Le shopping est une activité quotidienne et routinière en apparence. Mais elle cache des mécanismes analytiquement complexes. Elle requiert donc de la part de l’acheteur un ensemble de compétences spécifiques. Comprendre comment les acheteurs qui ne disposent pas des compétences requises par l’environnement de consommation parviennent à faire leur shopping fut l’objectif de départ de cette thèse. La démarche ethnographique que nous avons ancrée dans le contexte marocain a dévoilé un certain nombre de méthodes que les consommatrices marocaines empruntent pour faire leur course dans les supermarchés. Au-delà de ces éléments descriptifs, notre recherche met en lumière une nouvelle perspective sur le shopping. Au Maroc, il existe une dichotomie rigide dans le rôle des genres. La configuration émergente du marché avec de nouvelles formes de distribution semble ouvrir des voies à la femme marocaine pour s’affranchir de certaines conventions sociales. Ainsi, le shopping utilitaire peut être une source de liberté. / Shopping is an everyday, routine activity, or at least that is how it appears. Yet it does conceal complex analytical mechanisms and thus requires that the purchaser possesses a set of specific competences. The first objective of this thesis was to understand how shoppers who lack the necessary competences manage to complete shopping. We ran an ethnography in Casablanca, Morocco, and shed light a number of methods employed by female Moroccan shoppers. Aside from descriptive elements, our research presents a new perspective on shopping. The Moroccan context envelops a rigid dichotomy between gender roles. The emerging marketplace with new forms of retailing offers avenues for Moroccan women to challenge certain social conventions. In this sense, shopping thus creates a sense of freedom.

Le discours publicitaire d’aujourd’hui ne se limite plus seulement à une description technique des produits, mais participe aussi à la construction de systèmes de valeurs selon une logique de calage qui consiste à se mettre au diapason des courants sociaux et des aspirations des individus. L’apparition de comportements de consommation inédits oblige les marques à renouveler leurs stratégies de communication, quitte à faire évoluer le rôle social de la publicité. Au milieu des années quatre-vingt, la marque Benetton s’illustre en proposant une vision politique de la consommation soutenue par un discours publicitaire qui ne vante plus les qualités du produit ni ne fait appel à la dimension hédonique de la consommation. Au contraire, il se réfère à des événements d’actualité traités ordinairement par le discours médiatique et s’adresse à des citoyens-consommateurs. D’autres acteurs économiques s’inscrivent depuis dans cette tendance. À partir d’une analyse sémiotique des publicités de l’enseigne E. Leclerc, l’objectif de cette recherche est de mettre en évidence l’existence d’un discours publicitaire particulier qui n’est plus conventionnel à partir du moment où il convoque une dimension politique. Affichant une posture militante sur la question écologique ou celle du pouvoir d’achat, l’enseigne transgresse les codes du discours publicitaire pour revendiquer un engagement citoyen. Les résultats d’analyse montrent par ailleurs que l’installation d’un champ discursif relativement éloigné de la fonction commerciale de l’enseigne témoigne de l’évolution de la société postmoderne à laisser la gestion de l’intérêt général aux entreprises privées, au détriment de l’action publique. / Advertising discourse today is no longer limited to only a technical description of products, but also participates in the construction of values. In that way it is attuned to social currents and aspirations of individuals. The emergence of new consumer behaviors requires brands to renew their communication strategies, even to change the social role of advertising. In the mid-eighties, the Benetton brand proposed a political vision of consumption supported by advertising discourse that no longer boasts the qualities of the product or does not use the hedonic dimension of consumption. Rather, it refers to current events usually treated by the media discourse, and is intended for citizens and consumers. Since then other economic actors follow this approach. From a semiotic analysis of advertisements of E. Leclerc, the objective of this research is to demonstrate the existence of a particular advertising discourse which is no longer conventional since it carries a political dimension. Featuring a militant stance on ecological matters or purchasing power, the brand transgresses the codes of advertising discourse to claim a civic engagement. The analysis results also show that the emergence of a field which is relatively distant from the commercial function of the brand reflects the evolution of postmodern society to leave the management of the general interest to private companies, to detriment of public action.