O capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk) tem grande importância para sistemas de produção pecuários no Brasil, notadamente em regiões com baixa fertilidade natural do solo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar efeitos de duas intensidades (5 e 10 cm de altura pós-pastejo) e duas frequências de desfolhação (descanso até 95 e 100% de interceptação luminosa, IL, para início do pastejo) como definidores da estrutura do dossel, da morfogênese e do valor nutritivo da B.decumbens cv. Basilisk sob lotação intermitente. O estudo foi conduzido em Brotas - SP. O período experimental foi de Jan 2007 a Ago 2008, compreendendo sete épocas (Verão/2007, Outono/2007, Inverno/2007, Final de primavera/2007, Verão/2008, Outono/2008 e Inverno/2008) para as variáveis: produção de forragem, composição morfológica, índice de área foliar (IAF), altura de dossel, IL e valor nutritivo de folhas. Para características morfogênicas, densidade e demografia de perfilhos, o período foi de Ago 2007 a Ago 2008 e para valor nutritivo da forragem de Jan 2008 a Ago 2008. Os tratamentos foram quatro combinações possíveis entre as duas intensidades e frequências de desfolhação, em arranjo fatorial, com quatro repetições num delineamento inteiramente casualizado.O manejo com 100% IL resultou em produção total de 17,1 Mg MS ha-1, enquanto que para 95% IL a produção foi de 14,2 Mg MS ha-1. Pastos sob a estratégia 100% IL resultaram em maior produção de colmos e material morto, e maior IAF-pré pastejo. A intensidade de 10 cm promoveu maior produção de forragem e colmos (16,6 e 4,4 Mg MS ha-1), e maior IL e IAF no pós-pastejo. As maiores taxas de aparecimento de folhas (TAPF) e menores taxas de senescência foliar (TSF), alongamento (TALC) e acúmulo de colmo (TAFCM), na primavera de 2007 até outono de 2008 foram obtidas para 95% IL.As maiores taxas de acúmulo de folhas (TAFLM)no final da primavera ocorreram em pastos submetidos a 95% de IL e no verão e outono para o tratamento 10/95 (24,3, 26,8 e 23,3 kg MS ha-1 dia-1). De forma geral, o tratamento 10/95 resultou em altas taxas de aparecimento e de sobrevivência de perfilhos basais nas épocas com maior disponibilidade nos fatores de crescimento, épocas em que também foram encontrados os maiores teoresem proteína bruta (PB) de folhas para 95% IL, enquanto adigestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO)de folhas foi maior para a intensidade de 10 cm. As menores DIVMOs da forragem foram encontradas nos pastos que receberam a combinação 5/100, indicando que períodos longos de descanso e intensidades altasde pastejo resultam na produção de forragem de baixo valor nutritivo. A altura de dossel no pré-pastejo para o manejo com 95% IL ficou próximo a 16 cm e para 100% IL em 22 cm. A desfolhação do capim-braquiária deve ser realizada até10 cm uma vez que isto resulta em rebrotações rápidas e, quando associado à frequência de 95% IL, permite que animais em pastejo tenham acesso a forragem com maior participação de folhas e menor de material morto e colmo. / Signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk) is an important forage resource in Brazilian livestock systems, mainly where soil natural fertility is low. The objective in this study was to investigate the effects of two intensities (5 and 10 cm stubble) and two frequencies of defoliation (rest periods determined by 95 or 100% light interception LI by the canopy) as determinants of sward structure, morphogenesis, and forage nutritive value of B.decumbens cv. Basilisk under intermittent grazing. The work was carried out in Brotas, SP. The experimental period was from Jan 2007 through Aug 2008, divided in seven seasons (Summer/2007, Autumn/2007, Winter/2007, Late Spring/2007, Summer/2008, Autumn/2008 and Winter/2008) for the response variables: forage production, plant-part composition, leaf area index (LAI), sward height, LI, and leaf nutritive value. For the morphogenetic characteristics, tiller density, and tiller demography, the experimental period was from Aug 2007 through Aug 2008. For forage nutritive value, it was from Jan 2008 through Aug 2008. Treatments included all possible combinations among two grazing frequencies and two intensities, in a factorial arrangement of a completely randomized design. The 100% LI management resulted in total yield of 17.1 Mg DM ha-1, whereas for the 95% LI treatments total production was 14.2 Mg DM ha-1. Pastures under the 100% LI strategy produced more stem and dead material, as well as higher pregraze LAI. The 10-cm stubble resulted in higher forage and stem yield (16.6 and 4.4 Mg DM ha-1, respectively), as well as higher postgraze LI and LAI.The highest leaf appearance rates and lowest rates of leaf senescence, leaf elongation, and stem accumulation from Spring 2007 through Autumn 2008 were recorded for 95%LI. The highest rates of leaf accumulation in late spring were found in pastures under 95% LI, and in the summer and autumn for the 10/95 treatment (24.3, 26.8 and 23.3 kg DM ha-1 d-1, respectively). In general, the 10/95 treatment resulted in high rates of basal tiller appearance and survival, when the environmental conditions were favorable, which was also when crude protein concentration in leaves was highest under 95% LI, whereas in vitroorganic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of leaves was higher for the 10 cm stubble. The lowest IVOMDs were found in pastures receiving the 5/100 treatment combination, indicating that long rest periods combined with high grazing intensities result in forage of low nutritive value. Pregraze sward height for the 95%-LI managements was around 16 cm and for the 100%-LI, around 22 cm. Defoliation of signalgrass should not be lower than 10 cm height, since this results in rapid regrowth and, when associated with the 95%-LI frequency, allows animals to harvest forage with high proportion of leaves and low proportion of stem and dead material.

