Chronic pain is an ever-present issue and some estimate its cost to society at $635 billion per year. Not only does chronic pain cause increased visits to medical personnel, it also complicates other medical conditions and lowers productivity in the workplace. One area of study includes Chronic Post Surgical Pain (CPSP) in children that have undergone spinal fusion surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Some of the major factors that may lead to CPSP include preoperative pain, psychosocial factors, age, intraoperative nerve injury, acute postoperative pain, and genetics. In order to explore the psychological factors, our lab has employed an Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) paradigm, which models unforeseen life stressors and depression. Some sensory testing was conducted included Hot Plate and von Frey fiber testing. Previous studies from this lab have shown that adult male mice have hyperalgesia to thermal stimuli following a UCMS paradigm. To further explore this finding, a younger mice cohort of both sexes and a cohort that underwent Maternal Deprivation (MD) were added. Maternal Deprivation is a model of early-childhood stress and older female mice have been shown to have changes in thermal sensitivities as a result of early childhood stressors. Our lab found that stressed young females also exhibit a heightened sensitivity to thermal stimuli at 49°C compared to their male and control counter parts. These results indicate that the thermal sensitivity of young females can be affected by early childhood stress and depression.

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Because of the high cost of some wound management regimens, payors may require that moist wound therapies be used before other treatment approaches, such as negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), are implemented but few studies have investigated the effect of delayed initiation of NPWT on patient outcomes. To examine the impact of early versus late initiation of NPWT on patient length of stay in home health care, a nonrandomized, retrospective analysis was performed on the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) information for home care patients with NPWT-treated Stage III or Stage IV pressure ulcers (N = 98) or surgical wounds (N = 464) gathered between July 2002 and September 2004. Early initiation of NPWT following the start of home care was defined as <30 days for pressure ulcers and <7 days for surgical wound patients. Median duration of NPWT was 31 days (range 3 to 169) for pressure ulcers and 27 days (range 5 to 119) for the surgical wound group. Median lengths of stay in the early treatment groups were 85 days (range 11 to 239) for pressure ulcers and 57 days (range 7 to 119) for the surgical group versus 166 days (range 60 to 657) and 87 days (range 31 to 328), respectively, for the late treatment pressure ulcer and surgical groups (P <0.0001). After controlling demographic patient variables, regression analysis indicated that for each day NPWT initiation was delayed, almost 1 day was added to the total length of stay (β = 0.96, P <0.0001 [pressure ulcers]; β = 0.97, P <0.0001 [surgical wounds]). Early initiation of NPWT may be associated with shorter length of stay for patients receiving home care for Stage III or Stage IV pressure ulcers or surgical wounds. Additional studies to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of treatments and treatment approaches in home care patients are needed.

Today's medical textile market is producing state of the art polymeric textile implantable devices that are redefining traditional materials and methods of surgery. These sophisticated high-tech polymer materials are engineered for specific uses in surgical and interventional procedures. One of the new biotextile products is an absorbable bi-directional barbed surgical suture that does not require surgical knots for wound closure. This novel idea has the attention of many physicians and surgeons where wound closure or tissue approximation is needed. The barbed suture has the potential to change the way wound closure is perceived in various clinical fields of surgery and veterinary medicine.

Background:Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is a diagnosis of exclusion and represents a spectrum of severity. Treatment for ITW includes observation and a variety of conservative treatment methods, with surgical intervention often reserved for severe cases. Previous studies reviewing treatment outcomes are often difficult to interpret secondary to a mixture of case severity. The goal of this study was to review surgical outcomes in patients with severe ITW who had failed prior conservative treatment, as well as determine differences in outcomes based on the type of surgery performed.Methods:After IRB approval, all patients with surgical management of severe ITW at a single institution were identified. Zone II or zone III plantar flexor lengthenings were performed in all subjects. Clinical, radiographic, and motion analysis data were collected preoperatively and at 1 year following surgery.Results:Twenty-six patients (46 extremities) with a diagnosis of severe ITW from 2002 to 2017 were included. Zone II lengthenings were performed in 25 extremities (mean age=9.9 y) and zone III lengthenings were performed in 21 extremities (mean age=8.6 y). At the most recent follow-up, 100% of zone III lengthening extremities and 88% of zone II lengthening demonstrated decreased severity of ITW. Six extremities required additional treatment, all of which were initially managed with zone II lengthenings.Conclusions:Severe ITW or ITW that has not responded to conservative treatment may benefit from surgical intervention. More successful outcomes, including continued resolution of toe walking, were observed in subjects treated with zone III lengthenings.Level of Evidence:Level III - case series.

