This thesis aims to address the subject of tempo as one of the most important components of classical music. The work consists of two parts.The first part is an overview of the aesthetic background and the factors which influence the choice of tempo in the music of the beginning of the 19th Century. It is based mostly on the testimonies of Beethoven and his contemporaries. In addition, I will briefly describe the philosophy of interpreting tempo markings at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th Century. Such generalizations are possible due to the invention of recording technology at the end of the 19th Century. I shall also describe briefly the impact that recording has had on the interpretation of music.In the second, practical part of my work, I shall observe and analyze two different recordings of the first movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's First Symphony. I have chosen two of the most prominent conductors from the latter half of the 20th Century - Herbert von Karajan and Claudio Abbado. I will analyze their tempo choices throughout the chosen movement by measuring them and putting the results in a table together with remarks about the formal structure of the music.I will compare, analyze and comment on the two interpretations of these two important conductors and seek to explore the aesthetics behind their approach to tempo. I will also provide background information: factors that - consciously or subconsciously -seem to have influenced these two artists. / <p>Bilaga: 1 CD</p>

Olsson, Per-Henning: Petterssons sjunde symfoni. En jämförelse mellan formen i Allan Petterssons Symfoni nr 7 och Gustav Mahlers Symfoni nr 9, sats I. D-uppsats i musikvetenskap, ht 2001. Institutionen för musikvetenskap, Uppsala universitet. Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa Allan Petterssons symfonikomponerande, med avseende på form. Detta görs genom en jämförelse mellan Pettersson och Gustav Mahler. Mahler tas ofta upp i samband med Pettersson, varför jag har funnit det intressant att undersöka relationen mellan tonsättarnas musik. I uppsatsen jämförs formen i Petterssons Symfoni nr 7 med formen i Mahlers Symfoni nr 9, sats I. I uppsatsen tecknas en bakgrund till Pettersson, och de båda verken presenteras översiktligt. I uppsatsens centrala kapitel, "Jämförelse", diskuteras och jämförs verkens form. Både Mahlers Symfoni nr 9, sats I och Petterssons Symfoni nr 7, har en form som är flertydig. Men flertydigheten innebär olika saker: Första satsen av Mahlers Symfoni nr 9 är dubbeltydig, den kan tolkas antingen som en dubbelvariation eller en sonatform, medan det i Petterssons Symfoni nr 7 till och med kan diskuteras vilka symfonins huvudavsnitt är. Om man jämför med formen i tidigare symfonier (av t.ex. Beethoven och Brahms), är ordningen i både Mahlers Symfoni nr 9, sats I, och Petterssons Symfoni nr 7 uppbruten. När Mahler skrev sin nionde symfoni var vanligen första satsen i sonatform, och dubbeltydigheten var kanske för honom ett sätt att skriva någonting nytt. Pettersson har till och med uttryckt tanken om en ny form: "No one in the 50's noticed that I am always breaking up the structures, that I was creating a whole new symphonic form". Det är svårt att enkelt beskriva formen i Petterssons Symfoni nr 7. Formen är upplöst, tonsättaren har "brutit upp strukturerna". Men det går att även i Petterssons Symfoni nr 7 se spår av sonatformen. Avsnitt av Petterssons symfoni fyller samma funktion som delar av sonatformen. Och man kan hitta grundläggande idéer (något som kan kallas "formfunktioner") från sonatformen: en polarisering etableras i början, den intensifieras i mitten, och upplöses i slutet. Hos Mahler finns sonatformen kvar, men satsen kan även tolkas som en dubbelvariation. Hos Pettersson är det inte lika tydligt, men sonatformen finns kvar i form av "formfunktioner", grundläggande idéer.

This essay will explore Gustav Mahler’s treatment of time and space in his First Symphony by processing his experiences and memories into the music. In the music analysis, I will argue for and categorize the use of breakthrough as Mahler’s attempt to use his music as a key to create “another world” beyond the irreversible time and space. At the same time as he in a reflexive and retrospective point of view tries reveal a relationship between the past and the present that has not been covered by the obscurity of experience.