O presente experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Produção Animal da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba (SP), entre 15/12/98 e 04/07/99. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas combinações entre três cultivares de Cynodon spp. (Tifton-85, Florakirk e Coastcross) e quatro alturas de pasto (5, 10, 15 e 20 cm) mantidas por pastejo de ovinos em regime de lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. As parcelas corresponderam aos cultivares e as subparcelas (unidades experimentais) às alturas de pasto. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: biomassa na área total, densidade populacional de perfilhos, massa por perfilho, massa de folha por perfilho e área foliar por perfilho. A partir dessas medições foram realizados cálculos de índice de área foliar do pasto (IAF), volume por perfilho, relação folha:haste por perfilho e relação área foliar:volume por perfilho (R). O mecanismo de compensação tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos operou em pastagens de Cynodon spp.. No entanto, as inclinações das retas foram consistentemente maiores que a proposição teórica de 3/2. Perfilhos individuais de Cynodon spp. apresentaram um padrão de crescimento isométrico e parecem agruparse em clones para assegurar estratégia competitiva e otimização de IAF. Pastos mantidos a 5 cm durante o outono apresentaram densidades populacionais reduzidas, indicando um padrão de tolerância ao pastejo dependente da época do ano. Tifton-85 e Coastcross apresentaram uma capacidade de aumento em biomassa que pode ir além da altura de 20 cm, enquanto que para o cultivar Florakirk essa capacidade situou-se em torno de 20 cm. O estádio reprodutivo das plantas interferiu de forma significativa nos processos de competição intra-específica e dinâmica populacional de perfilhos. / The experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Production, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba (SP), from 15/12/98 until 04/07/99. Treatments were combinations of three Cynodon spp. cultivars (Tifton-85, Florakirk and Coastcross) and four sward surface heights (SSH) (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) maintained by sheep under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate. A complete randomised block design was used, with treatments arranged in split-plot and replicated four times. Grass cultivars were assigned to plots and SSH to sub-plots. Pastures responses evaluated were: total biomass above ground level, tiller population density, tiller weight, leaf mass and leaf area per tiller. From these measurements calculations of sward leaf area index (LAI), tiller volume, tiller leaf:stem ratio and tiller leaf area:volume ratio (R) were derived. A tiller size/population density mechanism operated in Cynodon spp. However, a slope steeper than the theoretical expectation of 3/2 was observed. Individual tillers presented an isometric pattern of growth and seemed to demonstrate a clonal integration among tillers in order to enhance competitive ability and optimise LAI. Swards maintained at 5 cm during autumn presented reduced tiller population densities, indicating a pattern of grazing tolerance dependent of time of the year. Tifton-85 and Coastcross pastures showed a capacity to increase total biomass that could go beyond 20 cm, while Florakirk stabilised around that SSH. Reproductive development of plants interfered with the processes related to intra-specific competition and tiller population dynamics.

No description available.