This project represents the ever-changing methods surrounding Enhanced Recovery after Surgery and the protocols that compose it. The purpose of this study is to expand education of ERAS guidelines and improve patient outcomes through furthering staff education. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery has been a part of perioperative departments worldwide after being introduced in the 1990s by Northern European general surgeons and has been adapted and modified since its introduction (ERAS Society History, 2022). The preoperative and postoperative process is ever-changing and is difficult for staff to keep up with. Many staff members find it difficult to stay on top of the most recent protocols. From clerical staff to nurses to surgeons there is a breakdown in the process of ensuring patients receive the optimal benefits if ERAS. This presentation will serve to both educate viewers on the latest ERAS recommendations as well as help develop and define a workflow for ensuring staff members have the most updated guidelines available to streamline the process and provide the best recovery experience for patients.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / Anxiety is a common reponse in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The source of this anxiety is attributed to a multitude of factors. Research findings support the relationship between preoperative preparation and a reduction in anxiety. However, a lack of information exists as to the role of critical care nurses in this process. This purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a structured preoperative education/orientation visit by the critical care nurse on the level of patient anxiety. A sample of 21 patients were drawn from the population of cardiac surgical patients and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. Subjects in the experimental group received a structured preoperative education/orientation visit by a critical care nurse the evening prior to surgery. Subjects in the control group did not receive the visit. Subjects in both groups completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory preoperatively and the A-State Scale plus an additional questionaire postoperatively. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance on repeated measures and a t-test comparison of mean anxiety scores. Findings revealed no significant differences in postoperative state anxiety scores between the experimental and control group. Results from the second questionaire indicated that subjects in the experimental group felt the preoperative visit was helpful. Furthennore, those patients who had the continuity of the same nurse conducting the preoperative visit and assuming primary care postoperatively in the intensive care unit responded more favorably on the questionaires. There were however, significant pre-existing differences in age and trait anxiety scores between the groups. This fact, in addition to the small sample size limit the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental intervention. Thus, further research is warranted to determine the effect of a preoperative education/orientation visit by critical care nurses utilizing a larger sample size.

OBJECTIVE: The overall goal of this study was to examine the relationship between preoperative, 1-year post-operative, and 2-year postoperative self-image in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery. In addition, a minor goal was to examine the relationship between pre-surgical mental health and post-surgical self-image and satisfaction. Additionally, spinal curvature and preoperative pain were explored in relation to the effect of pre-surgical mental health on post-surgical self-image. Analyses were performed in order to better understand the relationship of corrective surgery to self-image, and self-image's relationship to persistent postoperative pain, which has been recognized as a common clinically significant problem. METHODS: The Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire-30 and Spinal Appearance Questionnaire were administered to 219 patients enrolled in the Prospective Pediatric Scoliosis study at pre-operative, 1-year post-operative, and 2-year post-operative time points. A subset (n=163) of these patients had complete data. The Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire-30 includes pain and mental health subscales, which were examined preoperatively for the purpose of this study. Measurements of preoperative curve (Cobb) angle percentage correction were used in the analysis of this data, which were determined using operative notes. The Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ) includes self-image appearance and expectations subscales, which were examined at the preoperative, 1-year postoperative, and 2-year postoperative time points. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in self-image after surgical intervention in children with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Cobb angle percentage correction, preoperative pain scores as determined by the SRS-30, and preoperative mental health scores as determined by the SRS-30 were not significant predictors of postoperative self-image as measured by the SAQ. There is little to no correlation between the preoperative measures and postoperative self-image. CONCLUSIONS: Prior studies have confirmed that pediatric persistent postsurgical pain is a significant health concern, and that presurgical mental health and self-image are factors that contribute to a pediatric patient's longitudinal experience with postsurgical pain. This study shows that there are clinically significant improvements in self-image after surgical intervention in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery. These findings suggest that preoperative pain, degree of spinal curvature correction, and preoperative mental health are not determinative of postoperative self-image in pediatric populations. Future studies should be conducted on more diverse populations, and take into account measures that may be predictors of poor postoperative self-image, specifically depression and anxiety. In summary it is important to explore the biological mechanisms pertaining to pediatric post-surgical chronic pain and their relation to differences in somatosensory phenotypes in this patient population.

