Passengers rank safety as a key factor in airline choice. Thus, safety performance impacts an airline's ability to attract customers. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship and difference between airline category low-cost carriers (LCCs) and full-service carriers (FSCs), geographical region, and safety performance measured by accident rates. The target population comprised all airlines in all countries that had an accident during the 14-year period 2004 to 2017. Data consisted of archival data of all global airline accidents and airline departure frequencies for the 14-year period. The theory of organizational accidents in complex sociotechnical systems explains the relationship between LCC and FSC safety performance, as well as between global geographical regions. The Swiss cheese model of organizational accidents theoretical framework remains a relevant model to examine airline accidents and improve airline safety. Data analysis consisted of the t test, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analysis. LCCs were found to be as safe as FSCs on a global level, and safer than FSCs in some regions. There were regional differences in safety, with North America being safer than Africa. The implications for positive social change include the potential for airline leaders to improve the safety image of their airline and provide passengers a better understanding of airline safety. Providing passengers with information on airline safety performance allows passengers to make informed choices on using different categories of airlines in different geographical regions. The research may result in new travel opportunities for travelers that were previously unrealized due to safety concerns, particularly around the increased use of LCCs.

Sammanfattning Inledning: Svenska ridsportförbundet samlar ryttare från olika klubbar och föreningar i ett förbund och har cirka 154 000 medlemmar. Förutom att ridsport bidrar till glädje, gemenskap och fysisk aktivitet för utövaren så sker också olyckor inom sporten med personskador som följd. Av Svenska ridsportförbundets medlemmar har 36 procent av de skadade skadat huvud och nacke. Totalt var det 17 procent av de skadade som fick diagnosen hjärnskakning och cirka 10–20 procent av dem riskerar bestående men. Som rehabiliteringsmetod efter hjärnskakning finns hjärntrappan. Hjärntrappan hjälper användaren att stegvis och kontrollerat återkomma till aktivitet. 2018 anpassade Svenska ridsportförbundet hjärntrappan till ridsporten och har sedan arbetat med att sprida information om den till sina medlemmar. Syftet med denna masteruppsats är att ge en nulägesbild av kännedomen och användandet av hjärntrappan. Den ska också problematisera kring varför kännedomen ser ut som den gör och ge förslag på vad ridsportförbundet kan göra för att öka kännedomen om- och användandet av hjärntrappan framöver.  Resultat: Kännedomen om hjärntrappan ser likartad ut bland medlemmar i Svenska ridsportförbundet med drygt 50 procents kännedom. Av dem som svarat på enkäten till ridsportförbundets vuxna medlemmar och som hade kännedom om hjärntrappan var det 84 procent som hade låg grad av kännedom, det vill säga inte tillräckligt hög för att kunna använda den själv. Äldre personer har generellt bättre kännedom om hjärntrappan än yngre. Användandet av hjärntrappan låg på sju procent för vuxna medlemmar i ridsportförbundet respektive 15 procent för dem som anmält huvudskada. Kännedom om hjärntrappan innan skada tycks inte vara avgörande för användandet utan användandet styrs i högre grad av vad för aktivitet som utfördes vid skadetillfället och vilken typ av råd och stöttning den skadade fick efter olyckan. Slutsats: Drygt hälften av Svenska ridsportförbundets medlemmar har kännedom om hjärntrappan och kännedomen är till största del låg. Unga känner till hjärntrappan i lägre grad än äldre gör. Användandet påverkas inte av ålder på samma sätt som kännedomen gör och hjärntrappan har använts i någon utsträckning av personer i alla åldrar. För att öka kännedomen och användandet av hjärntrappan bland Svenska ridsportförbundets medlemmar bör fokus läggas på de faktorer som finns på organisatorisk nivå och därigenom på olika sätt tillse att den skadade får råd och stöttning i sitt användande av hjärntrappan. / Summary Introduction: The Swedish Equestrian Federation gathers riders from different clubs and associations and has about 154,000 members. In addition to equestrian sports contributing to joy, community and physical activity for the practitioner, accidents also occur in the sport with personal injuries as results. Of the members of the Swedish Equestrian Federation, 36 percent of the injured have injured the head and neck. In total, 17 percent of the injured were diagnosed with concussion and about 10–20 percent of them are at risk of permanent damage. As a rehabilitation method after concussion, there is the brain step. The brain step helps the user return to activity step by step and in a controlled manner. In 2018, the Swedish Equestrian Federation adapted the brain step to equestrian sports and have since then worked to spread information about it to their members. The purpose of this master thesis is to provide a current picture of the knowledge and use of the brain step. It will also problematize why the knowledge looks the way it does and give suggestions on what the equestrian federation can do to increase awareness about and the use of the brain ladder in the future. Method: The method used is quantitative in the form of a cross-sectional study based on two different questionnaires aimed at two different populations. Descriptive statistics have been used as an analysis method. Results: The knowledge about the brain step is similar among members of the Swedish Equestrian Federation with just over 50 percent knowledge. Of those who responded to the survey for the equestrian association's adult members and who had knowledge of the brain step, 84 percent had a low degree of knowledge, ie not high enough to be able to use it themselves. Older people generally have better knowledge of the brain step than younger people. The use of the brain step was seven percent in general for the adult members of the equestrian federation and 15 percent for those who reported head injuries. Knowledge of the brain step before injury does not seem to be decisive for the use, but the use is governed to a greater extent by what activity was performed at the time of the injury and what type of advice and support the injured person received after the accident. Conclusion: Just over half of the Swedish Equestrian Federation's members have knowledge of the brain step and the knowledge is largely low.  Young people know the brain step to a lesser degree than older people do. The use of the brain step is seven percent for all members of the union and 15 percent among the members who reported head injuries. The brain step has been used to some extent by people of all ages. In order to increase awareness and use of the brain step among the federations members, focus should be placed on the factors at the organizational level and thereby ensure that the injured person receives advice and support after their injury. Keywords: Head injury, The brain step, concussion, Swedish Equestrian Federation, Swiss cheese model

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The increasing number of occupational health and safety issues is a problem. Legislationsthat are anchored in European law, such as “machinery directive 2006/42/EC”, the “Use ofwork equipment 2009/104/EC” and the Swedish AFS 2001:1 (Systematic Work EnvironmentManagement) are defined but still lack the power to stop accidents/ incidents fromhappening. When risks are being made conscious they are not stopped by the legalrequirements in place. Scientific approaches such as the Swiss cheese model, safety management systems (SMS),and HTO (Human- Technology- Organization) explain how increased complexity inside asocio-technical system needs more attention. As the cases of accidents/ incidents in anoccupational setting still increase a need for solving this appears, with the help of sciencebasedtools. In cooperation with the company AFRY, I conducted four interviews (n=4) and analyzed twoABRA (activity-based risk assessments) already conducted by the company. Using thecommon themes identified from the interviews to analyze the ABRA helped to identify twokey problems: unclear communication and insufficient knowledge. With that in mind, I’m advocating for an increased emphasis on risk communication andresilience engineering. With the awareness that communication must be clearer and thatknowledge has to be increased, it is possible to work proactively on decreasing occupationalaccidents by mitigating the risks.

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