Num ecossistema de pastagem a interceptação da luz incidente é o passo inicial de uma seqüência de eventos que resulta na produção de forragem. Vários são os fatores que interferem no processo de interceptação da luz e, dentre eles, os mais expressivos são aqueles relacionados com o índice de área foliar, com as características estruturais e com o arranjo espacial de componentes do dossel forrageiro. O presente experimento teve como objetivo estudar a estrutura do dossel, a interceptação luminosa e o acúmulo de forragem em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submetidos a lotação contínua por bovinos de corte. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro alturas de dossel (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) mantidas constantes por meio de lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. As variáveis estudadas foram: índice de área foliar (IAF), ângulo foliar, interceptação de luz, composição botânica/morfológica da forragem, distribuição vertical dos componentes do dossel forrageiro e acúmulo de forragem. A composição da massa de forragem dos pastos não apresentou grande variação entre tratamentos, principalmente no que diz respeito à porcentagem de hastes (27%) e de folhas (21%). A quantidade absoluta e a porcentagem de material morto em relação aos outros componentes morfológicos do dossel aumentaram do verão (30%) até o início da primavera (61%). Quanto maior a altura do dossel, maior foi o deslocamento dos componentes morfológicos ao longo de seu perfil vertical durante o ano. Reduções acentuadas nos valores de IAF dos pastos mantidos a 20 (5,2 para 1,6), 30 (7,0 para 1,5) e 40 cm (7,5 para 2,1) do verão ao início da primavera, respectivamente, não foram acompanhadas por reduções em interceptação luminosa, que se manteve consistentemente acima de 98%. O componente material morto interferiu de foma significativa na interceptação de luz, além de ter apresentado um padrão "dinâmico" de posicionamento no perfil vertical do dossel ao longo do ano. Essa variação na estrutura vertical do dossel foi tão maior quanto mais altos foram mantidos os pastos, e seu efeito sobre os padrões de interceptação luminosa provocou grandes variações na produção de forragem ao longo do ano. De toda a forragem produzida, 65 e praticamente 100% foi acumulada durante o final da primavera e verão nos pastos mantidos a 10 e 40 cm, respectivamente. A produção total de forragem não diferiu entre os pastos mantidos a 10, 20 e 30 cm (aproximadamente 24 ton.ha-1.ano-1), sugerindo haver grande flexibilidade de manejo para essa espécie forrageira. As modificações no sentido vertical e horizontal na estrutura do dossel forrageiro tiveram impacto maior sobre a distribuição estacional do que propriamente sobre a produção total de forragem. / In a pastoral ecossystem the interception of incident radiation is the first step of a sequence of events that results in herbage production. Several are the factors interfering on the light interception process including sward leaf area index, structure and architecture. The objective of this experiment was to study sward struture, light interception and herbage acummulation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures submitted to continuous stocking by beef cattle. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ. Treatments correspondended to four sward heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) kept constant through continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomized block design with four replications. The response variables evaluated were sward leaf area index (LAI), foliage angle, light interception, botanical and morphological composition and hebarge production. There was no significant change in hebarge mass composition with stems representing 27% and leaves 21% of the sward. Quantity and proportion of dead material relative to the other sward morphological components increased from Summer (30%) to early Spring (61%). The taller the swards, the larger was the shift in the position of the morphological components across the vertical sward profile throughout the year. Significant reductions in LAI values for the 20 cm (5,2 to 1,6), 30 cm (7,0 to 1,5) and 40 cm swards (7,5 to 2,1) from Summer to early Spring were not followed by reduction in light interception, which remained above 98% consistent by through out the year around. The dead material component played an important role on sward light interception, and its placement across the vertical sward profile exhibited a "dynamic" pattern of variation. This variation was more evident in taller swards and affected sward light interception, resulting in varying seasonalities of herbage production. From the total herbage yield, 65 and 100% was produced during late Spring and Summer on the 10 and 40 cm swards, respectively. There was no difference in total herbage production among swards maintained at 10, 20 and 30 cm (24 ton.ha-1.year-1), sugesting that there is a large flexibilitty in grazing management for Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Modifications in both vertical and horizontal structure of the sward were more effective in changing the seasonal pattern of herbage production than determining herbage yield.