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Roque Mangini.pdf: 1190434 bytes, checksum: cf196a3b431423c3d80304b0db4442bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-07 / Supply chain involves all the activities associated to the handling of products since the very stage of raw materials up to the delivery of the manufactured goods to the final consumer which includes information sources and the attainment of these, the production schedule, processing order, inventory management, transportation, storage and costumer service. The relation of existing dependence among the participants of supply chain activities and resources causes consequences of negative nature when variation in any section or stage of the process occurs, phenomenon known as bullwhip effect. This phenomenon, also known as effect Forrester, is related with the increase of variation that occurs due to the up making of decisions related to political and organizational choices of investment front to the customers demand. The way the companies react to this whip effect, that is, the performance achieved is evaluated by the customers within aspects such as product quality, schedule reliability, order flexibility, delivery punctuality and last but not least a competitive final cost. These aspects are known as performance measures or competitive priorities. The main objective of this research is verifying the influence of the whip effect management within the food industry companies and the specific aim is mapping the generating features of the whip effect in this sector, besides, acknowledging the existence of such effect in levels of the supply chain and highlight the measures of control of the whip effect which are being used by the plants and also verifying the direct relationship of the bullwhip effect with the performance of everyone involved in the supply chain system. Research of qualitative and quantitative order has been lead in association with supermarkets of São Roque and Ibiúna area, quantitative surveys with the supermarkets as well as wholesale companies and Food processing companies. The results of the research point to the existence of the bullwhip effect, perceived and caused by the consumers, and amplified for the existence of promotion in the supermarkets companies, lack of sharing information among the companies of the supply chain as well as the absence of tools of electronic integration. The bullwhip effect observed also influences the performance of the organizations, mainly in flexibility and trustworthiness, affecting the Food processing companies corporative image. / A cadeia de suprimentos envolve todas as atividades associadas com a movimentação de produtos desde o estágio de matéria prima até a entrega do produto ao consumidor final, incluindo fontes de informações e obtenção destas, cronograma de produção, ordem de processamento, gerenciamento de inventário, transporte, armazenamento e serviço de atendimento ao cliente. A relação de dependência existente entre os participantes da cadeia de suprimentos, atividades e recursos causam conseqüências de natureza negativa quando ocorre variabilidade em qualquer sentido na cadeia de suprimentos, fenômeno este conhecido como efeito chicote. Este fenômeno, também conhecido como efeito Forrester, está relacionado com a amplificação e variabilidade que ocorrem pela antecipação de decisões, políticas, formas organizacionais e escolha de investimento frente a demanda dos consumidores. O modo como as empresas reagem ao efeito chicote, ou seja, o desempenho apresentado, é avaliado pelos clientes nos aspectos relacionados com qualidade de produtos, confiabilidade no prazo estipulado, flexibilidade com relação à quantidade, agilidade ou velocidade na entrega e um preço competitivo, o que sugere um baixo custo geral. Esses aspectos, são conhecidos como medidas de desempenho ou prioridades competitivas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do gerenciamento do efeito chicote nas empresas relacionadas com a indústria alimentícia, e os objetivos específicos foram mapear os fatores que promovem o efeito chicote na indústria