A main challenge facing spatial planning today issustainable development, in official documents defined asecological, social and economic sustainability. In a powerperspective these three dimensions can be characterised ascompeting discourses. Another challenge facing local authorityplanners is how to work in open processes with a growing numberof actors and stakeholders, in addition often as parties inchanging organisations. Altogether this provides a very complexcontext for local authority spatial planning and itsprofessional planners. This report is based on an investigation of how politicaland societal activities on European, national and local levelsare influencing the local authority spatial planning processes.The focus is on how planning is being administrated, and howplanning officers can manage planning processes in complexcontexts. The main research questions are how political visionsand objectives regarding sustainable development are managed inlocal authority spatial planning? And how can the growingnumber of actors and stakeholders with a wide range ofknowledge, interests and values be managed in such complexplanning contexts? Two case studies in Sweden have provided the empiricalmaterial. The first is a study of planners in local authoritiesof various sizes and spread geographic locations. The second isa detailed study of the planning organisation in a medium-sizedlocal authority with two major on-going planning processes.Qualitative research methods have been used in theinvestigation, direct interviews with the main actors, documentstudies and observations. The result of this study is an understanding of some theelements and connections in the complex situation facing thelocal authority planning administrations. These are describedin terms of competing policy discourses, each of which isrelated to and managed in different local planning directions.Why some discourses are stronger than others is discussed. Alsoidentified in the study are the problems involved in how thelocal planning administrations and the planners manage thiscomplexity. These problems are interpreted and formulated asdifferent types of dilemmas related to wider planning issues.Also problematised is how the planning organisation andplanners are managing these dilemmas. The findings from the study are relevant for those involvedin spatial planning education, making students conscious aboutthe complex contexts in planning practice. The study is alsorelevant for professional planners in order to fosterself-reflection and discussion about the problems they areinvolved in their daily work and how these can be managed inthe complex arena of spatial planning today.

The United Nations General Assembly declared the period from 2005 to 2014 as the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. The reason for the decade is a growing concern for future generations and their ability to deal with the very real and adverse consequences of decades of environmentally unconscious decisions made by their predecessors. When curricula are not focused on sustainable development, what role do teachers have in educating students to make ecologically sound decisions? This qualitative study was composed of a series of semi-structured interviews with four teacher participants at both middle school and high school who all strove to teach about sustainable development in their classrooms. Six themes were identified: motivations, teaching style, teachers perceptions of the impact on students learning, modeling, spirituality, and challenges to teaching about sustainable development. The teacher participants perceptions on empowerment, action projects, student response, and assessment are also discussed.

The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of how (a) principles of sustainable development (SD) have been implemented in an ecovillage setting, as well as (b) to analyze internal and external challenges faced by the ecovillagers in their pursuit of sustainable living. The specific research objectives of this study are these: i) examine the sustainable practices of an ecovillage according to Agenda 21 principles; ii) document key and unique elements of the ecovillage approach to SD; iii) identify challenges faced by O.U.R. Ecovillage residents in SD practices implementation and recognise opportunities to improve the implementation of SD principles in the ecovillage. To meet these objectives the study was carried out in one of the most developed ecovillages in Canada - O.U.R. ecovillage, located in the Cowichan Valley region, British Columbia. Multiple research methods that were used included: interviews, focus group, participant observation, research photography and document analysis. Research findings revealed numerous innovative sustainable practices implemented in the ecovillage. Discussed areas include shelter provision, governance, construction practices, environmental infrastructure, human resource development, planning in disaster prone areas, land-use management as well as energy and transportation systems. Many processes initiated by the ecovillage are only in the experimental stage and require improvement. However, O.U.R. Ecovillage is an important educational center for sustainability due not only to specific practices but also its holistic approach to SD that balances the needs of individuals, community, and the environment. The research also presents various internal and external challenges that obstruct SD of the community. Main difficulties faced by the community throughout its development are related first to strong individualistic cultural values dominant in western society that contradict many sustainable practices applied in the ecovillage. A second obstacle to SD in the community is posed by the inflexibility of regulatory authorities that greatly complicates implementation of innovative holistic practices. Lessons learned from O.U.R. Ecovillage might assist other groups in Canada and abroad to proceed with local initiatives towards sustainability.