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaça de novilhos superprecoces submetidos a alturas de manejo de pastos de aveia preta e azevém anual (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) e uma testemunha sem pastejo, bem como avaliar os efeitos dessas alturas de manejo sobre o estabelecimento e o rendimento da cultura de soja subseqüente. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda do Espinilho, município de Tupanciretã, entre julho de 2004 e maio de 2005. Animais jovens com idade média de dez meses e peso inicial de 190 kg foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As ofertas diárias de forragem para os tratamentos 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm foram, respectivamente, 8,8, 14,7, 29,0 e 48,9 kg de matéria seca/100 kg de peso vivo (PV). O ganho de peso por hectare foi superior nos tratamentos com menor altura de manejo, em decorrência da maior carga animal empregada, sendo 529,7, 489,5, 320,9 e 201,6 kg de PV/ha, para os respectivos tratamentos. O ganho médio diário e peso ao abate apresentaram resposta quadrática (P<0,05) conforme o incremento na altura do pasto. A deposição de gordura apresentou média de 3,8 mm e o rendimento médio de carcaça fria foi de 53,3% (P<0,05). As alturas reais do pasto ficaram próximas daquelas pretendidas, havendo um aumento linear da massa de forragem com o aumento das alturas de manejo do pasto. A taxa de acúmulo não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. A taxa de lotação apresentou resposta linear decrescente com o aumento da altura do pasto. A massa de forragem remanescente aumentou na medida em que houve incremento na altura de manejo do pasto. Foi observada diferença entre os tratamentos para palhada residual e estande inicial de plantas de soja, porém, essas diferenças não afetaram o rendimento de grãos da cultura. Concluiu-se que novilhos superprecoces atingem peso de abate e grau de acabamento adequados quando terminados em pastagem de inverno e suplementados no terço final do ciclo de pastejo. O melhor ganho médio diário foi obtido em altura entre 25 a 30 cm e a maior produção por área em 10 cm de altura. A utilização de pastos durante o inverno não prejudica o rendimento de grãos na cultura de soja subseqüente, possibilitando aumento da renda do produtor pela oportunidade de gerar receitas durante a entressafra da soja. / This trial aimed to evaluate the performance and carcass quality of “superprecoce” steers grazing oat and annual ryegrass pastures managed at 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm with a no grazing reference, as well as sward height management effects on soybean establishment and grain yield. The experiment was carried at Fazenda do Espinilho, Tupanciretã municipality, from July 2004 until May 2005. Young animals with 10 months on average and initial live weight of 190 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with three replicates. The daily herbage allowances were 8.8, 14.7, 29.0 and 48.9 kg of dry matter/100kg of live weight, respectively treatments. The live weight gain per hectare was superior in treatments with lower management heights, due to the greater stocking rate employed, being 529.7, 489.5, 320.9 and 201.6 kg of LW, respectively for the treatments 10, 20, 30 and 40cm height. The average daily gain and slaughter weight increased with pasture height being fitted by a quadratic model (P<0.05). The fat deposition and the medium dressing of cold carcass averaged 3.8mm and 53.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The actual sward heights were very similar to those previously intended. There was a linear increase in herbage mass with the increase of sward height. The pasture accumulation rate was not influenced by treatments. The stocking rate showed a decreased linear response with increasing sward height. Post grazing herbage mass increased with increasing sward height. Treatments had effect on initial soybean stand, but not in soybean yield. It was concluded that “superprecoce” steers can reache slaughter weight and adequately finishing degree when finished in winter cultivated pasture supplemented in final third of the grazing cycle. Better individual animal performance is obtained when pasture height ranges from 25 to 30 cm and animal production per hectare when the pasture was managed at 10 cm height. Results suggest grazing animals do not damage succeeding soybean crop, allowing farmers profitability enhancement during soybean intercropping.

