Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 C37 / Master of Science

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

The objectives of this research were 1) to evaluate CuS0₄ and a CU lysine complex (CuLys) as growth promotants for weanling pigs, 2) to assess the effects of feeding growth stimulating levels of Cu from both sources on dry matter digestibility (DMO) and mineral balance of finishing pigs, and 3) to examine the effect of feeding elevated CU on serum growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. Two trials (176 pigs) were conducted in which pigs were fed 0, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg Cu from CUS0₄ or CuLys. Elevated Cu increased daily gain and feed intake linearly, with no difference between the sources. Dietary CU linearly increased liver, kidney (P < .001), and brain (P < .05) Cu stores. In the liver, the linear response between the sources was different (P < .001); pigs fed 200 mg/kg Cu from CuLys had the highest CU concentration. Serum CU increased linearly with no difference between the two sources. Serum mitogenic activity increased linearly during wk 1 to 2 and 1 to 5 (P < .05), with no difference between the two sources. Twenty-four barrows were used to examine the effect of Cu additions from both Cu sources on digestibility and mineral balance. Pigs fed Cu from CuLys tended to have greater DMD when compared with controls (P < .10), but percentage of Cu absorbed was not different among the treatments. Pigs fed Cu from both sources absorbed more eu than controls (P < .01), with no difference between sources. Pigs fed CuS0₄ (P < .027) and CuLys (P < .101) absorbed more Fe than controls but Zn balance was not affected. Twelve pigs were cannulated after 7 wk of growth to quantify the effect of elevated dietary Cu on circulating growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. Growth performance was not improved by added Cu, but efficiency of gain was greater for pigs fed Cu when compared with controls (P < .101). Baseline growth hormone secretion was greater in pigs fed Cu (P < .06) for three of four days; however, average concentrations were not affected by diet. Concentrations of IGF-1 were higher in control pigs (P < .05). / Ph. D.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 H537 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 O53 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 J46 / Master of Science / Animal Science and Industry

Graduation date: 1992

Raspberry pomace, consisting of seeds, pulp and added rice hulls, is the residue from the pressing of raspberries for juice and concentrate production. Through the determination of chemical composition by laboratory analyses and the measurement of feeding value in animal trials, the pomace was evaluated as a feedstuff for growing pigs. Pomace contains 11.1% crude fat, 10.0% crude protein, 59.5% total dietary fibre, 7.4% soluble carbohydrates, and a gross energy level of 5220 kcal*kg⁻¹. The acid detergent residue of the pomace contains 11.7% lignin, 6.0% cutin, 2.2% acid detergent ash and 26.0% cellulose (by difference). The digestibility of dry matter, fat, protein and energy was determined. Pomace dried at 60 C, whole and ground (1mm) was fed to growing male pigs (30-35 kg) in a replicated 4X4 Latin Square design with treatments basal (B) , B plus 40% unground pomace, B plus 40% ground pomace and B plus 40% barley. Grinding of pomace significantly improved the digestibility of all parameters measured, however, the barley-soybean meal basal ration was consistently better digested than either of the pomace treatments. The digestibility of whole and ground pomace was respectively: dry matter 10.7% and 20.8% (S.E.M. 1.30), fat 24.1% and 79.7% (S.E.M. 3.47), protein 10.6% and 14.7% (S.E.M. 4.83) and energy 7.9% and 28.4% (S.E.M. 1.80). Protein quality of ground (1mm) and freeze-dried pomace was evaluated with rats in metabolism cages to produce the following values: true protein digestibility 36.0% (S.E.M. 0.66), biological value 91.0% (S.E.M. 3.46), and net protein utilization 32.7% (S.E.M. 1.15). In rat growth trials, where pomace replaced barley incrementally, growth rate was not affected at replacement levels up to 40%, although feed efficiency declined consistently as the level of pomace in the diet increased. It is suggested that raspberry pomace could replace up to 20% of an energy feedstuff in a ration for growing swine without significantly reducing growth rate or feed efficiency. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Records of 176 Hampshire pigs, consisting of 118 barrows and 58 gilts, were used in this study. The least squares method was applied to estimate the effect of rate of gain during four periods of growth (birth to 50 pounds, 50 to 100 pounds, 100 to 150 pounds, and 150 to 200 pounds) on carcass characteristics. The results were expressed as partial regression coefficients in terms of square inches or inches per pound for deviation in growth rate. The loin eye area and the average back fat thickness had a consistent, but not statistically significant association with the live weight groupings as arbitrarily designation. The carcass length was inconsistently and statistically nonsignificantly related to the live weight. Sex of the animal did effect the carcass in that gilts had leaner carcasses than barrows as shown by larger loin eye areas and thinner back fat. When the average daily gain increased one pound during 100 to 150 pound growing period, the loin eye area was 0.40 square inches larger at a slaughter weight of 200 pounds. When the average daily gain increased one pound during the suckling period, the average back fat was 0.25 inches thinner at 200 pounds. As the daily gain increased one pound during the second growing period, the average back fat was 0.15 inches thicker in the finished pigs. The growth rate had a statistically nonsignificant effect on the carcass length during any period of growth. The growth rate during period other than those shown had no effect on the carcass characteristics measured in this study. / Master of Science