidade ao declínio dos citros, a sua utilização diminuiu na década de 1980. Em 2001, com a constatação da doença morte súbita dos citros (MSC) na região norte e noroeste do Estado de São Paulo e Triângulo Mineiro, o emprego do limoeiro \'Cravo\' como porta-enxerto se tornou praticamente inviável, já que o mesmo se mostrou suscetível à MSC. A utilização de porta-enxertos tolerantes no cultivo de laranjeiras doces (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck), até o momento, é a medida de manejo mais indicada para a MSC, porém, esses porta-enxertos apresentam baixa tolerância à seca, inviabilizando o cultivo sem irrigação em regiões que apresentam baixa disponibilidade hídrica no solo e altas temperaturas em determinadas épocas do ano. Com base nessas premissas, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o desempenho horticultural de laranjeira \'Valência\' (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) sobre onze porta-enxertos na região norte do Estado de São Paulo, baseando-se nas características de produção e qualidade de fruto, desenvolvimento das plantas, tolerância à MSC e à seca. O experimento foi instalado no município de Colômbia, região norte do Estado de São Paulo. As diferentes combinações (copa / porta-enxerto) foram plantadas em março de 2007. Em abril de 2012, foram pré-selecionados combinações sobre onze porta-enxertos dentre os 42 que foram plantados originalmente. Para as diferentes combinações copa/porta-enxerto selecionadas, foram avaliadas as variáveis produção e qualidade dos frutos, desenvolvimento da planta, eficiência produtiva, taxa média de crescimento, tolerância à MSC (avaliação visual, detecção de Citrus sudden death-associated virus (CSDaV) e detecção do Citrus tristeza vírus (CTV)) e tolerância à seca (avaliação visual, potencial de água em folha e estimativa do índice de área foliar). Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo relatam a superioridade na produção de frutos de laranjeira \'Valencia\' quando enxertada em pelos menos um porta-enxerto pré-selecionado em relação ao limoeiro \'Cravo\' \"CNPMF 03\". Em relação às demais variáveis, também foi atribuído a duas combinações de copa/porta-enxerto qualidade superior dos frutos de laranja \'Valência\' e a outras três combinações tolerância satisfatória à seca comparadas aos clones de limoeiro \'Cravo\'. Foi observado aptidão para cultivo adensado de laranjeira \'Valência\' em dois porta-enxertos. Também foram encontradas diferenças em relação à presença do CSDaV nos diferentes porta-enxertos. Tangerina \'Sunki\' x P. trifoliata \'English\' e citrange \'C-13\' \"S\" apresentaram potencial para utilização como porta-enxertos para laranjeira \'Valência\' na região norte do Estado de São Paulo como alternativa ao limoeiro \'Cravo\'. / Since the 1950s, the Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) became the main rootstock for brazilian citrus industry in São Paulo State. Because of its susceptibility to citrus blight, the use of this rootstock decreased in the 1980s. In 2001, with the first report of citrus sudden death disease (CSD) in the north and northwest of São Paulo State and Minas Gerais Triangle, the use of Rangpur lime as a rootstock became practically impossible, because of its susceptibility to CSD. The use of tolerant rootstocks in sweet orange groves (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) yet is the most adequate management to CSD. However, these rootstocks have low tolerance to drought stress, limiting the citrus industry in areas with high temperatures at certain seasons of year, and with low water availability for irrigation. Based on these assumptions, the aim of this study was to determine the horticultural performance of \'Valencia\' sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) onto eleven rootstocks in the northern region of São Paulo state, based on the characteristics of production and fruit quality, plant growth, tolerance to CSD and drought tolerance. The experiment was carried out in Colombia, north of the São Paulo State. The different combinations (canopy / rootstock) were planted in March 2007. In April 2012, eleven rootstocks were pre-selected from the 42 that were originally planted. For the different selected canopy / rootstock combinations, the following variables were evaluated: yield and fruit quality, plant development, yield efficiency, growth rate, tolerance to CSD (visual evaluation, detection of Citrus sudden death-associated virus (CSDaV) and detection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV)) and drought tolerance (visual evaluation, leaf water potential and leaf area index). The results found in this study showed higher production quality of \'Valencia\' sweet orange fruits when grafted onto, at least, one pre-selected rootstock compared to \"CNPMF 03\" Rangpur lime. For the other variables, it was also attributed to two combinations scion / rootstock superior quality of \'Valencia\' sweet orange fruits and in the other three combinations satisfactory tolerance to water stress compared to Rangpur lime. It was observed aptitude for high density planting of \'Valencia\' sweet orange onto two rootstocks. There were also found differences regarding the presence of CSDaV on different rootstocks. The \'Sunki\' mandarin x English\' P. trifoliata and the \'C-13 \'\"S\" citrange showed potential to be used as rootstocks for \'Valencia\' sweet orange in the northern region of São Paulo state as an alternative to Rangpur lime.