INTRODUCTION: Unplanned hospital visits have emerged as a quality metric encompassing many aspects of postoperative morbidity and deficiencies in the transition from inpatient to outpatient care. This study aims to identify patient, encounter, and organizational factors that may influence Emergency Department (ED) visits and readmissions following bariatric surgery. METHODS: A modified version of a framework initially proposed by Vest et al. in their systematic review of the determinants of preventable readmissions was used as a conceptual framework for this study. The Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative (MBSC) database was used to identify patients undergoing all primary bariatric procedures at 40 centers with >100 patients in the database from 2006–2015. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to identify factors associated with unplanned hospital visits. Using an indirect standardization process, each sites’ observed to expected ratio for 30-day readmission was calculated. The association between each site’s adjusted readmission rate with their rate of ED visits, Emergency Department-Sourced readmissions (EDSR), major complications, and compliance with best practices were calculated with Pearson’s correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Younger age, greater comorbidities, increased length of stay, procedure type, and Medicaid/Medicare insurance were significantly associated with readmissions in a multivariate logistic regression model. There was significant variation among sites’ adjusted rates of readmission, EDSR, best practice compliance, and major complications. There was a moderately strong association between each sites’ adjusted readmission rate with their rate of EDSR (r=0.53), major complications (r=0.53), and ED visits (r=0.55). However, the association between bariatric centers’ compliance with best practices to reduce unplanned hospital visits and their readmission rates was fairly weak (r= -0.14). CONCLUSION: Several individual, encounter, and organization-level characteristics are associated with an increased risk of unplanned visits after bariatric surgery. Bariatric centers are more likely to have higher readmission rates if their site has higher rates of major complications and if their ED is less likely to treat and then discharge bariatric patients. Further examination of organizational characteristics of bariatric programs that affect postoperative readmissions, including ED practices, is needed to better guide future initiatives aimed at improving this quality metric.

As a non-robotic minimally invasive surgery, endoscopic surgery is one of the widely used surgeries for the medical domain to reduce the risk of infection, incisions, and the discomfort of the patient. The endoscopic surgery procedure, also named surgical workflow in this work, can be divided into different sub-phases. During the procedure, the surgeon inserts a thin, flexible tube with a video camera through a small incision or a natural orifice like the mouth or nostrils. The surgeon can utilize tiny surgical instruments while viewing organs on the computer monitor through these tubes. The surgery only allows a limited number of instruments simultaneously appearing in the body, requiring a sufficient instrument preparation method. Therefore, surgical workflow anticipation, including surgical instrument and phase anticipation, is essential for an intra-operative decision-support system. It deciphers the surgeon's behaviors and the patient's status to forecast surgical instrument and phase occurrence before they appear, supporting instrument preparation and computer-assisted intervention (CAI) systems. In this work, we investigate an unexplored surgical workflow anticipation problem by proposing an Instrument Interaction Aware Anticipation Network (IIA-Net). Spatially, it utilizes rich visual features about the context information around the instrument, i.e., instrument interaction with their surroundings. Temporally, it allows for a large receptive field to capture the long-term dependency in the long and untrimmed surgical videos through a causal dilated multi-stage temporal convolutional network. Our model enforces an online inference with reliable predictions even with severe noise and artifacts in the recorded videos. Extensive experiments on Cholec80 dataset demonstrate the performance of our proposed method exceeds the state-of-the-art method by a large margin (1.40 v.s. 1.75 for inMAE and 2.14 v.s. 2.68 for eMAE).