Safety-shaped median barriers have long been employed to keep misguided vehicles on the roadway. In recent years there has been a growing national desire for more aesthetically pleasing roadside safety systems. Adding surface texture is one of the most popular ways to make a more aesthetically pleasing barrier. This practice of adding surface texture can potentially reduce the safety performance of the barrier. The purpose of this research was to develop guidelines for the aesthetic surface treatment of safety-shaped median barriers. Numerical simulation was utilized to develop these guidelines. This was done by first validating the vehicle model that was used in this research, which was the National Crash Analysis Center (NCAC) 2000P Detailed Pickup Truck model. The validity of the vehicle model could be determined by comparing the vehicle dynamics of the simulation to the actual crash test data for the smooth surfaced Single Slope and New Jersey Safety-Shaped barriers. Crash tests involving concrete median barriers most commonly fail crash testing criteria given by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 by excessive Occupant Compartment Deformation (OCD). OCD is excessive deformation of the occupant compartment that would cause severe harm to the occupant. Current simulation vehicle models do not give reliable direct measurement of OCD. To take the place of direct measurement, several parameters were measured to find the best surrogate measure of OCD. The internal energy of the floorboard in the NCAC 2000P Detailed Pickup Truck model gave the best correlation to OCD. By simulating several different past crash tests with passing and failing OCD, limits of internal energy in the floorboard could determine if a simulation had passing, marginal, or failing amounts of OCD. Using the surrogate measure of OCD a parametric study was then evaluated by NCHRP Report 350 standards. The parametric study of 29 simulations varied width and depth of recess between asperities for two different angles of asperities. Guidelines were determined for the 45? and 90? angles of asperities as a curve on depth vs. width of recess between asperities from the results of this parametric study.

The interaction between metal nanoparticles and small molecules has been investigated by FTIR and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Electrospray deposition into an argon matrix was chosen as the initial method. An electrospray metal source was tested in development stage. Both the formation of a stable corona discharge as well as a stable Taylor cone were successfully completed. Problems arose when the entire system was tested. It was determined that the vacuum was insufficient for the length of the flight path. Focus then shifted to nanoparticles in more conventional environments. Sol-gel encapsulated nanoparticles were generated, in the form of both monoliths as well as thin film coatings on silicon wafers. The gels were exposed to 1atm of carbon monoxide in a gas cell. The method encountered problems due to spectral interference from the matrix. The next attempt consisted of solution stabilized nanoparticles. The solution was exposed to various amounts of both ammonium sulphate and diethylamine. There was again the problem of solvent interference, even when attempting to observe the system using Raman spectroscopy. Finally, surface stabilized nanoparticles were generated, using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane to adhere the particles to glass slides. While the coating was successfully applied to the glass slides, as confirmed with Raman spectroscopy, it was not possible to get the nanoparticles to adhere. Future outlook for this project is briefly reviewed. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2009-06-26 10:30:58.295

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Mustaque A. Hossain / Road surfaces may prematurely lose pavement friction due to polished aggregates on sharp horizontal curves, steep grades, or near intersections resulting in vehicle skidding. The problem gets exacerbated during wet weather. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) estimates that about 70% of wet pavement crashes can be prevented or minimized by improving pavement friction. High Friction Surface Treatment (HFST), a specially-designed thin surface application of hard aggregates and thermosetting resins like epoxy, has been proven to be an effective method to increase road surface friction. Calcined bauxite has been predominantly used in the United States as the hard aggregate in combination with an epoxy binder for HFST. However, this treatment is expensive since the calcined bauxite is imported. