Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2008. / Title from title screen (site viewed Aug. 14, 2008). PDF text: xxvii, 205 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 38 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3297815. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Thesis (M.D.)--Aberdeen. / Bibliography: p. 177-179.

Thesis (M.A.Sc.) - Simon Fraser University, 2007. / Theses (School of Engineering Science) / Simon Fraser University. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne - 2006. Thesis (PhD) - National School of Design, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. / A thesis submitted to the Industrial Research Institute Swinburne (IRIS) and the National Institute of Design in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, - 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-199).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006. / Title from title screen (site viewed May 16, 2007). PDF text: x, 248 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 4.25Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3237054. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Background: The applications for rapid prototyping have expanded dramatically over the last 20 years. In recent years, additive manufacturing has been intensely investigated for surgical implants, tissue scaffolds, and organs. There is, however, scant literature to date that has investigated the viability of 3D printing of surgical instruments. Materials and Methods: Using a fused deposition manufacturing (FDM) printer, an army/ navy surgical retractor was replicated from polylactic acid (PLA) filament. The retractor was sterilized using standard FDA approved glutaraldehyde protocols, tested for bacteria by PCR, and stressed until fracture in order to determine if the printed instrument could tolerate force beyond the demands of an operating room. Results: Printing required roughly 90 minutes. The instrument tolerated 13.6 kg of tangential force before failure, both before and after exposure to the sterilant. Freshly extruded PLA from the printer was sterile and produced no PCR product. Each instrument weighed 16g and required only $0.46 of PLA. Conclusions: Our estimates place the cost per unit of a 3D printed retractor to be roughly 1/10th the cost of a stainless steel instrument. The PLA Army/ Navy is strong enough for the demands of the operating room. Freshly extruded PLA in a clean environment, such as an OR, would produce a sterile, ready to use instrument. Due to the unprecedented accessibility of 3D printing technology world wide, and the cost efficiency of these instruments, there are far reaching implications for surgery in some underserved and less developed parts of the world.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Macquarie Graduate School of Management, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 288-310. Also available in print form.