alimentícia, verificar a presença do efeito chicote nos vários níveis da cadeia de suprimentos e destacar fatores de controle do efeito chicote que estão sendo utilizados pelas empresas, além de verificar o relacionamento do efeito chicote com o desempenho dos participantes dessa cadeia de suprimentos. Foram conduzidas pesquisas de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa com empresas supermercadistas da região de São Roque e Ibiúna e pesquisas quantitativas com os clientes das empresas supermercadistas bem como com empresas atacadistas e fabricantes de produtos alimentícios. Os resultados das pesquisas apontam para a existência do efeito chicote, percebido e ocasionado pelos consumidores, e amplificado pela existência de promoção nas empresas supermercadistas, falta de compartilhamento de informações entre as empresas da cadeia de suprimentos bem como pela ausência de ferramentas de integração eletrônica. O efeito chicote observado, influencia também o desempenho das organizações, principalmente na flexibilidade e confiabilidade, afetando a imagem corporativa das empresas da indústria alimentícia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tamires Dartora.pdf: 2635681 bytes, checksum: c0c2c69b8f5b800fd3ae24794c196b87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / This research aims to investigate the work activity of cashiers and packers from Federzoni supermarket, located in Caieiras - SP, in order to demonstrate that such activities are not only mechanical operations , they are more complex than we have become accustomed to consider. Therefore, we used the assumptions of French Discourse Analysis, mainly supported by the work of Dominique Maingueneau, and assumptions of the ergological approach, articulating the concepts of work activity, and good non adherence in the first chapter; the infidelity of the institucional environment and the discursive ethos in the second chapter, and speech genres , discursive memory and non-neutrality of prescripts in the third chapter, continuously targeted by the principle of semantic constraints system, as proposed by Maingueneau (1984/2008). For this research, we proposed the methodology we called double anticipation: at first, we investigate the history of a work activity requirements and, as a second step, the approach of the workers and the completion of that activity, always considering that there is a constant back and forth between these two poles, since the work activity is the knot that binds them, puts them in relationship. Thus, in addition to show certain peculiarities that we cannot anticipate, which makes the work activity of cashiers and packers even more complex than is generally treated, we reflect on the activity of the researcher in a research activity job / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a atividade de trabalho dos operadores de caixa e empacotadores do supermercado Federzoni, um supermercado de médio porte localizado na cidade de Caieiras SP, a fim de demonstrar que tais atividades não são apenas operações mecânicas, são mais complexas do que nos acostumamos a considerar. Para tal, nos utilizamos dos pressupostos da Análise do Discurso de vertente francesa, apoiados principalmente na obra de Dominique Maingueneau, e nos pressupostos da abordagem ergológica, articulando, assim, os conceitos de atividade de trabalho, boa desaderência e corpus herdado no primeiro capítulo; infidelidade do meio, ambiente institucional, ambiente discursivo e ethos discursivo no segundo capítulo; e gêneros discursivos, memória discursiva e não neutralidade das normas no terceiro capítulo, continuamente direcionados pelo princípio de sistema de coerções semânticas, conforme proposto por Maingueneau (1984/2008). Como metodologia para esta investigação, propusemos a dupla antecipação metodológica do pesquisador que consiste, em um primeiro momento, na investigação das normas antecedentes de uma atividade de trabalho e em um segundo momento, na aproximação dos trabalhadores e da realização desta mesma atividade, desde que haja a consideração de um constante vai e vem entre estes dois polos, uma vez que a atividade de trabalho é o nó que os une, os coloca em relação. Dessa maneira, além de demonstrar determinadas particularidades não antecipáveis que tornam a atividade de trabalho dos operadores de caixa e empacotadores muito mais complexas do que são geralmente tratadas, pudemos refletir sobre a atividade do pesquisador Analista do Discurso ergólogo na investigação de uma atividade de trabalho