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a local aggregate in HFST. Slab specimens of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) were compacted in the laboratory and treated with HFST systems incorporating both calcined bauxite and a local, hard aggregate, Picher Oklahoma flint aggregate. The treated HMA specimens were then tested with a Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT) and a Circular Track Meter (CTM) to determine the frictional coefficient and texture depth, respectively. Also, Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device Testing were conducted on these HFST systems to evaluate wearing resistance under repetitive wheel load. Field measurements of texture depths on HFST were also done. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the performance of high friction surfaces prepared with different aggregate epoxy combinations. The results show that flint aggregate can be a suitable substitute for the calcined bauxite in HFST. Field measurements also showed marked improvements in texture depth with HFST.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-11-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_rp_me_arafo.pdf: 2571722 bytes, checksum: 03eaaed6baf6d35de160ebd73d353c6a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a resistência de união do Cerômero Artglass (Heraeus/Kulzer) ao cimento resiniso RelyX (3M), através do teste de Micro-Tração. Os seguintes tratamentos de superfície foram investigados: microjateamento com óxido de alumínio (AO), Artglass Liquid (AL), Silano (S), ácido fluorídrico (HF) e ácido fosfórico (AF). Cinco espécimes cada qual consistindo de um par de cilindro (10x10 mm) foram confeccionados. As superfícies de união foram regularizadas através de desgaste com lixas abrasivas de granulação sequencial sob refrigeração. Os espécimes foram nomeados ao acaso e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos antes da cimentação: grupo 1 (AO/AGL), grupo 2(AO/AF), grupo 3 (AO/AF/S), grupo 4 (AO/HF) e grupo 5 (AO/HF/S). Os espécimes aos pares foram cimentados com um sistema adesivo dual e cimento resinoso dual, de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Espécimes foram fotopolimerizados, armazenados por 48 horas a 37ºC e, posteriormente, termociclados. Com auxílio de um disco de diamente perpendicular a superfície de união, palitos com 1 mm2 de área de seção foram obtidos. Os valores de resistência de união (MPa) foram obtidos com auxílio de uma máquina de teste universal (MTS800). Resultados foram: grupo 1(29,39+-5,13), grupo 2 (27,49 +- 5,32), grupo 3(29,49 +- 4,94), grupo 4(24,41 +- 2,67), e grupo 5 (22,19 +- 2,33). ANOVA e o Teste de Tukey foram aplicados com p<0,05. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significante entre os grupo 1,2 e 3; 4 e 5; e 2 e 4. As forças de união foram significantemente maiores nos grupos 1 e 3 do que nos grupos 4 e 5; e no grupo 2 do que o grupo 5. Conclusões: Microjateamento com óxido de alumínio e Artglass Liquid foi um pré-tratamento de superfície efetivo; a sinalização pode melhorar a força de união promovida pelo microjateamento e condicionamento... . / The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments on microtensile interfacial bond strength of a composite Artglass (Kulzer) to resin cement RelyX (3M). Methods of surfaces roughening or preparation included microetching with aluminum oxide (AO), Artglass Liquid (AGL), Silane (S), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and fosforic acid (AF). Five specimens, each consisting of a pair of cylinders (10x10 mm) were fabricated. The bonding surfaces were finished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. Specimen pairs were randomly assigned to one of five surface treatment groups: group 1 (AO/AGL), group 2 (AO/AF), group 3 (AO/AF/S), group 4 (AO/HF), and group 5 (AO/HF/S). Specimen pairs were cemented with a dual resin bonding and a dual cure resin cement, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Specimens were light-cured, then thermocycled 500 times at between 5º C and 55º C. Using a diamond disk perpendicular to the bonding interface, sticks with 1.0 mm2 cross-sectional area were obtained. Microtensile bond strengths were determined using a MTS 800 Materials Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Results: Means (n=20) and standard deviations of bond strengths (MPa) were: group 1 (29.39 +- 5.13), group 2(27.49 +- 5.32), group 3(29.49 +- 4.94), group 4 (24.41 +- 2.67), and group 5 (22.19 +- 2.33). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey Test at p<0.05. There were no significant statistical differences among the groups 1,2, and group 3; groups 4 and 5; and groups 2 and 4. Microtensile bond strengths were significantly higher in groups 1 and 3 than in groups 4 and 5; and in group 2 than in group 5. Conclusions: AO and AGL was an effective surface pretreatment; silanation may improve the bond provided by AO and etching with AF; and etching with HF is not recommended, as it decreases bond strength.