Esse estudo descreve casos de “morte súbita” em bovinos associados com a ingestão de Amorimia (Mascagnia) exotropica em seis propriedades rurais localizadas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre e da serra gaúcha. Os bovinos intoxicados foram encontrados mortos sem história de sinais clínicos prévios, ou apresentaram tremores musculares, quedas bruscas, movimentos de pedalagem, opistótono, respiração ofegante e decúbito lateral, quando induzidos ao movimento poucos minutos antes da morte. Registrou-se maior número de casos entre os meses de maio e agosto. Nove bovinos foram necropsiados e os principais achados macroscópicos observados foram mucosa oral levemente cianótica (3/9), hidropericárdio leve a moderado (3/9), petéquias e equimoses no epicárdio (5/9), coágulo no interior do ventrículo esquerdo (4/9), edema pulmonar (5/9) e mucosas vermelhas no abomaso e no intestino delgado (6/9). Histologicamente havia necrose de coagulação no miocárdio (9/9) caracterizada por retração celular, aumento da eosinofilia do citoplasma com perda das estriações, núcleos em picnose e ocasionais núcleos em cariorrexia e cariólise. No coração, edema intersticial (3/9) e infiltrado inflamatório intersticial, predominantemente, mononuclear (7/9) também foram observados. Nos rins de três bovinos havia degeneração hidrópicovacuolar multifocal das células epiteliais dos túbulos contorcidos distais associada com núcleos picnóticos deslocados para periferia da célula. As lesões cardíacas desses bovinos foram demonstradas através da imuno-histoquímica para troponina cardíaca C (cTnC). Nos corações dos bovinos intoxicados ocorreu diminuição acentuada de cTnC no citoplasma de grupos dos cardiomiócitos com características microscópicas de degeneração e necrose e, em algumas áreas havia perda total de imunomarcação. Raras fibras musculares cardíacas sem alteração histológica apresentaram perda de imunomarcação. Nos demais cardiomiócitos dos bovinos intoxicados sem lesões histológicas observou-se intensa marcação citoplasmática. / This study describes cases of sudden death in cattle that were associated with the consumption of Amorimia (Mascagnia) exotropica and occurred in six ranches located in the mountainous region of Rio Grande do Sul and the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Affected cattle were found dead with no history of previous clinical signs, or showed muscular tremors, falls, paddling, opistotonus, panting, and lateral recumbence after being induced to move, few minutes before death. Most cases were recorded between May and August. Nine cattle were necropsied and main gross findings were oral mucosa slightly cyanotic (3/9), mild to intermediate hydropericardium (3/9), epicardial petechiae and ecchymoses (5/9), clot within the left ventricle (4/9), lung edema (5/9), apart of abomasal and small intestinal reddened mucosa (6/9). Histologically, there was myocardial coagulation necrosis (9/9), which was characterized by cellular retraction, enhanced cytoplasmic eosinophilia, lack of cytoplasmic striations and occasional nuclear karyorrhexis and karyolysis. There also were interstitial edema (3/9) and interstitial inflammatory infiltrate (mainly mononuclear) (7/9) in the heart. Apart of multifocal vacuolar-hydropic degeneration in the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubules associated with pyknotic and eccentric nuclei in the kidneys of three cattle. The cardiac lesions of these cattle were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for cardiac troponin C (cTnC). In the hearts of cattle intoxicated was severe reduction of the cTnC in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes groups with microscopic features of degeneration and necrosis, and in some areas with complete loss of immunoreactivity. Rare cardiac muscle fibers showed no histological abnormality loss of immune-marking. In the remaining cardiomyocytes in cattle poisoned histological lesions were absent, but an intense cytoplasmic staining in these cells was observed.