EDI 已是二十多年的老觀念，直到最近幾年才成為一種逐漸流行的資訊應用。 雖然 EDI 在國外已經蓬勃的發展，但在國內仍屬於萌芽的階段。國內的超市產業在消費者的需求多元化、營運成本高升的情況之下，欲適應此一環境的改變並在激烈的競爭當中脫穎而出，引進 EDI將是一條必要且刻不容緩的趨勢。但是在引進的過程當中，所必須考量的層面有哪些？必須加以克服的重要因素有哪些？在相關文獻付諸闕如的情況下，這是本研究所要探討的動機與目的。本研究採個案研究法進行探索式研究，研究對象的選擇是根據已經採用電子訂貨系統或目前已參與商業司所主導之超市先導系統的業者以及資策會、條策會等協助推動的單位。研究結果發現國內超市產業引進電子資料交換系統所需考量的重要因素可以由環境面、技術面、營運面與計畫管理面等四個構面來加以考量。若由基本條件與促進條件來加以分類的話，基本條件有：原印條碼的普及程度、契約行為的合法性、EDI 中文化、資料的保密性與安全性、統一的表單格式與資料元定義等五個基本條件。促進條件則有：主管機關的策劃與輔導、超市業者與供應商的企業條件與引進策略、工作合理化、電腦化程度、根據超市產業特性設計階段性的引進模式與通路成員的共同參與。在研究建議部份則分別對國內的超市業者、政府相關單位與立法機關及超市先導系統的執行單位提出建議。本研究建議超市業者建立加值型網路先導系統、事先進行工作合理化的工作、以積極的態度來看待 EDI並利用之。對政府主管機關則建議應加強橫向的聯繫、制定獎勵辦法以提昇參與意願、整合產官學的意見以制定完備的相關法規。最後本研究提供一個開發階段、整合階段、推廣階段等三個引進的階段順序，供國內相關單位參考。

This thesis investigates a special type of energy system, namely energy use in supermarkets through modelling, simulations and field studies. A user-friendly computer program, CyberMart, which calculates the total energy performance of a supermarket, is presented. The modelling method described in this thesis has four phases: the first phase is the de-velopment of a conceptual model that includes its objectives, the envi-ronment and the components of the system, and their interconnections. The second phase is a quantitative model in which the ideas from the conceptual model are transformed into mathematical and physical rela-tionships. The third phase is an evaluation of the model with a sensitivity analysis of its predictions and comparisons between the computer model and results from field measurements. The fourth phase is the model ap-plication in which the computer model answers questions identified in the beginning of the modelling process as well as other questions arising throughout the work. Field measurements in seven different supermarkets in Sweden were car-ried out to: (i) investigate the most important parameters that influence energy performance in supermarkets, (ii) analyse the operation of new system designs with indirect system implementation in Sweden during recent years, and (iii) validate the computer model. A thorough sensitivity analysis shows a total sensitivity of 5.6 %, which is a satisfactory result given a 10% change in the majority of input parame-ters and assumptions, with the exception of outdoor temperatures and solar radiation that were calculated as extreme values in METEO-NORM. Comparisons between measurements and simulations in five supermarkets also show a good agreement. Measurements and simula-tion results for a whole year were not possible due to lack of data. CyberMart opens up perspectives for designers and engineers in the field by providing innovative opportunities for assessment and testing of new energy efficient measures but also for evaluation of different already-installed system designs and components. The implementation of new energy-saving technologies in supermarkets requires an extensive inte-grated analysis of the energy performances of the refrigeration system, HVAC system, lighting, equipment, and the total energy usage. This analysis should be done over a long period, to evaluate and compare the real energy performance with the theoretical values calculated by Cyber-Mart. / QC 20100330

This thesis theoretically and experimentally investigates different aspects of the application of CO2 in supermarket refrigeration. Theoretical analysis has been performed using computer simulation models developed to simulate CO2 indirect, NH3/CO2 cascade, CO2 trans-critical and direct expansion (DX) R404A systems. The models supported the selection of the CO2 system solutions to be tested experimentally and facilitated the design of NH3/CO2 cascade and trans-critical systems test rigs. Performance evaluation and systems’ optimizations have also been carried out. In order to verify the findings of the theoretical analysis an experimental evaluation has been performed whereby a scaled-down medium size supermarket has been built in a laboratory environment. NH3/CO2 cascade and trans-critical systems have been tested and compared to a conventional R404A system installed in the same laboratory environment. Experimental findings have been compared to the computer simulation models. In supermarket refrigeration applications, safety is a major concern because of the large number of people that might be affected in the event of leakage. Therefore, a computer simulation model has been developed to perform calculations of the resulting concentration levels arising from different scenarios for leakage accidents in the supermarket. The