Les matériaux composites à base de fibres de carbone (CF) sont actuellement très utilises dans le domaine de l’aérospatiale, de la construction et du sport grâce à leurs excellentes propriétés mécaniques, une faible densité et une haute stabilité thermique. Les propriétés des composites dépendent fortement de la nature et de la qualité de l’interface fibre/matrice. Une bonne adhérence interfaciale permet un meilleur transfert de charge entre la matrice et les fibres. Les CFs sans traitement sont chimiquement inertes et présentent donc une faible adhérence vis-à-vis de la résine époxyde. Par ailleurs, les faibles propriétés transversales et interlaminaires limitent sensiblement la performance et la durée de vie des composites. Par conséquent, un type de renfort à base de fibres traitées est fortement souhaité pour améliorer les propriétés globales des composites, en particulier l'adhésion interfaciale entre les fibres et la matrice. Dans cette thèse, trois types de traitement de surface, l’ensimage, le traitement thermique et la croissance de nanotubes (CNTs), ont été appliqués aux CFs. En particulier, les CFs greffées de CNTs, se combinant avec les deux autres traitements, montrent la meilleure adhérence interfaciale avec la matrice époxyde. L’ensimage proposé peut améliorer la performance du CNT-CF hybride et minimiser les dommages aux fibres lors de la manipulation ultérieure tels que le transport et la préparation de composites. Tout d’abord, l’ensimage a été réalisé sur la surface des fibres par dépôt de résine époxyde en solution. L’ensimage permet de protéger les filaments au cours de la mise en oeuvre et favorise également la liaison fibre/matrice. Différentes formulations d’ensimage selon les proportions époxy/durcisseur ont été utilisées. La quantité d'ensimage déposée sur les fibres de carbone a été contrôlée en faisant varier la concentration de la solution d’ensimage. Ensuite, un traitement thermique, effectué sous un mélange de gaz à 600-750 oC, a permis de modifier la surface des CFs. L'influence de la composition du gaz, du temps de traitement et de la température sur les propriétés interfaciales des composites CFs/époxy a été systématiquement quantifiée. Enfin, des CNTs ont été greffés sur les CFs par une méthode de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur en continu afin d’obtenir un nouveau type de renfort hybride multi-échelle. Les CNTs greffés permettent d’augmenter la surface de contact et d’améliorer l’accrochage mécanique de la fibre avec la résine. De plus, ils pourraient améliorer la résistance au délaminage, les propriétés électriques et thermiques des composites. Les CFs greffées de CNTs de différentes morphologies et densités ont été produites en faisant varier les conditions de croissance. Après le traitement de surface, les essais de fragmentation ont été menés afin d’évaluer la résistance au cisaillement interfacial (IFSS) des composites CFs/époxy. Par rapport aux fibres vierges, l’ensimage et le traitement thermique ont contribué à une augmentation de l'IFSS de 35% et de 75%, respectivement. L'adhésion interfaciale entre la matrice époxyde et les fibres greffées avec CNTs pourrait être adaptée en faisant varier la morphologie, la densité de nombre et la longueur de CNT. Les CFs greffées avec 2% en masse de CNTs (10nm de diamètre) ont entraîné une amélioration de l'IFSS de 60%. Un traitement thermique et un ensimage pourraient contribuer à une augmentation supplémentaire de 108%. Il convient de mentionner que la dégradation des fibres n’a pas été observée après les divers traitements précédemment évoqués. Les résultats de ces travaux pourraient mener au développement de ces techniques à plus grande échelle pour la conception de structures à base de composites CFs/époxy. / Carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced polymer composites are widely used in aerospace, construction and sporting goods due to their outstanding mechanical properties, light weight and high thermal stabilities. Their overall performance significantly depends on the quality of the fiber-matrix interface. A good interfacial adhesion provides efficient load transfer between matrix and fiber. Unfortunately, untreated CFs normally are extremely inert and have poor adhesion to resin matrices. Meanwhile, poor transverse and interlaminar properties greatly limit the composite performance and service life. Therefore, a new kind of fiber-based reinforcement is highly desired to improve the overall composite properties, especially the interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix. In this thesis, three kinds of surface treatment, including