Two consecutive experiments were conducted to test a hypothesis that mixed grazing outcome is influenced by the type of stocking system applied. The objective of both experiments was to investigate the influence of co-grazing with sheep on cattle liveweight gain (LWG) under continuous (C) and rotational (R) stocking, where sheep weekly liveweight change under the two stocking systems was kept similar. In experiment I nine yearling heifers (266 ± 4.5 kg liveweight) and 27 ewe hoggets (54±0.9 kg liveweight) were continuously stocked for 19 weeks on an irrigated perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture (2.95 ha) maintained at a sward surface height (SSH) of 5cm by adding or removing additional animals in a fixed ratio (1: 1 W⁰.⁷⁵ cattle:sheep). An equal area of pasture was rotationally stocked by a similar group of animals where they received a new area of pasture daily and also had access to the grazed area over the previous 2 days. The size of the new area provided daily was such that the weekly liveweight change of rotationally co-grazed sheep was equal to that of those continuously co-grazed with cattle. Similar groups of animals were used in the second experiment with additional group of 9 heifers grazed alone on C and R pastures. Liveweight of animals was recorded weekly and final fasted weight was determined after 24-hour total feed restriction. SSH on both treatment swards was recorded daily. There were three intake measurement periods spread over the trial period. Organic matter intake (OMI) was predicted from the ratio of N-alkanes in faeces and herbage. Diet composition was determined by dissecting oesophageal extrusa samples. Grazing behaviour (bite rates and grazing time) were also recorded. The mean SSH for C pasture was 5.1±0.09 cm. Overall pre- and post-grazing SSH for R pasture was 15.9 ±0.12 and 5.6 ±0.07 cm, respectively. As determined by the protocol average daily LWG of sheep was similar between C and R (147 (±5.8) vs 138 (±6.7) g day⁻¹; (P>0.05). In contrast, cattle continuously stocked with sheep grew 200 g day⁻¹ slower than those rotationally stocked with sheep (800 (±41.6) vs 1040 (±47.7) g day⁻¹, P<0.0l). R heifers achieved 30 kg higher final fasted liveweight than C heifers (350 vs 381 kg; P<0.01). Overall LWG per ha was also 6 % higher under R than C stocking (674 vs 634 kg ha⁻¹). The OMD of both sheep (73.5 vs 75.8 %) and cattle (75.8 vs 78.0 %) diets was similar under continuous and rotational stocking. There was no significant difference OMI data also concurred with the L WG data (Cattle: 7.94 vs 6.31 (±0.32) kg day⁻¹ (P<0.05); sheep: 1.40 vs 1.44 (±0.04) kg day⁻¹ for Rand C treatments, respectively). There was no difference in clover content of cattle diet under C and R treatments. C heifers had higher number of bites per minute than R heifers (62 vs 56; P<0.05). Proportion of heifers seen grazing (every 15-minute) during four 24-hour observations was greater on C than R pasture (0.44 vs 0.31 (±0.03); P<0.05). The similarity coefficient between sheep and cattle diet was 0.61 and 0.76 under C and R stocking, respectively. The lower daily LWG of C heifers was attributed to (a) the lower SSH under C than R stocking and/or (b) the inability of cattle to compete well with sheep where there is small, continual renewal of resources (C) in contrast to a large periodic renewal under R stocking. This experiment showed that the outcome of mixed gruing can be influenced by the stocking system chosen. But it was not possible to apportion the difference in LWG of cattle between mixed grazing per se and the difference in mean grazed sward height (5.1 for C vs 10.8 cm for R). A second experiment was conducted to determine the relative performance of cattle co-grazed with sheep (CS) and grazed alone (CA) under each stocking system. Hence, there were four treatments. CA- continuous stocking (CA-C), CS- continuous stocking (CS-C), CA- rotational stocking (CAR) and CS- rotational stocking (CS-R). A total area of 4.42 ha was allocated to each stocking system. Under C stocking, 2.95 ha (2/3) was assigned to CS-C and 1.47 ha (1/3) to CA-C, and SSH on both treatments was kept at 4 cm by adding or removing extra animals. Under R stocking, CA-R and CS-R grazed side by side separated by an electric fence. They were given a fresh area daily, the size of which was varied such that the weekly LW change of R sheep was equal to that of the C sheep. CA-R received one-third of the new area though the size was adjusted regularly to achieve the same post-grazing SSH with CS-R. Measurements included: weekly liveweight change, OMI (two periods) and diet composition (using N-alkanes). The mean SSH of CA-C and CS-C swards was 4.27 and 4.26 (±0.02) cm, respectively. CA-R and CS-R swards had mean pre-grazing SSH of 14.9 and 15.2 (±0.08) cm and post-grazing heights of 4.87 and 4.82 cm (±0.03), respectively. The proportion of areas infrequently grazed was higher for CA-C than CS-C swards (0.22 vs 0.17, respectively). C and R sheep daily LWG: 155 (±0.6) and 147 (±0.7) g, and OMI: 1.96 and 2.04 (±0.ll) kg, respectively, were not significantly different. They also had similar diet composition. In comparison, CS-C heifers grew only at 69 % of the daily LWG achieved by CS-R heifers (706 vs 1028 (±72) g; P<0.05). LWG of CA-C and CA-R was 916 and 1022 (±72) g day⁻¹, respectively. The difference in LWG between CS-R and CS-C (D₁) heifers was due to difference in mean sward height, stocking system and mixed grazing, while D₂ (difference in LWG between CA-R and CAC) was due to difference in mean sward height and stocking system. D₁-D₂ (the effect of stocking system on mixed grazing) was 216 g and made up 67 % of the total difference between CS-R and CS-C. There was a significant stocking system-species mixture interaction in the final fasted LW achieved by heifers. Final fasted LW was significantly lower for CS-C than CA-C