model has been used to validate some of the risks associated with using CO2 in the application of supermarket refrigeration. Results of the experiments and the computer simulation models showed good agreement and suggest that the NH3/CO2 cascade system is a more efficient solution than the analyzed conventional ones for supermarket refrigeration. On the other hand, CO2 trans-critical solutions have efficiencies comparable to the conventional systems analyzed, with potential for improvements in the trans-critical systems. From a safety point of view, the analysis of the calculations’ results clearly shows that using CO2 in supermarket refrigeration does not create exceptional health risks for customers and workers in the shopping area. Studies conducted in this thesis prove that the CO2 systems investigated are efficient solutions for supermarket refrigeration. / QC 20100909

超級市場之競爭策略分析—以全聯福利中心為例 / As the competition gets intensively in the retail industry, the boundary between different types of operation has disappeared. In Taiwan, hypermarkets started to downsize its store size. On the other hand, convenient stores expand its store size to target at eating out customers. Supermarket with the size between hypermarkets and convenient stores should reposition itself to confront the challenges. After the rapid expansion period, Pxmart started to reconsider its value proposition and its core competence. In order to achieve its corporate mission statement and its goal in the following 6 years, Pxmart’s CEO, Mr. Xu, comes up with strategies in terms of staffing, store, merchandise, and system and institution. Although Pxmart will be able to attract more customers with its store and merchandise strategy, it still encountered challenges due to its physical facilities, such as limited space to display products and for customers to park. How to reposition itself and provide customers with a pleasant and convenient shopping experience will be the first priority that Pxmart should consider. Compared to the leading brands in the United States, Pxmart and the retailers in Taiwan should embrace the technology innovation and try different business model to make their company updated and provide their customers more convenient way to purchase.

Permobil Produktion AB är världsledande tillverkare av elektriska rullstolar. Produktionsanläggningen i Timrå har verksamhet i två byggnader: en produktionslokal där stolarna monteras, anpassas och levereras till kund och ett produktionslager som förser monteringen med material. Dessa två byggnader ligger 600 meter separerade, vilket innebär slöseri i materialförsörjningen. Påfyllnadstiden av material från produktionslagret till produktionslinan är avtalad till fyra timmar. Syftet med arbetet är att minska ledtiden för påfyllning av material för att skapa ett jämnare produktionsflöde. Genom detta kan sekvensen som stolar tillverkas i låsas senare, vilket innebär att sekvensen kan optimeras. På grund av problem med saldodifferenser påbörjas stolar i produktionslinan som inte kan slutföras när materialbrist uppstår. Med en kortare ledtid för påfyllning av material kan man i större utsträckning undvika att plocka ur stolen från produktionslinan, vilket är en bidragande faktor till ryckigt flöde. I arbetet har en nulägesstudie genomförts för att skapa en förståelse för problemet. Därefter besöktes tre olika motormonteringar; Scania, Volvo Cars Engine och Volvo Group Trucks Operations för att skapa inblick i möjliga lösningar. Till sist utvecklades olika lösningar för lager- och produktionslokal. Arbetet har resulterat i tre lösningsförslag, varav ett är kortsiktigt och två långsiktiga. Samtliga innehåller ett materialtorg med plockyta placerad i produktionslokalen. De långsiktiga förslagen innefattar även smalgångslager med olika automationsgrad. Längsta ledtiden för materialpåfyllning är uppskattad till 56 minuter i samtliga lösningar. Lösningsförslagen presenteras för Permobil Produktion AB med återbetalningstider och rekommendationer på vidare arbete för att säkerställa utrymmeskrav med mer omfattande data. / Permobil Produktion AB is a world leading manufacturer of electric wheelchairs. The production site in Timrå consists of two main buildings: the production factory where chairs are assembled, customised and delivered to customer and the production warehouse that provides the production line with material. These two buildings are situated 600 meters apart which results in wastes in the material supply chain. The lead time of material