sizing, heat treatment and carbon nanotube (CNT) growth, were applied to CFs. In particular, CFs grafted with CNTs, combining with the other two treatments demonstrate superior interfacial adhesion to the tested epoxy matrix. The proposed epoxy sizing can improve the CNT-CF hybrid performance and prevent fiber damage during the subsequent handling such as transport and composite preparation. Firstly, epoxy-based sizing was applied onto the CF surface by the deposition from polymer solutions. Sizing could not only protect the carbon fiber surface from damage during processing but also improve their wettability to polymer matrix. A detailed study was conducted on the influence of the ratio of epoxy and amine curing agent in the sizing formulation. The sizing level on the fiber surface was controlled by varying the concentration of polymer solutions. Secondly, heat treatment in a gas mixture at 600-750 oC was used to modify the carbon fiber surface. The effect of gas mixture composition, treatment time and temperature on the interface was evaluated systematically. Thirdly, CNTs were in-situ grafted on the carbon fiber surface by a continuous chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process to obtain hierarchical reinforcement structures. These hybrid structures have the potential to improve the interfacial strength of fiber/epoxy composites due to the increased lateral support of the load-bearing fibers. Meanwhile, the CNT reinforcement could improve the composite delamination resistance, electrical and thermal properties. The CF grown with CNTs of different morphologies and densities were produced by varying CVD conditions. After the surface treatment, single fiber fragmentation test was used to assess the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Compared with the as-received CFs, the epoxy sizing and the heat treatment contributed to an improvement in IFSS of up to 35% and 75%, respectively. The interfacial adhesion between epoxy matrix and CNT-grafted fibers could be tailored by varying the CNT morphology, number density and length. The CFs grafted with 2 wt% CNTs of 10 nm in diameter resulted in an improvement in IFSS of around 60%. A further heat treatment and epoxy sizing could contribute to an additional increase of 108%. It’s worth to mention that no significant strength degradation of the fibers was observed after the surface treatments. This work could support the development of large-scale approach to CF surface treatment, and throw light on the design of structurally efficient CF/epoxy composites.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os tratamentos de superfÃcie se apresentam como um dos tipos de revestimentos asfÃlticos mais aplicados em pavimentos flexÃveis nas rodovias brasileiras. Isso se deve a sua utilizaÃÃo na construÃÃo de rodovias de baixo e mÃdio volume de trÃfego, bem como na conservaÃÃo e manutenÃÃo de pavimentos existentes. Dentre os tratamentos de superfÃcie, destacam-se o Tratamento Superficial Simples (TSS) e Duplo (TSD), que juntos representam 63% da malha rodoviÃria pavimentada do estado do CearÃ, e o Microrrevestimento AsfÃltico (MRAF), cuja aplicaÃÃo tem crescido ao longo dos anos. A junÃÃo do TSS e MRAF à conhecida como Cape Seal (CS) e tem como diferencial reunir caracterÃsticas de ambos os tratamentos, entretanto, sem aplicaÃÃo conhecida em rodovias cearenses. A dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo geral desenvolver um programa experimental que avalie o desempenho do CS em laboratÃrio para um agregado mineral (AM) e um agregado siderÃrgico (AS). Na metodologia desenvolvida no estudo, dividiu-se o programa laboratorial em quatro procedimentos experimentais que conduziram o desenvolvimento da pesquisa desde a caracterizaÃÃo dos materiais utilizados, moldagem e dosagem dos corpos de prova, atà a realizaÃÃo dos ensaios de desempenho e avaliaÃÃo dos pavimentos testados em um simulador de trafego de laboratÃrio. Os resultados da caracterizaÃÃo do AS atenderam com seguranÃa aos parÃmetros recomendados pelas especificaÃÃes tÃcnicas. Os corpos de prova confeccionados com agregado siderÃrgico e submetidos ao simulador de trÃfego apresentaram resultados melhores do que o agregado mineral quanto à avaliaÃÃo ao desgaste, deformaÃÃo e rugosidade, indicando assim a potencialidade do AS em tratamentos do tipo CS e TSD. Observou-se, diante do programa experimental executado, que o cape seal quando comparado ao TSD atravÃs de parÃmetros tÃcnicos e econÃmicos, apresentou uma melhor capacidade de absorÃÃo de cargas, maior qualidade de rolamento e menor desgaste. Entretanto, quanto ao aspecto de custos, a aplicaÃÃo do CS deve ser analisada cuidadosamente diante da viabilidade do projeto. Acredita-se que o cape seal seja aconselhÃvel para rodovias que necessitem de um revestimento de melhor qualidade quando comparado ao TSD