<p>This study examines how to translate digitally composed symphonic music to note script and how it gets readable and playable. With the help of professional musicians from the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra, teachers from Kulturskolan in Norrköping as well as other musicians, I have learned how I can improve each individual stem in my composition. I also learned how to write for a real musician. My score have been analyzed by composers and a conductor which have given me a more in depth insight into composing symphonic music.</p><p>The theory section describes important MIDI aspects, score preparation and note editing techniques. Thereafter is a section about the symphony orchestra and its instruments’ history and how the situation is today. Furthermore the work process of the conductor and the choral conductor are described as well as the interpretation of the musician. The theory section concludes with a survey on musical factors in relation to experienced emotions.</p><p>The execution section describes how I first worked with the composition to adjust MIDI values in the sequencer program Nuendo 3, then how to write correct note script in the note script program Finale 2009. Thereafter the adjustments I needed to make after interviewing musicians as well as composers and a conductor are described and eventual problems that occurred meanwhile.</p><p>The result section sums up the thoughts and suggestions made by the professional musicians, composers and conductor about the individual parts’ playability and readability. It turned out that the stems were written in the wrong time signature and had a few graphical flaws. The result of the survey on the digital composition experienced by the musicians as well as the composers is described. Most people experienced the piece as warlike.</p><p>The discussion section and conclusion discuss what could have been done differently, what compromises had to be made and what were most difficult to execute. MIDI related issues are discussed that take place in composing digital music and during the translation to note script. Then my opinion regarding how well this method works in translating MIDI to note script is discussed as well as what I would do different in an upcoming project. Lastly I speak about suggested topics for future research.</p>

This study examines how to translate digitally composed symphonic music to note script and how it gets readable and playable. With the help of professional musicians from the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra, teachers from Kulturskolan in Norrköping as well as other musicians, I have learned how I can improve each individual stem in my composition. I also learned how to write for a real musician. My score have been analyzed by composers and a conductor which have given me a more in depth insight into composing symphonic music. The theory section describes important MIDI aspects, score preparation and note editing techniques. Thereafter is a section about the symphony orchestra and its instruments’ history and how the situation is today. Furthermore the work process of the conductor and the choral conductor are described as well as the interpretation of the musician. The theory section concludes with a survey on musical factors in relation to experienced emotions. The execution section describes how I first worked with the composition to adjust MIDI values in the sequencer program Nuendo 3, then how to write correct note script in the note script program Finale 2009. Thereafter the adjustments I needed to make after interviewing musicians as well as composers and a conductor are described and eventual problems that occurred meanwhile. The result section sums up the thoughts and suggestions made by the professional musicians, composers and conductor about the individual parts’ playability and readability. It turned out that the stems were written in the wrong time signature and had a few graphical flaws. The result of the survey on the digital composition experienced by the musicians as well as the composers is described. Most people experienced the piece as warlike. The discussion section and conclusion discuss what could have been done differently, what compromises had to be made and what were most difficult to execute. MIDI related issues are discussed that take place in composing digital music and during the translation to note script. Then my opinion regarding how well this method works in translating MIDI to note script is discussed as well as what I would do different in an upcoming project. Lastly I speak about suggested topics for future research.

Sammanfattning”Uppståndelsesymfonin” är egentligen skriven för en stor kör, två solister och orkester (inklusive fjärrorkester) med mer än 100 spelare och består av fem satser. En stor besättning som även stora orkestrar inte används regelbundet. Dessutom passar symfonins tema bra in i ett kyrkligt sammanhang och kan representera en utökning av den klassiska kyrkomusikrepertoaren.  I detta arbete vill jag utforska hur man kan ta symfonin från konserthuset till kyrkan. Därför har jag arrangerat sista satsen för en mindre besättning. Jag förklarar hur jag har skrivit arrangemanget och varför på det här sättet. Det finns olika fördelar med en kammarmusikbesättning: en större flexibilet, att det behövs bara en betydligt mindre budget, utarbetandet av symfonins kammarmusikkaraktär. Arrangemanget av finalen är skrivet för klarinett, två trumpeter, horn, trombon, tuba, tre slagverkspelare, kontrabas och orgel (samt kör och två solister). Det är möjligt att använda det vanliga körpartituret för arrangemanget.