A partir da década de 1950, o limoeiro \'Cravo\' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) passou a ser o principal porta-enxerto para citros no Estado de São Paulo. Devido à sua suscetibilidade ao declínio dos citros, a sua utilização diminuiu na década de 1980. Em 2001, com a constatação da doença morte súbita dos citros (MSC) na região norte e noroeste do Estado de São Paulo e Triângulo Mineiro, o emprego do limoeiro \'Cravo\' como porta-enxerto se tornou praticamente inviável, já que o mesmo se mostrou suscetível à MSC. A utilização de porta-enxertos tolerantes no cultivo de laranjeiras doces (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck), até o momento, é a medida de manejo mais indicada para a MSC, porém, esses porta-enxertos apresentam baixa tolerância à seca, inviabilizando o cultivo sem irrigação em regiões que apresentam baixa disponibilidade hídrica no solo e altas temperaturas em determinadas épocas do ano. Com base nessas premissas, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o desempenho horticultural de laranjeira \'Valência\' (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) sobre onze porta-enxertos na região norte do Estado de São Paulo, baseando-se nas características de produção e qualidade de fruto, desenvolvimento das plantas, tolerância à MSC e à seca. O experimento foi instalado no município de Colômbia, região norte do Estado de São Paulo. As diferentes combinações (copa / porta-enxerto) foram plantadas em março de 2007. Em abril de 2012, foram pré-selecionados combinações sobre onze porta-enxertos dentre os 42 que foram plantados originalmente. Para as diferentes combinações copa/porta-enxerto selecionadas, foram avaliadas as variáveis produção e qualidade dos frutos, desenvolvimento da planta, eficiência produtiva, taxa média de crescimento, tolerância à MSC (avaliação visual, detecção de Citrus sudden death-associated virus (CSDaV) e detecção do Citrus tristeza vírus (CTV)) e tolerância à seca (avaliação visual, potencial de água em folha e estimativa do índice de área foliar). Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo relatam a superioridade na produção de frutos de laranjeira \'Valencia\' quando enxertada em pelos menos um porta-enxerto pré-selecionado em relação ao limoeiro \'Cravo\' \"CNPMF 03\". Em relação às demais variáveis, também foi atribuído a duas combinações de copa/porta-enxerto qualidade superior dos frutos de laranja \'Valência\' e a outras três combinações tolerância satisfatória à seca comparadas aos clones de limoeiro \'Cravo\'. Foi observado aptidão para cultivo adensado de laranjeira \'Valência\' em dois porta-enxertos. Também foram encontradas diferenças em relação à presença do CSDaV nos diferentes porta-enxertos. Tangerina \'Sunki\' x P. trifoliata \'English\' e citrange \'C-13\' \"S\" apresentaram potencial para utilização como porta-enxertos para laranjeira \'Valência\' na região norte do Estado de São Paulo como alternativa ao limoeiro \'Cravo\'. / Since the 1950s, the Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) became the main rootstock for brazilian citrus industry in São Paulo State. Because of its susceptibility to citrus blight, the use of this rootstock decreased in the 1980s. In 2001, with the first report of citrus sudden death disease (CSD) in the north and northwest of São Paulo State and Minas Gerais Triangle, the use of Rangpur lime as a rootstock became practically impossible, because of its susceptibility to CSD. The use of tolerant rootstocks in sweet orange groves (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) yet is the most adequate management to CSD. However, these rootstocks have low tolerance to drought stress, limiting the citrus industry in areas with high temperatures at certain seasons of year, and with low water availability for irrigation. Based on these assumptions, the aim of this study was to determine the horticultural performance of \'Valencia\' sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) onto eleven rootstocks in the northern region of São Paulo state, based on the characteristics of production and fruit quality, plant growth, tolerance to CSD and drought tolerance. The experiment was carried out in Colombia, north of the São Paulo State. The different combinations (canopy / rootstock) were planted in March 2007. In April 2012, eleven rootstocks were pre-selected from the 42 that were originally planted. For the different selected canopy / rootstock combinations, the following variables were evaluated: yield and fruit quality, plant development, yield efficiency, growth rate, tolerance to CSD (visual evaluation, detection of Citrus sudden death-associated virus (CSDaV) and detection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV)) and drought tolerance (visual evaluation, leaf water potential and leaf area index). The results found in this study showed higher production quality of \'Valencia\' sweet orange fruits when grafted onto, at least, one pre-selected rootstock compared to \"CNPMF 03\" Rangpur lime. For the other variables, it was also attributed to two combinations scion / rootstock superior quality of \'Valencia\' sweet orange fruits and in the other three combinations satisfactory tolerance to water stress compared to Rangpur lime. It was observed aptitude for high density planting of \'Valencia\' sweet orange onto two rootstocks. There were also found differences regarding the presence of CSDaV on different rootstocks. The \'Sunki\' mandarin x English\' P. trifoliata and the \'C-13 \'\"S\" citrange showed potential to be used as rootstocks for \'Valencia\' sweet orange in the northern region of São Paulo state as an alternative to Rangpur lime.