heifers (283 vs 323 (±9.7) kg), but did not differ between CS-R and CA-R (332 vs 330 (±9.7) kg, respectively). The digestibility of diet OM was similar for both continuously and rotationally stocked sheep (84.4 vs 83.2 %, respectively). Cattle diet OMO was 76.5, 74.7, 79.4 and 77.8 for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R respectively (P>0.05). Differences in OMI followed a similar pattern to daily LWG. Mean daily OMI was 8.98, 6.24, 8.80 and 9.45 (±0.40) kg for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R, respectively. Clover content of the diet of CA-C heifers was three times higher than that of CS-C heifers (30.7 vs 10.4 % OM; P<0.05); there was no difference in clover content of diets of CS-R and CA-R heifers (21.5 vs 23.9 % OM, respectively). In both stocking systems LWG per ha was higher on CA than CS treatments. These results suggested that the disadvantage of selective clover grazing by sheep outweighed the advantages of sheep grazing around cattle dung patches under continuous stocking. Under rotational stocking, rapid diurnal changes in sward conditions probably limited selective grazing by both sheep and cattle such that there was no disadvantage to CS cattle. The results do not provide a basis for recommending grazing cattle with sheep rather than cattle alone, but do provide some basis for recommending co-grazing of sheep and cattle using rotational rather than continuous stocking.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaça de novilhos superprecoces submetidos a alturas de manejo de pastos de aveia preta e azevém anual (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) e uma testemunha sem pastejo, bem como avaliar os efeitos dessas alturas de manejo sobre o estabelecimento e o rendimento da cultura de soja subseqüente. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda do Espinilho, município de Tupanciretã, entre julho de 2004 e maio de 2005. Animais jovens com idade média de dez meses e peso inicial de 190 kg foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As ofertas diárias de forragem para os tratamentos 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm foram, respectivamente, 8,8, 14,7, 29,0 e 48,9 kg de matéria seca/100 kg de peso vivo (PV). O ganho de peso por hectare foi superior nos tratamentos com menor altura de manejo, em decorrência da maior carga animal empregada, sendo 529,7, 489,5, 320,9 e 201,6 kg de PV/ha, para os respectivos tratamentos. O ganho médio diário e peso ao abate apresentaram resposta quadrática (P<0,05) conforme o incremento na altura do pasto. A deposição de gordura apresentou média de 3,8 mm e o rendimento médio de carcaça fria foi de 53,3% (P<0,05). As alturas reais do pasto ficaram próximas daquelas pretendidas, havendo um aumento linear da massa de forragem com o aumento das alturas de manejo do pasto. A taxa de acúmulo não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. A taxa de lotação apresentou resposta linear decrescente com o aumento da altura do pasto. A massa de forragem remanescente aumentou na medida em que houve incremento na altura de manejo do pasto. Foi observada diferença entre os tratamentos para palhada residual e estande inicial de plantas de soja, porém, essas diferenças não afetaram o rendimento de grãos da cultura. Concluiu-se que novilhos superprecoces atingem peso de abate e grau de acabamento adequados quando terminados em pastagem de inverno e suplementados no terço final do ciclo de pastejo. O melhor ganho médio diário foi obtido em altura entre 25 a 30 cm e a maior produção por área em 10 cm de altura. A utilização de pastos durante o inverno não prejudica o rendimento de grãos na cultura de soja subseqüente, possibilitando aumento da renda do produtor pela oportunidade de gerar receitas durante a entressafra da soja. / This trial aimed to evaluate the performance and carcass quality of “superprecoce” steers grazing oat and annual ryegrass pastures managed at 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm with a no grazing reference, as well as sward height management effects on soybean establishment and grain yield. The experiment was carried at Fazenda do Espinilho, Tupanciretã municipality, from July 2004 until May 2005. Young animals with 10 months on average and initial live weight of 190 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with three replicates. The daily herbage allowances were 8.8, 14.7, 29.0 and 48.9 kg of dry matter/100kg of live weight, respectively treatments. The live weight gain per hectare was superior in treatments with lower management heights, due to the greater stocking rate employed, being 529.7, 489.5, 320.9 and 201.6 kg of LW, respectively for the treatments 10, 20, 30 and 40cm height. The average daily gain and slaughter weight increased with pasture height being fitted by a quadratic model (P<0.05). The fat deposition and the medium dressing of cold carcass averaged 3.8mm and 53.