The United Nations General Assembly declared the period from 2005 to 2014 as the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. The reason for the decade is a growing concern for future generations and their ability to deal with the very real and adverse consequences of decades of environmentally unconscious decisions made by their predecessors. When curricula are not focused on sustainable development, what role do teachers have in educating students to make ecologically sound decisions? This qualitative study was composed of a series of semi-structured interviews with four teacher participants at both middle school and high school who all strove to teach about sustainable development in their classrooms. Six themes were identified: motivations, teaching style, teachers perceptions of the impact on students learning, modeling, spirituality, and challenges to teaching about sustainable development. The teacher participants perceptions on empowerment, action projects, student response, and assessment are also discussed.

The ambition in this study is to acknowledge the importance of involving local people in sustainable development work. Also to emphasize the great value of collaboration between global organisations, grassroots organisations and local people in the progress of development work. The method being used in this thesis is mainly semi-structured interviews with six representatives from four different non-governmental organisations, NGOs. Two of these organisations have a more environmental and conservation purpose while the other two focus more on the human perspective as they are working with empowerment, education and food security.The area that I have chosen for this research is called Nilgiris which is located in south India. In this research I focused on World Wildlife Fund, WWF, as a global organisation and the purpose is to see whether or not they collaborate with some of the local grassroots organisations in the area. Local organisations generally have good contact with the local people so I consider them as a link between the global organisation and the local people. The theories I have used are a theory of sustainable development, which argues that none of the three approaches, economic, environmental or social can be excluded when sustainable development is pursued. I have also focused on Participatory Rural Appraisal, PRA, this theory is underlying the importance of the local people’s involvement and that organisations must trust the local people’s capacity. The third theory for this research is three interpretations of environment. The conclusion is that co-operation between the global and local organisations are essential in the process of making good sustainable development. The local people that are being affected and emerged in various development projects need to be involved and informed about the project´s aim for the projects to be successful.

Typhoon, Morakot lashed Taiwan. Many cities had been destroyed. Liouguei was one of disaster areas. Some roads, farms, rivers, industry had been strong damage. Travel industry was a typical case. Traveler numbers severely reduced after event. In order to reconstructed Liouguei. The research adopts sustainable development and Delphi method to study some strategies for Liouguei. The research surveyed sample from specialist s, who was industry personnel or Officials or academics. The research result is ¡§Prohibit overdevelopment Liouguei¡¨, ¡§Hold international activities¡¨, ¡§Training of tourism personnel¡¨. These Strategies are good with development in Liouguei.

Sustainable development is one of the greatest challenges to urban planning in the 21st century. Current patterns of urban development, called byspecially sprawl, and human activity have led to environmental degradation and created a serious threat to continued human existence and sustainability of life on earth. The United States, concerns over consequences of urban sprawl have led to increased advocacy for more compact and traditional urban development. The compact city is now widely accepted as the most effective solution to sustainable urban form. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between sustainability and urban form. In order to achieve the aims of this study, 50 cities in the United States are analyzed and compared with the 2008 sustainable city rankings from the organization SustainLane, using four categories of urban form indicators: densities, mode of commute to work, mean travel time to work & traffic congestion cost, and planning & land use. This research is based on the hypothesis that a sustainable city has a compact city form. According to the SustainLane 2008 US sustainable city ranking high ranked cities were considered more sustainable cities and low ranked cities were regarded as less sustainable cities. Using SPSS’s correlation analysis tool, I studied the relationship between overall city ranking and four categories of urban form the indicators. The overall finding of the analysis of the relationship between each indicator and urban form yields mixed results. The result of this research found that that sustainable city and urban form has several correlations; densities, mode of commute to work, and planning and land use have a strong positive correlation with sustainable city; however, mean travel time to work and traffic congestion cost have a negative correlation with SustainLane’s sustainable city ranking. These results mean that sustainable cities which were high ranked cities in the SustainLane 2008 US sustainable city ranking have a high density, sustainable mode of commute to work, and strong planning and land use. Particularly, when a mixed land use, centeredness, and street connectivity were combined, the planning and land use category of indicators shows stronger correlation with sustainability. According to this result, these findings suggest that when the planning and land use indicators are combined synergistically compact urban form can be an indicator of a more sustainable city.