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento ultrassônico como tratamento de superfície da zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítria (YTZP) e depois da sinterização final, por meio de mensuração da rugosidade superficial e teste de resistência adesiva por microsisalhamento. Para tanto, discos de Y-TZP foram confeccionados e distribuídos em 4 grupos (n=7), conforme o tratamento de superfície: 1-PRE: sonicação pré-sinterização; 2-POS: sonicação póssinterização; 3-JAT: jateamento com partículas óxido de alumínio 50&#x3BC;m; 4-CON: sem tratamento. Os espécimes foram polidos e padronizados e posteriormente submetidos aos tratamentos de acordo com cada grupo. Os grupos POS, JAT e COM foram sinterizados previamente ao tratamento e o grupo PRE após a sonicação. Os grupos PRE e POS foram submetidos a tratamento em processador ultrassonico (Sonics VCX-750) em potência nominal de 30% durante 15 minutos. O grupo JAT foi jateado com partículas de alumínio 50&#x3BC;m a uma distância de 15 cm, enquanto o grupo CON não recebeu nenhum tratamento. A mensuração de rugosidade superficial média (Ra) foi feita em Microscópio Confocal (MC), em seguida cilindros de cimento resinoso foram preparados e fotoativados na superfície do Y-TZP para serem submetidos ao ensaio mecânico de microcisalhamento realizado em máquina de ensaios universal (INSTRON). Os valores de rugosidade superficial e resistência de união obtidos foram submetidos a ANOVA a um critério e teste de Tukey. Quanto aos valores de rugosidade superficial, o grupo PRE (299,91 Mpa) e POS (291,23 Mpa) não apresentaram diferença estatística significante e o grupo JAT (925,21 Mpa) mostrou maiores valores de rugosidade superficial quando comparado ao PRE e POS. Para o teste de microcisalhamento não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. Por meio dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar que o tratamento ultrassonico é capaz de alterar a superfície da Y-TZP e influenciar na resistência adesiva ao cimento resinoso. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic treatment as surface treatment of Y-TZP before and after the final sintering, through measurement of surface roughness and bond strength by microshear test. Therefore, Y-TZP discs were made and distributed in 4 groups (n = 7), as surface treatment: 1-PRE: Presintering sonication; 2-POS: Post-sintering sonication; 3-JAT: air abrasion with aluminum oxide particles 50&#x3BC;m; 4-CON: no treatment. The specimens were polished and standardized and subsequently submitted to the treatments according to each group. The POS, JAT and CON groups been previously sintered to treatment and the PRE group after sonication. The PRE and POS groups were submitted to Ultrasonic Processor treatment (Sonics VCX-750) at 30% power for 15 minutes. The JAT group received air abrasion with aluminum particles 50&#x3BC;m at distance of 15 cm, while group received no treatment. The measurement of surface roughness was made in Confocal Microscope (MC), then resin cement cylinders were prepared and polymerized in Y-TZP surface to be subjected to mechanical testing microshear performed on universal testing machine (INSTRON). The values of surface roughness and bond strength were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey testAbout the values of surface roughness, the PRE group (299.91 MPa) and POS (291.23 MPa) showed no statistically significant difference and the JAT group (925.21 MPa) showed higher surface roughness values when compared to PRE and POS. For icroshear test statistically significant differences were observed between the groups. Through the results it was observed that the ultrasonic treatment is able to change the surface of the Y-TZP and influence the bond strength to resin cement.

This master thesis deals with the surface treatment of parts made of plastic produced using FDM technology and design of technological device for surface treatment. The thesis describes FDM principles, according to performed experiments in a technological device there are suggested technological conditions for the surface treatment of parts made of ABS plastic. In the end of the thesis, there are calculated costs of the technological device and its operating costs, also mechanical properties, surface roughness and other specifications from before and after the treatment are compared.

No description available.