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The actual sward heights were very similar to those previously intended. There was a linear increase in herbage mass with the increase of sward height. The pasture accumulation rate was not influenced by treatments. The stocking rate showed a decreased linear response with increasing sward height. Post grazing herbage mass increased with increasing sward height. Treatments had effect on initial soybean stand, but not in soybean yield. It was concluded that “superprecoce” steers can reache slaughter weight and adequately finishing degree when finished in winter cultivated pasture supplemented in final third of the grazing cycle. Better individual animal performance is obtained when pasture height ranges from 25 to 30 cm and animal production per hectare when the pasture was managed at 10 cm height. Results suggest grazing animals do not damage succeeding soybean crop, allowing farmers profitability enhancement during soybean intercropping.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaça de novilhos superprecoces submetidos a alturas de manejo de pastos de aveia preta e azevém anual (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) e uma testemunha sem pastejo, bem como avaliar os efeitos dessas alturas de manejo sobre o estabelecimento e o rendimento da cultura de soja subseqüente. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda do Espinilho, município de Tupanciretã, entre julho de 2004 e maio de 2005. Animais jovens com idade média de dez meses e peso inicial de 190 kg foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As ofertas diárias de forragem para os tratamentos 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm foram, respectivamente, 8,8, 14,7, 29,0 e 48,9 kg de matéria seca/100 kg de peso vivo (PV). O ganho de peso por hectare foi superior nos tratamentos com menor altura de manejo, em decorrência da maior carga animal empregada, sendo 529,7, 489,5, 320,9 e 201,6 kg de PV/ha, para os respectivos tratamentos. O ganho médio diário e peso ao abate apresentaram resposta quadrática (P<0,05) conforme o incremento na altura do pasto. A deposição de gordura apresentou média de 3,8 mm e o rendimento médio de carcaça fria foi de 53,3% (P<0,05). As alturas reais do pasto ficaram próximas daquelas pretendidas, havendo um aumento linear da massa de forragem com o aumento das alturas de manejo do pasto. A taxa de acúmulo não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. A taxa de lotação apresentou resposta linear decrescente com o aumento da altura do pasto. A massa de forragem remanescente aumentou na medida em que houve incremento na altura de manejo do pasto. Foi observada diferença entre os tratamentos para palhada residual e estande inicial de plantas de soja, porém, essas diferenças não afetaram o rendimento de grãos da cultura. Concluiu-se que novilhos superprecoces atingem peso de abate e grau de acabamento adequados quando terminados em pastagem de inverno e suplementados no terço final do ciclo de pastejo. O melhor ganho médio diário foi obtido em altura entre 25 a 30 cm e a maior produção por área em 10 cm de altura. A utilização de pastos durante o inverno não prejudica o rendimento de grãos na cultura de soja subseqüente, possibilitando aumento da renda do produtor pela oportunidade de gerar receitas durante a entressafra da soja. / This trial aimed to evaluate the performance and carcass quality of “superprecoce” steers grazing oat and annual ryegrass pastures managed at 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm with a no grazing reference, as well as sward height management effects on soybean establishment and grain yield. The experiment was carried at Fazenda do Espinilho, Tupanciretã municipality, from July 2004 until May 2005. Young animals with 10 months on average and initial live weight of 190 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with three replicates. The daily herbage allowances were 8.8, 14.7, 29.0 and 48.9 kg of dry matter/100kg of live weight, respectively treatments. The live weight gain per hectare was superior in treatments with lower management heights, due to the greater stocking rate employed, being 529.7, 489.5, 320.9 and 201.6 kg of LW, respectively for the treatments 10, 20, 30 and 40cm height. The average daily gain and slaughter weight increased with pasture height being fitted by a quadratic model (P<0.05). The fat deposition and the medium dressing of cold carcass averaged 3.8mm and 53.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The actual sward heights were very similar to those previously intended. There was a linear increase in herbage mass with the increase of sward height. The pasture accumulation rate was not influenced by treatments. The stocking rate showed a decreased linear response with increasing sward height. Post grazing herbage mass increased with increasing sward height. Treatments had effect on initial soybean stand, but not in soybean yield. It was concluded that “superprecoce” steers can reache slaughter weight and adequately finishing degree when finished in winter cultivated pasture supplemented in final third of the grazing cycle. Better individual animal performance is obtained when pasture height ranges from 25 to 30 cm and animal production per hectare when the pasture was managed at 10 cm height. Results suggest grazing animals do not damage succeeding soybean crop, allowing farmers profitability enhancement during soybean intercropping.