Surrounded by the ocean, Taiwan is geographically positioned along the rim of the continental shelf and Deep Ocean. Owing to the terrain distribution and geological characteristics of this island, the coastline possesses abundant sand dune resources, which is considered priceless not only as the last natural defense system of the coast but also for the functions it performs in various aspects including tourism attractions, academic contributions, and biological environment. Since the scarcity of ground in Taiwan, high demand of land usage often endangers coastal dunes. Consequently, coastal dunes are facing serious issues regarding rubbish dumping, wastewater accumulation, manmade misuse, development of industrial estate, and barrier flat exploitation. Currently, Taiwanese government has not yet established an ordinance; neither have we advanced policy of coastal dunes protections, nor have we adopted the Seashore Pact. Barely a few enactments scattered in assorted pacts. The argument in this research is primarily centering on Taiwanese coastal dunes, ranging from the functions and values of sand dunes resources to international trends of sand dunes reservations. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to deliberate real conditions and contemporary management mishaps of coastal dunes in Taiwan, in order to further strategize the sustainability and managerial implications.

Using the strategic planning of market orientation as the foundation, this study investigates how to increase local industry economic value. First, the theory of marketing place will be provided to understand the essences for marketing place. Then analyze and induct it in the primary consideration of regional construction and regional economic development. Part II integrates the idea of strategic planning and the concept of local development in order to understand the application value of the future local development; in addition, the strategic planning of market orientation is mainly adopted in strategic planning to investigate the relations of overall development of local resources. Finally, the general situation and the development term analysis of Yen-chao Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien was illustrated to explore the drawing up of developing objective and marketing place strategies of Yen-chao Hsiang and control and evaluate the operation of the whole strategy. The main contents consist of the making of developing objective of Yen-chao Hsiang, regional marketing strategies and planning of Yen-chao Hsiang, and drawing up and control and evaluation of executing design. In order to define the developing function, the subsequent objective, subject, strategies, and idea, this study analyzes the interior and exterior environment of Yen-chao Hsiang through SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is performed to explore strengths and weaknesses of the interior environment and opportunities and threats of the exterior environment of Yen-chao Hsiang, and to propose the objective, subject, strategy and idea to conform to the given strengths and opportunities and avoid weaknesses and possible threats of Yen-chao Hsiang for getting the most suitable developing direction and conceptual framework. In general, the purpose of this study intends to take the development of an area, especially to those areas (districts) which take industries, tourism development as their principal construction, as a ¡§merchandise,¡¨ with the theory and concept of a merchandise or industry promotion and with the consideration of market competition and orientation, we can investigate and map out the subject and strategy of its development. In Yen-chao Hsien, it is proved that a part of them are focused on three main objects as college teachers and students, new residents and citizens to be, in drawing up a contribution selling plan (4P). The study showed that to take the promotion of a city or district as an enterprise in the future and to consider its management and operation, actively to promote the strategy of marketing, will be an important point of consideration and style for the development of many places in Taiwan. Therefore, we suggest the future researchers to analyze and study the concept and theory of enterprise operation and management as well as market operation and competition deeply and firmly, and to combine them closely with local administrative managements, future industry development in every effort and to make discussions. Key words: marketing place, SWOT, sustainable development

The beautiful Penghu Archipelagos is a prefecture which has most amount islands of our country. It has about ninety islands, but all of the islands, uninhabited islands are about seventy- one. They have unique features. In recent years, the issue of island was very important on international. Because of that, many countries organized international conference of island continually. They wish they can have a common view in development and idea of island. That is sustainable management. The islands are very special. So they are important heritage of people and everyone think islands are very important. But the damage of islands was to be there for all to see. Our country was not to pay much attention to the issue of island, So we have not the administration of archipelagos and laws or regulations, For this reason, this study applies the major research methods including on-site observation, literature review and in-depth interview. Through the major research methods, the study found some question of Penghu Archipelagos as tourism, smuggling, geography management and the fisherman of China to operator in our waters. All of those questions are about human activities, and we have not complete policy and education of archipelagos. Therefore, the study also analyze the questions for Penghu Archipelagos with SWOT method. Some archipelagos conservation and management cases discussed in this study include China, Indonesia, Japan and Finland. With this idea of other country, the thesis then makes a proposal to protect archipelagos in Penghua. Penghua Island didn¡¦t have the question of sovereign rights, so it didn¡¦t have international dispute in management. But the other remote islands (Kinmen, Matzu, Dongsha and Nanshn)have very long distance with Taiwan, so they have some question of sovereign rights. Many countries make improvement in their question of archipelagos, and those questions will get better solutions in the future, All of the suggests to be include in follow research, that will make the literature on archipelagos more exciting.