refill, from warehouse to production line, is contracted to four hours. The purpose of this thesis is to reduce the lead time for material refill to create a more even production flow. Hereby, the sequence to manufacture chairs can be frozen later giving opportunity to optimise the sequence better. Due to problem with balance differences chairs are initiated at the production line without being possible to complete due to material shortage. With a shorter lead time for material refill more chairs will be possible to complete without being taken off the line which is a contributing factor to an uneven production flow. Included in the thesis work are an analysis of the current situation and visits to three engine assemblies, Scania, Volvo Cars Engine and Volvo Group Trucks Operations. This was to collect useful information about the problem and ways to solve it. Finally, solutions where developed for the warehouse and for the production. The thesis has resulted in three solutions, one-short term and two long-term solutions. All consisting of a supermarket for manual material picking placed next to the production line. The long-term solutions also include a narrow aisle warehouse with differing levels of automation. The longest lead time for material refill is estimated to 56 minutes for all solutions. The solutions are presented to Permobil Produktion AB accompanied with payback times and recommendations of further work to ensure restriction of areas with more comprehensive data.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Halfin.pdf: 542333 bytes, checksum: 0ff3b580a02af89d8995b5162e24d06b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-31 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This dissertation seeks to analyze service innovations in the supermarket sector through the companies competences, and also verify their effects on consumer attendance. The theoretical basis consists of a compilation of models by Gallouj and Weinstein (1997) and Bilderbeek and Hertog (1999) to analyze competences and service innovations; Malerba studies to understand the sectorial innovation system, and also Prahalad and Hamel (1990), Dosi and Teece (1993) and Selznick (1957) to conceptualize essential competences. The corpus is composed by interviews with several management and board professionals from three supermarket companies who are directly connected to the development of consumer services for their companies. The chosen supermarkets are Pão de Açúcar, Empório Santa Maria and Santa Luzia, acknowledged for their excellence in services. Authorization to record the interviews was not granted, but all interviews were submitted to contents analysis and categorization techniques. The results indicate that consumer participation is a determinant factor to the development of services in these companies. The study also shows the companies concern to adopt innovative strategies for consumer attendance, although the procedures and decisions conducted by their management staff still lack an organizational support fitted for this purpose. / Este trabalho procura analisar as inovações em serviço do setor supermercadista a partir da análise das competências das empresas e verificar os seus reflexos sobre as condições de atendimento. Neste sentido, como base teórica, utilizamos uma reunião dos modelos de Gallouj e Weinstein (1997) e Bilderbeek e Hertog (1999) para análise de competências e inovação em serviços, os estudos de Malerba para entender o sistema setorial de inovação e Prahalad e Hamel (1990), Dosi e Teece (1993) e Selznick (1957) para conceituar as competências essenciais. O corpus da pesquisa é composto por entrevistas em três empresas do setor com diversos profissionais de nível gerencial e diretivo, ligados diretamente ao desenvolvimento de serviços para o consumidor de suas redes. Foram relacionadas empresas de destaque no setor como o Pão de Açúcar, Empório Santa Maria e Santa Luzia conhecidos pela excelência de seus serviços. Não recebemos autorização para que as entrevistas fossem gravadas, mas as mesmas foram submetidas à técnica de análise de conteúdo e categorização. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a participação do consumidor é fator determinante para o desenvolvimento dos serviços destas organizações. O estudo mostra ainda a preocupação das empresas em adotar estratégias inovadoras no atendimento ao consumidor, embora os procedimentos e decisões de seus gestores não sigam ainda um suporte organizacional adequado a este propósito.