Num ecossistema de pastagem a interceptação da luz incidente é o passo inicial de uma seqüência de eventos que resulta na produção de forragem. Vários são os fatores que interferem no processo de interceptação da luz e, dentre eles, os mais expressivos são aqueles relacionados com o índice de área foliar, com as características estruturais e com o arranjo espacial de componentes do dossel forrageiro. O presente experimento teve como objetivo estudar a estrutura do dossel, a interceptação luminosa e o acúmulo de forragem em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submetidos a lotação contínua por bovinos de corte. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro alturas de dossel (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) mantidas constantes por meio de lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. As variáveis estudadas foram: índice de área foliar (IAF), ângulo foliar, interceptação de luz, composição botânica/morfológica da forragem, distribuição vertical dos componentes do dossel forrageiro e acúmulo de forragem. A composição da massa de forragem dos pastos não apresentou grande variação entre tratamentos, principalmente no que diz respeito à porcentagem de hastes (27%) e de folhas (21%). A quantidade absoluta e a porcentagem de material morto em relação aos outros componentes morfológicos do dossel aumentaram do verão (30%) até o início da primavera (61%). Quanto maior a altura do dossel, maior foi o deslocamento dos componentes morfológicos ao longo de seu perfil vertical durante o ano. Reduções acentuadas nos valores de IAF dos pastos mantidos a 20 (5,2 para 1,6), 30 (7,0 para 1,5) e 40 cm (7,5 para 2,1) do verão ao início da primavera, respectivamente, não foram acompanhadas por reduções em interceptação luminosa, que se manteve consistentemente acima de 98%. O componente material morto interferiu de foma significativa na interceptação de luz, além de ter apresentado um padrão “dinâmico” de posicionamento no perfil vertical do dossel ao longo do ano. Essa variação na estrutura vertical do dossel foi tão maior quanto mais altos foram mantidos os pastos, e seu efeito sobre os padrões de interceptação luminosa provocou grandes variações na produção de forragem ao longo do ano. De toda a forragem produzida, 65 e praticamente 100% foi acumulada durante o final da primavera e verão nos pastos mantidos a 10 e 40 cm, respectivamente. A produção total de forragem não diferiu entre os pastos mantidos a 10, 20 e 30 cm (aproximadamente 24 ton.ha-1.ano-1), sugerindo haver grande flexibilidade de manejo para essa espécie forrageira. As modificações no sentido vertical e horizontal na estrutura do dossel forrageiro tiveram impacto maior sobre a distribuição estacional do que propriamente sobre a produção total de forragem. / In a pastoral ecossystem the interception of incident radiation is the first step of a sequence of events that results in herbage production. Several are the factors interfering on the light interception process including sward leaf area index, structure and architecture. The objective of this experiment was to study sward struture, light interception and herbage acummulation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures submitted to continuous stocking by beef cattle. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ. Treatments correspondended to four sward heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) kept constant through continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomized block design with four replications. The response variables evaluated were sward leaf area index (LAI), foliage angle, light interception, botanical and morphological composition and hebarge production. There was no significant change in hebarge mass composition with stems representing 27% and leaves 21% of the sward. Quantity and proportion of dead material relative to the other sward morphological components increased from Summer (30%) to early Spring (61%). The taller the swards, the larger was the shift in the position of the morphological components across the vertical sward profile throughout the year. Significant reductions in LAI values for the 20 cm (5,2 to 1,6), 30 cm (7,0 to 1,5) and 40 cm swards (7,5 to 2,1) from Summer to early Spring were not followed by reduction in light interception, which remained above 98% consistent by through out the year around. The dead material component played an important role on sward light interception, and its placement across the vertical sward profile exhibited a “dynamic” pattern of variation. This variation was more evident in taller swards and affected sward light interception, resulting in varying seasonalities of herbage production. From the total herbage yield, 65 and 100% was produced during late Spring and Summer on the 10 and 40 cm swards, respectively. There was no difference in total herbage production among swards maintained at 10, 20 and 30 cm (24 ton.ha-1.year-1), sugesting that there is a large flexibilitty in grazing management for Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Modifications in both vertical and horizontal structure of the sward were more effective in changing the seasonal pattern of herbage production than determining herbage yield.

Some native warm-season forage grasses [indiangrass (IG, Sorghastrum nutans), big bluestem (BB, Andropogon gerardii) and little bluestem (LB, Schizachyrium scoparium)] are gaining popularity for improving summer forage production and wildlife habitat in the southeastern USA. Paucity of information about appropriate harvest management limits their restoration success. An experiment was conducted to assess effects of harvest intervals (30-, 40-, 60-, 90 or 120-d) and harvest duration on forage yield and quality, plant growth, sward structure and botanical composition of their mixed stands at Bryan Farms, Clay County, MS. Total season forage was greatest for 30-d and more from first (8472 kg ha-1) than second year plots (7627 kg ha-1). Yield was reduced by up to 43% in the second harvest year. Forage quality (crude protein content and in vitro digestibility) decreased with lengthening of harvest interval and across the harvest season. Tiller weight increased while specific leaf area and relative growth rate decreased with lengthening of harvest interval in first and second year plots. Harvesting reduced sward heights the following May, but treatment did not affect sward heights. Season mean sward heights were shorter for short harvest intervals. Light interception was greatest in the control and decreased with shortening of harvest intervals. Continuous harvesting controlled Solidago canadensis, increased herbaceous forbs, and LB, but decreased IG without substantial effect on BB. Rotational harvesting at 30- or 40-d intervals may improve forage production without compromising breeding cover during recovery. Studies on other management practices including fertilizer application and timing of harvest are needed.